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- This organism has bristles and trap lobes. Using this idea I can create a design where the bristles will sense when the laundry is done washing and the trap lobes will enclose the laundry shifting it from the washer through the chute into the dryer.
- Creating a fishing pole and using the body of the organism as the hook. The organisms bristles will attract the fish and as they sense the fish the traps will snap shut.
- The waterwheel plant has trap lobes that snap shut when they sense prey. Using this concept I could create a design that detects when a dog is going to drink out of the toilet. When detected it will snap shut at the dog.
- I could use this organism to create a hat that touches the pressure points on your head. When the bristles sense tension they will press harder in that area to relieve the headache.

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-This plant is a rootless free-floating water plant.
-Trap closes quickly (in as little as .01 seconds)
-Has trap lobes.
-At the end of each trap lobe are 4-6 bristles that signal prey is there.

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Aldrovanda vesiculosa L.

Synonyms and Other Names: Aldrovanda, waterwheel, Aldrovanda verticillata Roxb., Drosera aldrovanda F. Muell., Aldrovanda generalis E.H.L. Krause.

Identification: Aldrovanda vesiculosa L., is a free-floating, rootless, carnivorous, submersed aquatic vascular plant found in nutrient-impoverished, dystrophic waters. The whorled leaf arrangement along the stem gives rise to the common name for this species. Aldrovanda vesiculosa plants are usually less than 20 cm in total length. Shoots are 1-2 cm in diameter and consist of 6-8 leaves in a whorl arrangement. Leaves are generally 7-11 mm long. Under ideal growing conditions, 1-2 new whorls can develop per day. A single plant may contain up to 20 whorls arranged along the stem with 0.5-0.7 cm internodes (Adamec 1997; Adamec 2000; Breckpot 1997; Kaminski 1987). As new whorls are produced at the plant apex, the oldest whorls and internodes at the base degenerate. Under favorable conditions, the main shoots produce lateral branches at several locations along the stem that give rise to new plants. Leaves consist of flattened petioles up to 9 mm in length ending in a trap with 4-6 bristles. These bristles protect the trap from being triggered by non-food items like floating debris and to concentrate potential prey.

Size: Rootless floating stems up to 20 cm long (Cross 2013).

Native Range: Wide geographic range but with few occurrences in continental Europe, Asia, Africa, and Australia. Although the species is widely distributed, there is great concern for the plants global decline. The species has become extinct in at least 11 of 43 countries over the last century where it was known to occur naturally prompting an "Endangered" listing by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (Cross et al. 2015).

Nonindigenous Occurrences:

Table 1. States with nonindigenous occurrences, the earliest and latest observations in each state, and the tally and names of HUCs with observations†. Names and dates are hyperlinked to their relevant specimen records. The list of references for all nonindigenous occurrences of Aldrovanda vesiculosa are found here.

† Populations may not be currently present.

Table last updated 9/30/2019

Ecology: Although A. vesiculosa has the capacity for rapid growth under the right growing conditions, it is significantly impaired by its stenotopic, highly restricted habitat and ecological requirements. It favors high organic matter content in water, especially that of humic acids, characteristic of dystrophic habitats (Kaminski 1987). High concentrations of decomposing organic matter produce high levels of CO ₂ which is often the most limiting factor for healthy A. vesiculosa growth (Adamec 1997; Adamec 2000; Breckpot 1997; Cross et al. 2015; Kaminski 1987). The optimal pH range is reported to be between 5.5 and 6.5 (Adamec 1997; Kaminski 1987). Increasingly eutrophic waters with high levels of nitrogen and phosphorous are deleterious to A. vesiculosa survival. It is often associated with emergent plants like Typha spp., Carex spp., Phragmites spp., and other graminoids (Breckpot 1997; Cross et al. 2015; Kaminski 1987). Zooplankton is an important and necessary requirement for optimal growth. Plant growth rates nearly double when plants feed on zooplankton compared to unfed plants (Adamec 1997; Adamec 2000; Ellison and Gotelli 2008).

Means of Introduction: Aldrovanda vesiculosa has been intentionally introduced into North America waters by carnivorous plant enthusiasts for hobby and in an attempt to save the species from global extinction. The process is referred to as "managed relocation" or "assisted colonization." Intentional introductions are known for locations in New Jersey, New York and Virginia (Floyd et al. 2015; Lamont et al. 2013). Continued distribution is thought to be primarily downstream movement of plant material or short distance animal assisted movement of plant fragments. Viable seed passage through waterfowl consumption has been tested and is considered unlikely (Cross et al. 2015). Plants may also be transported via boat trailers.

Status: Established in New Jersey, New York, and Virginia. In 2014, identified in a 63 ha wetland area, including at least seven ponds, at Fort A.P. Hill, Virginia (Floyd et al. 2015, Robert Floyd pers. comm. 2016), although may have been introduced prior to 2007 (Wolowski et al. 2011).

Impact of Introduction: Due to its carnivorous nature, competition with other native carnivorous submersed macrophytes, like species in the genus Utricularia, seem likely (Cross et al. 2015; Floyd et al. 2015). However, they co-exist in Europe (Kaminski 1987). Impacts on the aquatic invertebrate community is worthy of study. Up to 40% of A. vesiculosa traps can contain captured prey in suitable habitats (Cross et al. 2015). At the Fort A.P. Hill, Virginia location, some invertebrate species are considered extremely rare and could be threatened (Floyd et al. 2015). Rare invertebrate species at the site include Nannothemis bella (Uhler) Odonata: Libellulidae; ranked Extremely Rare at the state level, and Sigara depressa (Hungerford) Heteroptera: Corixidae; ranked Very Rare to Extremely Rare at global and state levels and listed as Endangered in Virginia (Floyd et al. 2015). Ultimate impacts to the entire food web are unknown at this time.

Remarks: Trigger hairs inside the trap activate the trap closure in as little as 0.01 seconds. One of the fastest closing mechanism of any carnivorous trap-plant (Breckpot 1997).

Adamec, L. 1997. Photosynthetic characteristics of the aquatic carnivorous plant Aldrovanda vesiculosa. Aquatic Botany 59:297-306.

Adamec, L. 1999. The biology and cultivation of red Australian Aldrovanda vesiculosa. Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 28:128-132.

Adamec, L. 2000. Rootless aquatic plant Aldrovanda vesiculosa: physiological polarity, mineral nutrition, and importance of carnivory. Biologia Plantarum 43(1):113-119.

Adamec, L. 2005. Ten years after the introduction of Aldrovanda vesiculosa to the Czech Republic. Acta Botanica Gallica 152 (2):239-245.

Breckpot, C. 1997. Aldrovanda vesiculosa: Description, distribution, ecology and cultivation. Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 26:73-82.

Cross, A.T. 2013. Turion development is an ecological trait in all populations of the aquatic carnivorous plant Aldrovanda vesiculosa (Droseraceae). Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 42:57-61.

Cross, A.T., L.M. Skates, L. Adamec, C. M. Hammond, P.M. Sheridan, and K.W. Dixon. 2015. Population ecology of the endangered aquatic carnivorous macrophyte Aldrovanda vesiculosa at a naturalized site in North America. Freshwater Biology 60:1772-1783.

Ellison, A.M. and N.J. Gotelli. 2009. Energetics and the evolution of carnivorous plants - Darwin's 'most wonderful plants in the world'. Journal of Experimental Botany 60 (1):19-42.

Floyd, R.H., S. Ferrazzano, B.W. Josey, and J.R. Applegate. 2015. Aldrovanda vesiculosa at Fort A.P. Hill, Virginia. Castanea 80(3):211-217.

Kaminski, R. 1987. Studies on the Ecology of Aldrovanda vesiculosa L.I. ecological differentiation of A. vesiculosa population under the influence of chemical factors in the habitat. Ekologia Polska 35:559-590.

Krol, E., B.J. Plachno, L. Adamec, M. Stolarz, H. Dziubinska, and K. Trebacz. 2012. Quite a few reasons for calling carnivores 'the most wonderful plants in the world'. Annals of Botany 109:47-64.

Lamont, E.E., R. Sivertsen, C. Doyle, and L. Adamec. 2013. Extant populations of Aldrovanda vesiculosa (Droseraceae) in the New World. Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 140 (4):517-522.

Maldonado San Martin, A.P., L. Adamec, J. Suda, T.H.M. Mes, and H. Storchova. 2003. Genetic variation within the endangered speices Aldrovanda vesiculosa (Droseraceae) as revealed by RAPD analysis. Aquatic Botany 75:159-172.

Wolowski, K., J. Piatek, and B.J. Plachno. 2011. Algae and stomatocysts associated with carnivorous plants. First report of chrysophyte stomatocysts from Virginia, USA. Phycologia 50(5):511-519.

Peer Review Date: 1/4/2016

Thayer, D.D., and I.A. Pfingsten, 2019, Citation Information:
Aldrovanda vesiculosa L.: U.S. Geological Survey, Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Database, Gainesville, FL, https://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/FactSheet.aspx?SpeciesID=2958, Revision Date: 1/6/2016, Peer Review Date: 1/4/2016, Access Date: 10/2/2019

This information is preliminary or provisional and is subject to revision. It is being provided to meet the need for timely best science. The information has not received final approval by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and is provided on the condition that neither the USGS nor the U.S. Government shall be held liable for any damages resulting from the authorized or unauthorized use of the information.

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waterwheel plant (Aldrovanda vesiculosa) - Species Profile

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Aldrovanda vesiculosa L. Synonyms and Other Names: Aldrovanda, waterwheel, Aldrovanda verticillata Roxb., Drosera aldrovanda F. Muell., Aldrovanda generalis E.H.L. Krause. Identification: Aldrovanda vesiculosa L., is a free-floating, rootless, carnivorous, submersed aquatic vascular plant found in nutrient-impoverished, dystrophic waters. The whorled leaf arrangement along the stem gives rise to the common name for this species.

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The terrible moment when you remember you never moved the clothes from the washer to the dryer.

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Aldrovanda Vesiculosa
(Waterwheel Plant)