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Food stamps could help low-income families a lot. Food stamps provides benifits and discounts so low-income families could afford healthy foods that they need to be healthy. Some families have trouble financially when trying to buy food. So, food stamps could help them a lot.

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Addressing Stolen SNAP Benefits

FNS is working closely with our state and federal partners, SNAP retailers, EBT processors, and other industry experts to protect SNAP benefits and combat SNAP fraud.

USDA's Focus on Nutrition Security

The USDA Food and Nutrition Service is working to ensure all communities have access to foods that support good health and well-being. Watch our video, which highlights how FNS nutrition assistance programs help all Americans thrive.

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Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP)

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Addressing Stolen SNAP Benefits FNS is working closely with our state and federal partners, SNAP retailers, EBT processors, and other industry experts to protect SNAP benefits and combat SNAP fraud. USDA's Focus on Nutrition Security The USDA Food and Nutrition Service is working to ensure all communities have access to foods that support good health and well-being.

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I put this link because in the book Uhmma was getting heavily abused by Apa, and so was Young Ju and Joon Ho. This link offers help, temporary protection orders, counseling, safety planning and more. There is also a hotline, which I would think would help them a lot too.

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it is a course for keeping cool and with only 25$ a month or 300$ a year you can stop being such a angry person with people with degrees in anger management and there more this is guarantied

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Starting at only $25, we offer the lowest priced Anger Management Class with absolutely no hidden fees. Enroll now and take your Anger Management Class entirely online.

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The National Domestic Violence Hotline, helps families who suffer with domestic abuse. This Hotline provides aid and counseling to victims who struggle with domestic violence. The hotline is on 24/7, and has 170 available languages for all house holds.

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The Family Violence Prevention and Services Act (FVPSA) provides funding for the on-going operation of a 24-hour, national, toll-free telephone hotline. The Hotline is an immediate link to lifesaving help for victims. It provides information and assistance to adult and youth victims of family violence, domestic violence, or dating violence, family and household members, and other persons such as domestic violence advocates, government officials, law enforcement agencies and the general public.

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If people like Young Ju, or Uhmma ( the victims) can read about this website they can help themselves more. In this website there is a lot of specific cases that can help the victim to try and counsel their family member with abnormal behaviors, or abusing acts. And some advices in this websites are contributed by actual victims, and people with a lot of experiences.

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Nothing is as scary to parents, children, spouses, and loved ones as somebody they care about expressing suicidal thoughts, which is referred to as "suicidal ideation" by mental health professionals. The idea that this person we care about would choose death over life is frightening. We feel both responsible for that person's well-being and terribly helpless.

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American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy

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Nothing is as scary to parents, children, spouses, and loved ones as somebody they care about expressing suicidal thoughts, which is referred to as "suicidal ideation" by mental health professionals. The idea that this person we care about would choose death over life is frightening.

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This website is bases in Indiana, but that is fine because it would be able to tell people, like Apa, the risks of drinking alcohol. It also tells people how they could stop drinking it and overcome alcoholism. The website also tells you different types of treatment programs to stop it.

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Indiana Center for Recovery can help treat those struggling with alcoholism.

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this website would have helped Young Ju, because this website helps people learn english. This would be important to Young Ju when she was learning english. This website makes fun activitys to learn english, giving a fun expiriance that also helps learn english.

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Learn English with our free online listening, grammar, vocabulary and reading activities. Practise your English and get ready for your Cambridge English exam.

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I think these reasons can help Apa because he is always hungover is always angry and sometimes is beating Uhmma, Young ju, and Joon and if Apa stopped drinking alcohol he could stop being Angry, be less depresed, and would stop having alot of anxiety.

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How to Stop Drinking Alcohol: Making a Plan That Works for You

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Depending on your patterns of alcohol use, some strategies may be safer or more effective for you. These 9 strategies can get you started on a solid path.

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I added a link to which details a type of therapy, Cognitive behavioral therapy. One on one therapy can help deal with addictions and help improve these addictions. The CBT is a proven method relieving the burdens of alcoholism. I believe Apa can really use therapy to improve himself and his addiction.

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Food stamps is a type of financial assistance that helps pay for food. This could help Uhmmas family because they don't have a lot of money. One reasons that Uhmma's family makes sure that they eat every grain of rice. They could have also saved a lot of money and bought the new house sooner.

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Financial assistance for people in crisis - The CALP Network

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In a crisis what financial flows are available to people? From remittance, microfinance, savings, loans and humanitarian cash and voucher assistance.

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In the book "A Step from Heaven," Uhmma was getting abused by Apa. This website can help people suffering under domestic abuses. In the website, it shows six types of domestic abuses. Physical/sexual, violent/threatening behaviors, psychological/emotional, coercive behavior, controlling behaviors, and economic abuses. It also shows how to report abuses, how to do when already affected, where to hide, finding a refuge, getting help from council, reporting it to the police, getting legal protection, protection notices, violence disclosures, starting legal actions, going to a family court, and more. This website also includes the call numbers for few countries outside of the UK.

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Find out what what you can do when you’re fleeing from violence in the home, including finding emergency accommodation.

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I put duolingo to help Apa with his english because he was using young Ju as translator in one of the chapters. Also when young ju came to the US she couldnt speak english so this would have helped her.

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Duolingo: Language Lessons - Apps on Google Play

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Learn Spanish, French, German, Italian, English and more languages for free.

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I used this website because when Young Ju's family had no money when they came to "Mi Gook", they rented a small house. Not only that, they had a lots of financial problems. When I was reading about Young Ju's family's financial problems, I really wanted to help them by fundraising. When I found this website, I remembered my mom fundraising to the people in financial problems in this website. I also remembered that these fundraisings can help people in financial problems like Young Ju's family.

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Need Emergency Financial Assistance? Here's What to Do

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Find the best resources for emergency financial assistance all in one place. Get the support you need during tough times.

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This could help their familly reconnect and help Apa calm down. Counceling can help stop Apa from hurting or yelling at his familly.

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Counseling based on a short-term, strength-based model assists families in improving their communication and coping with difficulties as they arise.

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Family counseling or therapy can help your mental health. If your family is going through something like they’re always fighting, they may need to seek in therapy or counseling to help them stay in a healthy relationship. This mother let her kid quit therapy and take care of her own mental health. Her daughter is 4 years old and her mom put her in a family therapy because she was going through something. She was 4 months old when the mother saw what was happening to her.

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I let my daughter quit family therapy and take control of her own mental-health care. Now, we’re trying art therapy instead.

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When my daughter stopped talking to our therapist, I was hesitant to let her quit. Now, we’re letting her take control of her mental-health care.

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I chose this link because in the story, Uhmma can't seem to let Apa go, even all that he's done. Even after Apa got arrested for abusing his family, Uhmma didn't wanna press charges. The website features services that help with family problems, such as divorces, abuse, etc.

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https://www.babbel.com/

I chose this because Uhmma and Apa need to ask Young Ju about English and what some Americans are saying. Babbel offers many different languages such as English or Spanish. But it doesn’t offer Korean, Mandarin, or Japanese. They can use it to improve their English. I guess Apa doesn’t need this anymore because he’s in Korea 🙄. Well at least he’s gone.

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This website gives free anger management classes to help get rid of anger. Apa needs this because he is always angry at his family. It will help you maintain a happy and positive mindset. It doesn't cost money so Apa can use it for free. There are many courses that you can use to help with anger.

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I choose this photo and link because it will give certain information about your words and the positive or negative effect of those words. The website will give information and inspiration about how the right choices of different word accusations matter. For example in the story, Apa which is the father has used some inappropriate language is the past couple chapters. For example, the B word he said around 3-5 times. So I think this can help him if he has the courage.

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This website has tips about how to manage your anger. It has information about how to get help and even has a test to find out how angry you really are. I think Apa needs to look at this website because of his anger issues. His failure to control his anger has caused him to hurt and abuse his family.

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Anger Management Techniques to Calm You Down Fast

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If you’re not careful, your anger can get the best of you. Learn anger management strategies to calm you down before you do something you regret.

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This website tells you the effects of alcohol and the bad sides of it. Like liver failure and other things. It can also affect your heart and high blood pressure. Thw website also tells your where the alcohol affects certain places.

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When Young Ju and her parents came to Mi Gook, they were very poor to the point they couldn't afford their own house. This website, Lending Club, is is a FDIC-insured online bank. Like the name, it gives money loans to people in need. There is a lot of versions of loans in the website, like cash loan which is used to cover expenses like major purchases or home improvements, medical loans, which cover dental, fertility, and other treatments, etc. Applying for a loan is completely free, as well as no broker fees included as well.

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Online Personal Loans + Full-Service Banking | LendingClub

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We’re rewriting the rules of traditional banking, and we only win when our customers succeed. We’ve helped over 4 million members reach their goals, and we’re just getting started!

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I used this website for Young Ju's family because they are poor and have no money to save up for. They certainly need financial aid, specifically on money. They have been in poverty or they lack of cash ever since came to Mi Gook. The parents have been working consistently to give the assistance to their children. This website can give advice for the family that need tips on saving up money and what they need help on. There is contacts and supportive counseling.

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Maintenance | The Salvation Army Australia

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I chose this link because their family has a hard time connecting. This link helps with problems, especially for families. The best one that fits them is Structural Family therapy. This one helps with interactions with family members. Apa has a problem connecting with Young Ju, Uhmma, and Joon Ho. This therapist will help bring a positive charge into the family. They will help find problems and help them to understand one another.

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Family Therapy: What It Is, Techniques & Types

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Family therapy is a form of group psychotherapy (talk therapy) that focuses on the improvement of relationships and behaviors among family members.

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I think Uhmma and Young Ju would use this if they had known about it. DCHR has many therapeutic options to choose from that meet your expectations! They have many hotlines to call that operate 24/7! Including, suicide prevention, domestic violence, dating abuse and they even have hotlines for people who are deaf! Though they operate in DC (District Colombia), they are always happy to help.

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Resources for Victims and Survivors of Domestic Violence

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I chose this website because this could help people like Apa that have an addiction on alcohol. It gives you tips on how to break free from alcohol. I think the best match for Apa is the hotline called Drinkline. This hotline could provide advice about how he could stop being alcoholic and help change his attitude towards his family members. This could help him become a better person and stop abusing his family.

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How to stop drinking alcohol completely | Drinkaware

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Practical tips & advice if you’ve made the decision to stop drinking alcohol completely

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This website allows you to be self-aware if you have anger issues and gives solutions to improve self-tolerance. It also provides places to receive help. I definitely think this website will assist Apa with becoming a better father and a husband by acting less violent and irrational. I hope Young Ju, Uhmma, and Joon Ho will be able to overcome the abusive memories that Apa caused.

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Most people feel angry sometimes, but if it's affecting your life, there are things you can try that may help.
Support is also available if you're finding it hard to cope with stress, anxiety or depression.

Symptoms of anger

Anger can cause many different symptoms. It might affect how you feel physically or mentally, or how you behave.

Some people become aggressive towards others when they're angry. Other people hide their anger and may take it out on themselves.

It's not always easy to recognise when anger is the reason why you're behaving differently.

Things you can try to help with anger

Do

try to recognise when you start to feel angry so you can take steps to calm down as early as possible

exercise - activities such as running, walking, swimming and yoga can help you relax and reduce stress

Don't

do not try to do everything at once; set small targets you can easily achieve

do not focus on things you cannot change. Focus your time and energy on helping yourself feel better

try not to tell yourself that you're alone - most people feel angry sometimes and support is available

try not to use alcohol, cigarettes, gambling or drugs to relieve anger - these can all contribute to poor mental health

Further information and support

Where to get help for anger

you feel you need help dealing with your anger

They may be able to refer you to a local anger-management programme or counselling.

Anger management programmes

A typical anger management programme may involve 1-to-1 counselling and working in a small group.

A programme may be a 1-day or weekend course, or over a couple of months.

The structure of the programme depends on who provides it, but most programmes include cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), as well as counselling.

There are also private courses and therapists who can help with anger issues. Make sure any therapist you see is registered with a professional organisation, such as the British Association for Counselling & Psychotherapy.

Where to get NHS help for stress, anxiety or depression

Referring yourself for therapy

If you need more support, you can get free talking therapies, such as cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), on the NHS.

You can refer yourself directly to a talking therapies service without a referral from a GP.

you're struggling to cope with stress, anxiety or depression

you've had a low mood for more than 2 weeks

things you're trying yourself are not helping

you would prefer to get a referral from a GP

Ask for an urgent GP appointment or call 111 if:

you need help urgently, but it's not an emergency

111 can tell you the right place to get help if you need to see someone. Go to NHS 111 online or call 111

Call 999 or go to A&E now if:

you or someone you know needs immediate help

you have seriously harmed yourself - for example, by taking a drug overdose

A mental health emergency should be taken as seriously as a medical emergency.
Find your nearest A&E

Causes of anger

There are many different causes of anger and it's different for everyone.

Some common things that make people feel angry include:

being treated unfairly and feeling powerless to do anything about it

feeling threatened or attacked

other people not respecting your authority, feelings or property

being interrupted when you're trying to achieve a goal

How you react to anger can depend on lots of things, including:

the situation you're in at the moment - if you're dealing with lots of problems or stress, you may find it harder to control your anger

your family history - you may have learned unhelpful ways of dealing with anger from the adults around you when you were a child

events in your past - people who experience traumatic, frightening or stressful events sometimes develop post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) which can lead to angry outbursts

substances such as drugs and alcohol - which make some people act more aggressively than usual

Some of the things that make you angry may not bother other people at all.

You might find it hard to explain why you feel this way but talking to someone could help you find a solution.

Find out about the 5 steps to mental wellbeing.

Important

If uncontrolled anger leads to domestic violence and abuse (violence or threatening behaviour within a relationship), there are places that offer help and support.

You can contact organisations such as:

Find out more about getting help for domestic violence and abuse.

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Read practical tips and advice on what to do if you're struggling with anger

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This website would help Apa because he needs to control his anger. This would also help Apa because if he learned to manage his anger, he wouldn't have hurt anyone. This website would help him because it gives a lot of tips for how to calm down and control your anger. Also, this website also gives a lot of good ways to cope with your anger. In conclusion, that is why I chose this website for Apa.

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Anger can make you feel as though you're at the mercy of an unpredictable and powerful emotion. Learn how to control it.

Cite this

American Psychological Association. (2023, November 3). Control anger before it controls you. https://www.apa.org/topics/anger/control

We all know what anger is, and we've all felt it: whether as a fleeting annoyance or as full-fledged rage. Anger is a completely normal, usually healthy, human emotion. But when it gets out of control and turns destructive, it can lead to problems-problems at work, in your personal relationships, and in the overall quality of your life.

Anger can make you feel as though you're at the mercy of an unpredictable and powerful emotion.

What is anger?

The nature of anger

Anger is "an emotional state that varies in intensity from mild irritation to intense fury and rage," according to Charles Spielberger, PhD, a psychologist who specializes in the study of anger. Like other emotions, it is accompanied by physiological and biological changes; when you get angry, your heart rate and blood pressure go up, as do the levels of your energy hormones, adrenaline, and noradrenaline.

Anger can be caused by both external and internal events. You could be angry at a specific person (such as a coworker or supervisor) or event (a traffic jam, a canceled flight), or your anger could be caused by worrying or brooding about your personal problems. Memories of traumatic or enraging events can also trigger angry feelings.

Expressing anger

The instinctive, natural way to express anger is to respond aggressively. Anger is a natural, adaptive response to threats; it inspires powerful, often aggressive, feelings and behaviors, which allow us to fight and to defend ourselves when we are attacked. A certain amount of anger, therefore, is necessary to our survival.

On the other hand, we can't physically lash out at every person or object that irritates or annoys us; laws, social norms, and common sense place limits on how far our anger can take us.
[Related: Want to achieve your goals? Get angry]
People use a variety of both conscious and unconscious processes to deal with their angry feelings. The three main approaches are expressing, suppressing, and calming. Expressing your angry feelings in an assertive-not aggressive-manner is the healthiest way to express anger. To do this, you have to learn how to make clear what your needs are, and how to get them met, without hurting others. Being assertive doesn't mean being pushy or demanding; it means being respectful of yourself and others.

Anger can be suppressed, and then converted or redirected. This happens when you hold in your anger, stop thinking about it, and focus on something positive. The aim is to inhibit or suppress your anger and convert it into more constructive behavior. The danger in this type of response is that if it isn't allowed outward expression, your anger can turn inward-on yourself. Anger turned inward may cause hypertension, high blood pressure, or depression.

Unexpressed anger can create other problems. It can lead to pathological expressions of anger, such as passive-aggressive behavior (getting back at people indirectly, without telling them why, rather than confronting them head-on) or a personality that seems perpetually cynical and hostile. People who are constantly putting others down, criticizing everything, and making cynical comments haven't learned how to constructively express their anger. Not surprisingly, they aren't likely to have many successful relationships.

Finally, you can calm down inside. This means not just controlling your outward behavior, but also controlling your internal responses, taking steps to lower your heart rate, calm yourself down, and let the feelings subside.

As Dr. Spielberger notes, "when none of these three techniques work, that's when someone-or something-is going to get hurt."

Anger management

The goal of anger management is to reduce both your emotional feelings and the physiological arousal that anger causes. You can't get rid of, or avoid, the things or the people that enrage you, nor can you change them, but you can learn to control your reactions.

Are you too angry?

There are psychological tests that measure the intensity of angry feelings, how prone to anger you are, and how well you handle it. But chances are good that if you do have a problem with anger, you already know it. If you find yourself acting in ways that seem out of control and frightening, you might need help finding better ways to deal with this emotion.

Why are some people more angry than others?

According to Jerry Deffenbacher, PhD, a psychologist who specializes in anger management, some people really are more "hotheaded" than others are; they get angry more easily and more intensely than the average person does. There are also those who don't show their anger in loud spectacular ways but are chronically irritable and grumpy. Easily angered people don't always curse and throw things; sometimes they withdraw socially, sulk, or get physically ill.

People who are easily angered generally have what some psychologists call a low tolerance for frustration, meaning simply that they feel that they should not have to be subjected to frustration, inconvenience, or annoyance. They can't take things in stride, and they're particularly infuriated if the situation seems somehow unjust: for example, being corrected for a minor mistake.

What makes these people this way? A number of things. One cause may be genetic or physiological: There is evidence that some children are born irritable, touchy, and easily angered, and that these signs are present from a very early age. Another may be sociocultural. Anger is often regarded as negative; we're taught that it's all right to express anxiety, depression, or other emotions but not to express anger. As a result, we don't learn how to handle it or channel it constructively.

Research has also found that family background plays a role. Typically, people who are easily angered come from families that are disruptive, chaotic, and not skilled at emotional communications.

Is it good to "let it all hang out?"

Psychologists now say that this is a dangerous myth. Some people use this theory as a license to hurt others. Research has found that "letting it rip" with anger actually escalates anger and aggression and does nothing to help you (or the person you're angry with) resolve the situation.

It's best to find out what it is that triggers your anger, and then to develop strategies to keep those triggers from tipping you over the edge.

Strategies to keep anger at bay

Relaxation

Simple relaxation tools, such as deep breathing and relaxing imagery, can help calm down angry feelings. There are books and courses that can teach you relaxation techniques, and once you learn the techniques, you can call upon them in any situation. If you are involved in a relationship where both partners are hot-tempered, it might be a good idea for both of you to learn these techniques.

Some simple steps you can try:

Breathe deeply, from your diaphragm; breathing from your chest won't relax you. Picture your breath coming up from your "gut."

Slowly repeat a calm word or phrase such as "relax," "take it easy." Repeat it to yourself while breathing deeply.

Use imagery; visualize a relaxing experience, from either your memory or your imagination.

Nonstrenuous, slow yoga-like exercises can relax your muscles and make you feel much calmer.

Practice these techniques daily. Learn to use them automatically when you're in a tense situation.

Cognitive restructuring

Simply put, this means changing the way you think. Angry people tend to curse, swear, or speak in highly colorful terms that reflect their inner thoughts. When you're angry, your thinking can get very exaggerated and overly dramatic. Try replacing these thoughts with more rational ones. For instance, instead of telling yourself, "oh, it's awful, it's terrible, everything's ruined," tell yourself, "it's frustrating, and it's understandable that I'm upset about it, but it's not the end of the world and getting angry is not going to fix it anyhow."

Be careful of words like "never" or "always" when talking about yourself or someone else. "This !&*%@ machine never works," or "you're always forgetting things" are not just inaccurate, they also serve to make you feel that your anger is justified and that there's no way to solve the problem. They also alienate and humiliate people who might otherwise be willing to work with you on a solution.

Remind yourself that getting angry is not going to fix anything, that it won't make you feel better (and may actually make you feel worse).

Logic defeats anger, because anger, even when it's justified, can quickly become irrational. So use cold hard logic on yourself. Remind yourself that the world is "not out to get you," you're just experiencing some of the rough spots of daily life. Do this each time you feel anger getting the best of you, and it'll help you get a more balanced perspective. Angry people tend to demand things: fairness, appreciation, agreement, willingness to do things their way. Everyone wants these things, and we are all hurt and disappointed when we don't get them, but angry people demand them, and when their demands aren't met, their disappointment becomes anger.

As part of their cognitive restructuring, angry people need to become aware of their demanding nature and translate their expectations into desires. In other words, saying, "I would like" something is healthier than saying, "I demand" or "I must have" something. When you're unable to get what you want, you will experience the normal reactions-frustration, disappointment, hurt-but not anger. Some angry people use this anger as a way to avoid feeling hurt, but that doesn't mean the hurt goes away.

Problem solving

Sometimes, our anger and frustration are caused by very real and inescapable problems in our lives. Not all anger is misplaced, and often it's a healthy, natural response to these difficulties. There is also a cultural belief that every problem has a solution, and it adds to our frustration to find out that this isn't always the case. The best attitude to bring to such a situation, then, is not to focus on finding the solution, but rather on how you handle and face the problem.

Make a plan, and check your progress along the way. Resolve to give it your best, but also not to punish yourself if an answer doesn't come right away. If you can approach it with your best intentions and efforts and make a serious attempt to face it head-on, you will be less likely to lose patience and fall into all-or-nothing thinking, even if the problem does not get solved right away.

Better communication

Angry people tend to jump to-and act on-conclusions, and some of those conclusions can be very inaccurate. The first thing to do if you're in a heated discussion is slow down and think through your responses. Don't say the first thing that comes into your head, but slow down and think carefully about what you want to say. At the same time, listen carefully to what the other person is saying and take your time before answering.

Listen, too, to what is underlying the anger. For instance, you like a certain amount of freedom and personal space, and your "significant other" wants more connection and closeness. If he or she starts complaining about your activities, don't retaliate by painting your partner as a jailer, a warden, or an albatross around your neck.

It's natural to get defensive when you're criticized, but don't fight back. Instead, listen to what's underlying the words: the message that this person might feel neglected and unloved. It may take a lot of patient questioning on your part, and it may require some breathing space, but don't let your anger-or a partner's-let a discussion spin out of control. Keeping your cool can keep the situation from becoming a disastrous one.

Using humor

"Silly humor" can help defuse rage in a number of ways. For one thing, it can help you get a more balanced perspective. When you get angry and call someone a name or refer to them in some imaginative phrase, stop and picture what that word would literally look like. If you're at work and you think of a coworker as a "dirtbag" or a "single-cell life form," for example, picture a large bag full of dirt (or an amoeba) sitting at your colleague's desk, talking on the phone, going to meetings. Do this whenever a name comes into your head about another person. If you can, draw a picture of what the actual thing might look like. This will take a lot of the edge off your fury; and humor can always be relied on to help unknot a tense situation.

The underlying message of highly angry people, Dr. Deffenbacher says, is "things oughta go my way!" Angry people tend to feel that they are morally right, that any blocking or changing of their plans is an unbearable indignity and that they should not have to suffer this way. Maybe other people do, but not them!

When you feel that urge, he suggests, picture yourself as a god or goddess, a supreme ruler, who owns the streets and stores and office space, striding alone and having your way in all situations while others defer to you. The more detail you can get into your imaginary scenes, the more chances you have to realize that maybe you are being unreasonable; you'll also realize how unimportant the things you're angry about really are. There are two cautions in using humor. First, don't try to just "laugh off" your problems; rather, use humor to help yourself face them more constructively. Second, don't give in to harsh, sarcastic humor; that's just another form of unhealthy anger expression.

What these techniques have in common is a refusal to take yourself too seriously. Anger is a serious emotion, but it's often accompanied by ideas that, if examined, can make you laugh.

Changing your environment

Sometimes it's our immediate surroundings that give us cause for irritation and fury. Problems and responsibilities can weigh on you and make you feel angry at the "trap" you seem to have fallen into and all the people and things that form that trap.

Give yourself a break. Make sure you have some "personal time" scheduled for times of the day that you know are particularly stressful. One example is the working mother who has a standing rule that when she comes home from work, for the first 15 minutes "nobody talks to Mom unless the house is on fire." After this brief quiet time, she feels better prepared to handle demands from her kids without blowing up at them.

Some other tips for easing up on yourself

Timing: If you and your spouse tend to fight when you discuss things at night-perhaps you're tired, or distracted, or maybe it's just habit-try changing the times when you talk about important matters so these talks don't turn into arguments.

Avoidance: If your child's chaotic room makes you furious every time you walk by it, shut the door. Don't make yourself look at what infuriates you. Don't say, "well, my child should clean up the room so I won't have to be angry!" That's not the point. The point is to keep yourself calm.

Finding alternatives: If your daily commute through traffic leaves you in a state of rage and frustration, give yourself a project-learn or map out a different route, one that's less congested or more scenic. Or find another alternative, such as a bus or commuter train.

Do you need counseling?

If you feel that your anger is really out of control, if it is having an impact on your relationships and on important parts of your life, you might consider counseling to learn how to handle it better. A psychologist or other licensed mental health professional can work with you in developing a range of techniques for changing your thinking and your behavior.

When you talk to a prospective therapist, tell them that you have problems with anger that you want to work on, and ask about their approach to anger management. Make sure this isn't only a course of action designed to "put you in touch with your feelings and express them"-that may be precisely what your problem is. With counseling, psychologists say, a highly angry person can move closer to a middle range of anger in about 8 to 10 weeks, depending on the circumstances and the techniques used.

What about assertiveness training?

It's true that angry people need to learn to become assertive (rather than aggressive), but most books and courses on developing assertiveness are aimed at people who don't feel enough anger. These people are more passive and acquiescent than the average person; they tend to let others walk all over them. That isn't something that most angry people do. Still, these books can contain some useful tactics to use in frustrating situations.

Remember, you can't eliminate anger-and it wouldn't be a good idea if you could. In spite of all your efforts, things will happen that will cause you anger; and sometimes it will be justifiable anger. Life will be filled with frustration, pain, loss, and the unpredictable actions of others. You can't change that; but you can change the way you let such events affect you. Controlling your angry responses can keep them from making you even more unhappy in the long run.

Recommended Reading

Six Things Psychologists are Talking About

The APA Monitor on Psychology ® sister e-newsletter offers fresh articles on psychology trends, new research, and more.

Speaking of Psychology

Subscribe to APA's audio podcast series highlighting some of the most important and relevant psychological research being conducted today.
Subscribe to Speaking of Psychology and download via:
Apple

Spotify

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Anger is a normal, healthy response to a threat and may be used for a constructive purpose. When anger becomes uncontrollable or is unexpressed, it may lead to destructive thoughts or actions. Learn how to control it.

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This website gets access to compact lessons from the experts who made this website and connect with a community of native speakers to help us master the words faster. Also, in the website there are 16,381 of the reviews and most of them are compliments about this website so it is very trustful when using it.

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Busuu - Learn Languages Online: Start for Free

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Study a new language online with Busuu's award-winning courses. Learn together with native speakers in Busuu's community.

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I used this website because the Park Family needs advice on financial problems and need assistance. So, I gave them this website so they can properly get the money they need. They desperately need it, because the mother and father are working more than 1-3 jobs, and that isn't good for mental and physical health. Also, on the website, Immigration and U.S. Citizenship help are on the website as well! So, it can help them in other ways if the Welfare and Financial Assistance part doesn't help them a lot.

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Welfare and financial assistance | USAGov

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Find financial assistance and services for families in need, including welfare benefits, housing support, and more.

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I put this link in because this website could help people who drink too much such as Apa. Apa is always drinking in this story because he is abusive and lazy. People these days drink lots of alcohol and that isn't good especially at night cause then people would hurt other people.

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16 Expert Tips For Reducing Your Alcohol Consumption

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16 Expert Tips For Reducing Your Alcohol Consumption

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This website would help uhmma with apa abusing her and apa is always abuses uhmma when he is drunk so this website is for uhmma when apa hits uhmma,uhmma can call this website and the person on the other line can help uhmma and call the police for uhmma.I know uhmma loves apa still but she needs to learn how to take care of herself physically and mentally.

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For additional information about resources in your area, contact an advocate or your local state coalition.

State & Territory Coalitions

Alabama Coalition Against Domestic Violence

Alaska Network on Domestic Violence & Sexual Assault

Arizona Coalition To End Sexual & Domestic Violence

Arkansas Coalition Against Domestic Violence

California Partnership to End Domestic Violence

Violence Free Colorado

Connecticut Coalition Against Domestic Violence

Delaware Coalition Against Domestic Violence

DC Coalition Against Domestic Violence

Florida Department of Children and Families

Georgia Coalition Against Domestic Violence

Guam Coalition Against Sexual Assault & Family Violence

Hawaii State Coalition Against Domestic Violence

Idaho Coalition Against Sexual & Domestic Violence

Illinois Coalition Against Domestic Violence

Indiana Coalition Against Domestic Violence

Iowa Coalition against Domestic Violence

Kansas Coalition against Sexual & Domestic Violence

Kentucky Coalition Against Domestic Violence

Louisiana Coalition Against Domestic Violence

Maine Coalition to End Domestic Violence

Maryland Network Against Domestic Violence

Massachusetts Coalition Against Sexual Assault & Domestic Violence / Jane Doe, Inc.

Michigan Coalition To End Domestic & Sexual Violence

Violence Free Minnesota

Mississippi Coalition Against Domestic Violence

Missouri Coalition Against Domestic & Sexual Violence

Montana Coalition Against Domestic & Sexual Violence

Nebraska Coalition to End Sexual and Domestic Violence

Nevada Coalition to End Domestic and Sexual Violence

New Hampshire Coalition Against Domestic & Sexual Violence

New Jersey Coalition to End Domestic Violence

New Mexico Coalition Against Domestic Violence

New York State Coalition Against Domestic Violence

Hotline NYS: 1-800-942-6906

Hotline NYC: 1-800-621-4673

Website: www.nyscadv.org

North Carolina Coalition Against Domestic Violence

CAWS North Dakota

Office: 701-255-6240

Website: https://www.cawsnorthdakota.org/

Ohio Domestic Violence Network

Oklahoma Coalition Against Domestic Violence & Sexual Assault

Oregon Coalition Against Domestic & Sexual Violence

Pennsylvania Coalition Against Domestic Violence

Coordinadora Paz para la Mujer (Puerto Rico)

Rhode Island Coalition Against Domestic Violence

South Carolina Coalition Against Domestic Violence & Sexual Assault

South Dakota Coalition Ending Domestic Violence & Sexual Assault

Tennessee Coalition To End Domestic & Sexual Violence

Texas Council on Family Violence

Women's Coalition of St. Croix

Hotline: (340) 773-9272

Website: https://wcstx.org/

Utah Domestic Violence Coalition

Vermont Network Against Domestic & Sexual Violence

Virginia Sexual & Domestic Violence Action Alliance

Washington State Coalition Against Domestic Violence

West Virginia Coalition Against Domestic Violence

Wisconsin Coalition Against Domestic Violence

Wyoming Coalition Against Domestic Violence & Sexual Assault

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For additional information about resources in your area, contact an advocate or your local state coalition.

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I chose this link because Young Ju and her family have difficulty bonding. I feel like bonding with each other would help them connect as a family. This service would help this whole family and most especially Apa.I feel like it will definitely help them and will help Apa be a better father if they had considered this in the stroy.

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Adult Counseling - Guam Behavioral Health and Wellness Center – GBHWC

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Guam Behavioral Health and Substance Abuse (GBHWC) provides comprehensive mental health, alcohol and drug programs and services for adults and children on Guam.

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I put this link because when Young Ju and Uhmma were getting scared of Apa, they could have use this link to maybe call someone for help. This can help the whole family because they help talking to families and to get their bonding better. This might have helped Apa to love the family more. This could also give advices to the family to get a better bonding.

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Family Counseling Service provides Tuscaloosa and West Alabama accessible, expert counseling services and programs promoting mental, emotional, and social well being.

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This website is based on reducing and quitting alcohol so that Apa could stop drinking alcohol and care more about his family. It also talks about the benefits if you quit drinking alcohol. So Apa dosen't have to be drunk and upset at Uhmma, Joon, Young Ju and abusing them.

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Australian Government Department of Health, Disability and Ageing

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It’s a good idea to see your doctor first if you want to reduce or stop drinking alcohol. They can help you to manage any withdrawal symptoms you may have. It’s also helpful to have an action plan and a support network to help you achieve your goals.

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I put this link because this could help Young Ju's family/ other family from abuse. This link allows people to recognize domestic abuse, how to get help, how to get a court order, and provides a safe space for the victims. So I thought this link would help Uhmma and Young Ju.

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If you are in immediate danger, call 999 and ask for the police. If you can't speak and are calling on a mobile press 55 to have your call transferred to the police. Find out how to call the police when you can't speak.

For free, confidential advice, 24 hours a day contact a domestic abuse helpline.

Household isolation instructions do not apply if you need to leave your home to escape domestic abuse.

Translated guidance

If English is not your first language, information has been translated into several languages as well as an easy read version.

Women's Aid also have guidance documents on domestic abuse and coronavirus available in a number of languages for victims, family and friends, and community members of those affected.

If you are deaf, you can access a British Sign Language video that explains how to get help if you or someone you know is a victim of domestic abuse.

Recognise domestic abuse

Does your partner, ex-partner or someone you live with:

cut you off from family and friends and intentionally isolate you?

bully, threaten, or control you?

take control of your finances?

monitor or limit your use of technology?

physically and/or sexually abuse you?

Domestic abuse is not always physical violence. It can also include:

coercive control and 'gaslighting'

economic abuse

online abuse

threats and intimidation

emotional abuse

sexual abuse

Anyone can be a victim of domestic abuse, regardless of gender, age, ethnicity, religion, socio-economic status, sexuality or background.

If you believe that you are a victim of domestic abuse, there are signs that you can look out for including:

being withdrawn, or being isolated from your family and friends

having bruises, burns or bite marks on you

having your finances controlled, or not being given enough to buy food, medication or pay bills

not being allowed to leave your house, or stopped from going to college or work

having your internet or social media use monitored, or someone else reading your texts, emails or letters

being repeatedly belittled, put down or told you are worthless

being pressured into sex or sexual contact

being told that abuse is your fault, or that you're overreacting

See more signs to look for.

Get help and support

All forms of domestic abuse are not acceptable in any situation.

If you're experiencing domestic abuse and feel frightened of, or controlled by, a partner, an ex-partner or family member, it's important to remember that it's not your fault and there is no shame in seeking help.

It may seem like a difficult step to take, but there is support available and #YouAreNot Alone.

Free, confidential support and advice is available to victims and their concerned family members or friends, 24 hours a day.

Bright Sky app

Bright Sky is a mobile app and website for anyone experiencing domestic abuse, or who is worried about someone else.

The app can be downloaded for free from the app stores. Only download the app if it is safe for you to do so and if you are sure that your phone isn't being monitored.

Women's Aid local support services directory

Women's Aid have a directory of domestic abuse support services across the UK.

If you are experiencing domestic abuse or are worried about friends or family, you can access the Women's Aid live chat service 7 days a week, 10am to 6pm.
helpline@womensaid.org.uk
Victim Support

Victim Support run these services for victims and survivors of any abuse or crime, regardless of when it occurred or if the crime was reported to the police:

Ask for ANI codeword

If you are experiencing domestic abuse and need immediate help, ask for ANI (Action Needed Immediately) in participating pharmacies and Jobcentres (Jobs and Benefits Offices in Northern Ireland).

When you ask for ANI, you will be offered a private space, provided with a phone and asked if you need support from the police or other domestic abuse support services.

To find your nearest participating provider, search using the postcode checker on the Ask for Ani page on the Enough website.

Ask for ANI logo used in participating pharmacies and Jobcentres (Jobs and Benefits Offices in Northern Ireland).

Safe Spaces

Ask for ANI is delivered in partnership with Safe Spaces, a safe and confidential room where victims can take some time to reflect, access information on specialist support services or call friends or family.

Safe Spaces are also available in Boots, Morrisons, Superdrug and Well pharmacies, TSB banks and independent pharmacies across the UK.

Find your nearest Safe Space.

Check whether someone has an abusive past

If you are concerned that a new, former or existing partner has an abusive past you can ask the police to check under the Domestic Violence Disclosure Scheme (also known as 'Clare's Law'). This is your 'right to ask'. If records show that you may be at risk of domestic abuse, the police will consider disclosing the information. A disclosure can be made if it is legal, proportionate and necessary to do so.

If you are concerned about a friend or family member, you can apply for a disclosure on behalf of someone you know.

You can make a request to the police for information about a person's previous violent offending in person at the police station or elsewhere, by telephone, by email, online or as part of a police investigation. Support agencies and services can also help you ask the police about this.

Get a court order to protect you or your child

If you're a victim of domestic abuse you can apply for a court order or injunction to protect yourself or your child from:

your current or previous partner

a family member

someone you currently or previously lived with

This is called a non-molestation or occupation order.

You can apply online, by email or by post.

Get a court order if you've been the victim of domestic abuse.

Support someone you know

If you are worried that a friend, neighbour or loved one is a victim of domestic abuse, you can call the National Domestic Abuse Helpline for free and confidential advice, 24 hours a day on 0808 2000 247.

Or you can contact the other support services listed on this page.

Seeking help for someone you know can be challenging but #YouAreNotalone. Domestic abuse advisers will offer confidential, non-judgemental information and advice on the options available to you helping you to keep safe and make informed choices.

If you believe there is an immediate risk of harm to someone, or it is an emergency, you should always call 999.

If someone confides in you, there is more information on how to support a friend who is being abused.

If you are an employer

Let your employees know that if they are facing domestic abuse you want to help them to get help. Stay in regular contact with employees you know, or fear, may be facing abuse and if you lose contact with them, take swift action to visit them. If you believe there is an immediate risk of harm to someone, or it is an emergency, always call 999.

Encourage employees to look out for others who may be facing domestic abuse and signpost them to support. Your staff may also be worried about their own abusive behaviour at this time. There is no excuse for domestic abuse, no matter what stresses you are under and support is available.

Hestia's Respond to Abuse Advice Line is a free resource for employers. Employers can call 020 3879 3695 Monday to Friday, 9am to 5pm, or email adviceline.eb@hestia.org for support, guidance or information about domestic abuse and how to support employees and colleagues experiencing domestic abuse.

The  Employers' Initiative on Domestic Abuse website provides resources to support employers including an  employers' toolkit.

If you are a professional working in the domestic abuse sector

SafeLives  provides guidance and support to professionals and those working in the domestic abuse sector, as well as additional advice for those at risk.

Find additional information and support

If you want to access help specifically to cater to your background and needs or want support and help for specific types of abuse there are several organisations that can help - see Domestic abuse: specialist sources of support.

You can also find additional information and support here on topics including:

help for children and young people

welfare benefits and housing advice

help if you don't have settled status in the UK

support for specific types of abuse

Get help if you think you might be an abuser

If you are concerned about your behaviour or the behaviour of someone you know, there is support available.

The Respect Phoneline  is an anonymous and confidential helpline for men and women who are abusing their partners and families. It is open Monday to Friday 9am to 8pm. The helpline also takes calls from partners or ex-partners, friends and relatives who are concerned about perpetrators.

A webchat service is available Wednesdays, Thursdays and Fridays from 10am to 11am and from 3pm to 4pm.

Telephone: 0808 802 4040

How to call the police when you can't speak

If you are in danger and unable to talk on the phone, call 999 and listen to the questions from the operator and, if you can, respond by coughing or tapping on the handset.

Call 999 from a mobile

If prompted, press 55 to Make Yourself Heard (PDF, 348KB) and this will transfer your call to the police. Pressing 55 only works on mobiles and does not allow police to track your location.

Call 999 from a landline

If the operator can only hear background noise and cannot decide whether an emergency service is needed, you will be connected to a police call handler.

If you replace the handset, the landline may remain connected for 45 seconds in case you pick up again.

When 999 calls are made from landlines, information about your location should be automatically available to the call handlers to help provide a response.

If you are deaf or can't use a phone

You can register with the emergencySMS. Text REGISTER to 999. You will get a text which tells you what to do next. Do this when it is safe so you can text when you are in danger.

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Find out how to get help if you or someone you know is a victim of domestic abuse.

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Child Care can help parents find a place or organization that can look after any children they have. In the book, Uhmma seemed like she had a hard time working her job shifts and watching over her children at the same time. If I was Uhmma, I would start searching for any child care organizations or centers. The downside is that child care could be expensive, so Uhmma might not be able to pay for child care all the time.

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I put this link because in the book Apa constantly beat and beat the kids and Uhmma for disagreeing with him and disobeying his orders only because they wanted to have a life and be people. The link I added is a link to Child Protective Services they are the people when you call the cops and your parents are beating you they take you away from them and put with a foster family who will care for you until adoption

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Child Protective Services | Childcare.gov

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This website is Financial aid. Financial aid is money to help pay for college or career school. Grants, work-study, loans, and scholarships to help make college or career school affordable. I definitely recommend Young Ju and Uhmma to apply for financial aid, because Uhmma's financial situation isn't that good they aren't rich. The website can provide money for the Park family so that Young Ju will be able to go to college and university. Young Ju will be able to receive a scholarship and they may even be able to not pay anything!

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Financial aid is money to help pay for college or career school. Grants, work-study, loans, and scholarships help make college or career school affordable.

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I used this website because it shows some things that the family should do and not do. There are also other websites that can help the Park family and it also tells them what the websites are about. This website has links to several different types of assistance programs, like charitable programs, and government programs. These programs have very specific advices in them for the family to use freely.

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If the cost of medical treatment is a burden for you and your family, you should talk to your healthcare team about your concerns and see what options are available. Your doctor may be able to switch you to less expensive, but equally effective treatments. You should also ask about the types of patient financial assistance programs that are available to help you cover expenses.

Most financial assistance programs, but not all, have eligibility requirements based on need and whether or not you have health insurance that includes drug coverage. You will need to provide information about your age, your income, your insurance plan and either your illness or the prescription medicines you are taking.

If you don't have health insurance, the website Healthcare.gov has detailed information about how to get healthcare coverage you can afford. You can also get connected to organizations in your community that can help you enroll. These resources can help you learn more about shopping for health insurance and choosing a plan.
Some things to watch out for looking for financial assistance programs:

Some private insurance plans are adopting a new kind of policy, called a copay accumulator program, that does not count the financial assistance received toward a patient's deductible or out-of-pocket maximum. This means patients may still face burdensome out-of-pocket costs to get the care they need.

Drug company discount coupons cannot be used by people who are participating in a state or federally-funded healthcare program, including Medicare and Medicaid and Tricare.

Beware of scams. There are websites, phone scammers and even people going door to door offering prescription assistance programs and discount cards and asking for money. None of the reputable programs listed here will ever ask you for money.

Prescription Assistance Programs

Many pharmaceutical companies, pharmacy chains and nonprofit organizations offer programs that provide access to free or low-cost medicines. Eligibility requirements vary, so you need to check carefully to find a plan that works for you.

SingleCare has partnered with pharmacies nationwide to negotiate prescription discounts. Free downloadable prescription discount cards can be used by everyone, regardless of financial need or insurance status. Their Drug Price Look Up Tool allows comparison shopping to find the lowest price.

The Medicine Assistance Tool (MAT) is a free-to-use search engine that focuses its searches on patient assistance resources available to eligible patients. The Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America (PhRMA) launched the MAT in 2019 to allow users to search for financial assistance resources available from PhRMA's member companies. MAT replaces PhRMA's Partnership for Prescription Assistance program (PPA).

NeedyMeds is a national non-profit organization that maintains a website of free information on a wide range of prescription assistance programs. Their resources include a telephone help line, a library of patient education information and a drug discount card that is available to everyone.

RxAssist is a web-based medication assistance resource center that offers a comprehensive directory of the patient assistance programs run by pharmaceutical companies, as well as tools and information to help patients manage their medication costs.

Charitable Patient Assistance Programs

Some charitable foundations and other nonprofits offer financial assistance that can be used to pay for a range of out-of-pocket costs associated with an illness. Depending on the program, patients who qualify may be able to use the funds for medicine, doctor visits, travel expenses and health insurance premiums.

The Patient Access Network Foundation's FundFinder is a web-based app designed to quickly notify registered users when financial assistance for their condition becomes available from any of the charitable patient assistance foundations.

Government Programs

In addition to Medicare and Medicaid, which provide benefits to all eligible Americans according to their age and income level, you may also be able to find assistance programs run by your state or local government.

BenefitsCheckUp is a free service of the National Council on Aging that allows seniors to search a database of over 2,500 benefits programs nationwide, including medication, housing, food and nutrition and income assistance.

Medicaid is a health coverage program for low-income people that is run by states, with some funding support from the federal government. Eligibility requirements and benefits vary state-to-state. For information about the Medicaid program in your area, contact your state Health Department.

This federal government website walks you through how to sign up for Medicare if you are 65 or older, as well as how to choose the Part D prescription drug plan that's best for you based on where you live, your income and what drugs you take. If you are on Medicare and have a very limited income, you may be eligible for Extra Help to pay for the costs-monthly premiums, annual deductibles, and prescription co-payments-related to a Medicare prescription drug plan.

Additional Assistance Programs

Beyond finding help to pay for medications and other treatments, these resources offer assistance in locating information or support.

211 is the most comprehensive source of local social services in the U. S. and Canada. For help with housing, utilities, food, addiction treatment and other services, call 211 or visit the website.

The American Lung Association's Lung HelpLine can answer questions you have about tobacco cessation, lung disease treatment plans, diagnostic tests and ways to keep your lungs healthy.

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Financial assistance programs can help you pay for medical treatment. Learn more about different types of programs and what to look out for.

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This website could really help Apa with his bad English, since young ju can't always be there for Apa to translate for him, he can use this help with his English and learn more about how he can improve his English. He can read the different language acquisitions.

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Language is a very important part of life. Communication between people not only enables us to understand one-another, but aids in developing relationships and allows us to communicate our problems, suggestions and plans. I'm sure you can all agree that language is a crucial part of everyday life. But how did we learn to speak? How do we know what to say and when to say certain things? Language Acquisition is something that can often be misunderstood, simplified, or even forgotten. Yet from the word GO, acquiring language and using language is an amazing ability we, as human-beings, have.

Linguistic Milestones - General Trends

Key terms

Babbling - The experimentation of sounds by an infant, tending to include recognisable words.

Inflections - The modification of words grammatically to form different tenses or number. E.g. cat (singular) + -s (inflection) = cats (plural) E.g. walk (present tense) + -ed (inflection) = walked (past tense)

Intonation - The rise and fall of voice when speaking. Enables differentiation between phrases. E.g., questions, exclamations etc, all use different intonation patterns

Phonemes - Small segments of sound.

Subject literature provides guidelines for the average age specific language features are acquired - but different authors cite different milestone dates, depending on where they conducted their research. So it's important to note that dates, in terms of specific linguistic milestones, are not concrete and can vary slightly from child to child (see Language Acquisition in Exceptional Circumstances for more information).

What's acquired?

In order to speak a language as adults do, children need to have acquired five areas of linguistic competence: Phonology, Lexis, Semantics, Grammar and Pragmatics.

Phonology

Phonological development is the acquisition of sounds in order to pronounce words. Child Language Acquisition begins at birth. The inner ear has the only bones in the whole body which are fully formed at birth, thus enabling the child to start recognising their mother's voice in the first day of living and also allowing the child to differentiate one language from another at such an early stage. The vocal tract is not fully developed at birth which, when compared to the formation of the inner ear, helps to biologically explain why it is that perception of sounds comes before the ability to produce sounds. Through 'vocal playing' (highlighted in the 5 pre-verbal stages below) children learn to control their vocal tract to produce sounds accurately (REMEMBER: Each child differs, so the dates provided are a guideline).

Basic Biological Noises (approximately 0-8 weeks) - Vocalisations: coughing, crying, a low cooing, laughing etc.

Cooing and Laughing (approximately 8-20 weeks) - Short vowel-like sounds produced when the baby is in a settled state: more melodic than biological noises. At three and a half months, a baby's voice box is in place and gradual control of vocal muscles is gained.

Vocal Play (approximately 20-30 weeks) - 'Cooing' sounds develop into sounds which are much more definite and controlled.

Babbling (approximately 25-50 weeks) - All babies babble! It is an innate feature of human beings: even deaf babies babble. There are two stages of babbling:

Reduplicated babbling, for example [mamama], emerges from around 6 months

Variegated babbling, for example [adu] and [maba], is when there is movement away from fixed patterns and sounds become more complex and closer to speech. Consonants and vowels can change from one syllable to the next.

Melodic Utterance (approximately 36-72 weeks) -Intonation, rhythm and melody develop, resulting in babies sounding more and more as though they are speaking the language. The occasional few words may have started to appear. Parents start to assume different sounds resemble different linguistical structures, such as questioning, exclaiming and greeting etc. Babies of different nationalities sound increasingly different from each other.
64 Week Old Baby "Talk

Lexis

Lexical development is the acquisition of words.

Katherine Nelson[2] classified children's first 50 words as:

1. Naming things or people: ball, Daddy, juice, milk.

2. Actions or events: down, more, up.

3. Describing or modifying things: dirty, nice, pretty.

4. Personal or social words: hi, bye-bye.

Semantics

Semantic development is the acquisition of the meaning of words. Children tend to use words more broadly than adults and over-extensions and under-extensions are found to be produced.

Over Extensions - A child uses a word in a broad sense. For example, the word 'dog' may be used to refer to all four-legged animals with a tail. Over-extensions reflect a child's learning and their growing knowledge of the world; noticing similarities and differences between objects.

Under Extensions -A child uses a word more narrowly than an adult would. For example, using the word 'shoe' only when referring to their own shoes.

These features of semantic development are crucial in gaining meaning and understanding of words. Eventually, children will overcome these features.

Grammar/Syntax

There are three main stages of grammatical development.

Holophrastic Stage (12-18 months) -The Holophrastic stage consists of children learning and producing single word utterances that function as phrases or sentences. For example:

'Gone' could mean 'it's all gone'

'Teddy' could mean 'that's my teddy'

'More' could mean 'I want more'

Sometimes children's productions are longer and are considered as being one unit or a whole phrase (this is called a Holophrase). For example:

Intonation plays a key role during this stage. Children learn the ability to distinguish between interrogative, declarative and imperative phrases, and despite their limited grammatical structuring, are able to aid their communication more effectively. For example:

'Dada?' said with a rising intonation, would imply a question

'Dada' said with a falling intonation, would imply declarative statement

'Dada!' said in exclamation, would imply imperative statement

Two-word Stage (18-24 months) - The Two-word stage comprises a child using (quite obviously, as stated in the title) two words to form a sentence. 'Baby chair', 'Mummy eat' and 'Cat bad' are all examples of utterances at this stage and as it may be obvious, require interpretation. Context of an utterance can aid the ambiguity behind such statements. For example:

'Baby chair' could mean...

1. Possession: 'this is baby's chair'

2. Request/command: 'put baby in chair'

3. Statement: 'baby is in the chair'

Telegraphic Stage (2-3 years) - The Telegraphic stage, is when children have acquired and start to use multiple-word utterances. At this stage, some of the children's utterances are grammatically correct...

'Amy likes tea' - (Subject + Verb + Object)

'teddy looks tired' - (Subject + Verb + Adjective)

'Mummy sleeps upstairs' - (Subject + Verb + Adverbial)

Whilst others have grammatical elements missing...

'This shoe all wet' - (the stative verb carrying meaning is missing: is)

Children are more likely to retain CONTENT words (nouns, verbs and adjectives that refer to real things) and FUNCTION words (that have grammatical function: pronouns, prepositions and auxiliary verbs) are often omitted.
Overgeneralisations are also found at this stage. This is when children make virtuous errors in their allocation of inflections. For example:
The inflection -s to mark plurality is seen to be added to irregular verbs: sheep - sheeps
The inflection -ed to mark past tense is seen to be added to irregular verbs: go - goed
Such examples would suggest that children try to figure out grammar by themselves, using grammatical rules productively to establish forms, not by hearing form from the people around them in their environment. Children would not hear such examples as 'goed' from the adults around them.

Pragmatics

Pragmatic development highlights children's motivation to acquire language in the first place, as it serves different purposes and functions. Pragmatics aren't acquired immediately, nor does it take a short period of time for a child to acquire them. This process is on-going until the age of approximately 10 years.

Halliday[3] classified functions of language as being:

1. INSTRUMENTAL - to express needs

2. REGULATORY - to control behaviours of others

3. INTERACTIONAL - to relate to others

4. HEURISTIC - to gain knowledge of the environment

5. PERSONAL - to express yourself

6. IMAGINATIVE - to use language imaginatively

7. INFORMATIVE - to convey facts and information

If you are unsure of any of the terminology on this page, you can revise your knowledge in our Glossary.

References

[1] Saxton, W. (2010). Child Language Acquisition and Development. London: SAGE Publications.
[2] Nelson, K. (1973). 'Structure and Strategy in Learning to Talk'. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development. 149(1-2). 1-137.
[3] Halliday, M. A. K. (1975). Learning How To Mean. London: Edward Arnold Ltd.

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Language is a very important part of life. Communication between people not only enables us to understand one-another, but aids in developing relationships and allows us to communicate our problems, suggestions and plans. I'm sure you can all agree that language is a crucial part of everyday life.