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This picture represents a possible world in the future from unchecked agricultural, economic, social, and political practices. I chose this picture because it represents a polluted area where items may be exported and imported. There is no regulation on the toxins and pollutants occurring from this and is contributing to a future world of pollution. This transportation and distribution requires energy and is using oil, gas, or diesel while also giving off emissions. These emissions are contributing to green house gas accumulation.

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Penicillin
This website includes a video describing how penicillin was found and how it works. Penicillin was the first drug to fight off bacterial infections making it the most influential chemical that is derived from a plant. Alexander Flemming accidentally discovered it in 1928 when he left out staph bacteria and discovered penicillum mold growing on it. Penicillin is one of many antibiotics that is used to treat bacterial infections and helps improve the health of people every day. This drug is extremely important and is why i chose this chemical to be the most influential.

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Discovery of Penicillin

Sometimes in life, you make an amazing discovery while trying to do something completely different. In 1928, the Scottish bacteriologist, Alexander Fleming, was going through some old bacterial plates, to clean up his lab a bit, when he discovered this moldy plate. He was about to toss it into the trash can when he noticed something unusual. Around the colony of mold, the bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus, weren't growing as well. That's funny... how could that happen?

It turns out that the mold was conducting chemical warfare! It was releasing a compound that could kill bacteria in an attempt to have more space to grow and more nutrients to itself. When a microorganism produces a substance that can kill other microorganisms, it is called antibiosis. You can compare this word to 'symbiosis,' which is when organisms live together in a way that is often mutually beneficial. The word 'antibiotic' comes from this 'antibiosis.'

The antibiotic-producing mold was identified as a member of the genus Penicillium, and its antibacterial compound was eventually isolated and named penicillin. In the early 1940s, Howard Florey and Ernst Chain carried out the first clinical trials of penicillin, just in time for the drug to be used on wounded soldiers in the final stages of World War II. From that time forward, antibiotics have made a huge impact on human history and drastically reduced the infectious disease burden in the world.

Mechanism of Penicillin

By now, you're probably super curious about how penicillin actually works. It turns out that penicillin interferes with the synthesis of peptidoglycan in bacterial cell walls. Remember that peptidoglycan is a complex molecule made of sugars and polypeptides that forms a tough, strong lattice that surrounds bacterial cells. Peptidoglycan is a major component of most bacterial cell walls. The rigid peptidoglycan layer helps bacteria stay intact in the face of osmotic pressure, which is when water tends to flow into or out of a cell to balance out the concentration of solutes on either side of a membrane.

Penicillin prevents peptidoglycan from cross-linking properly in the last stages of bacterial cell wall synthesis. This greatly weakens the cell wall and causes the bacterium to lyse, or burst open, because of osmotic pressure. Penicillin is bactericidal because it directly kills bacteria. And, since peptidoglycan is not found in human cells, penicillin is selectively toxic and does not harm us when we take it. Sounds like a great antibiotic, right?

Penicillin's Spectrum of Activity

It's important to remember that penicillin is a narrow-spectrum antibiotic, meaning that it is effective against a relatively narrow range of bacteria. The reason lies in the different types of cell walls that bacteria can have. Remember that bacteria can be divided into two major groups based on the Gram staining procedure, which stains Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria differently because of their different cell walls.

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mechanism & properties - video & lesson transcript | study.com

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How Does Penicillin Work? - Discovery, Mechanism & Properties - Video & Lesson Transcript | Study.com

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Sometimes in life, you make an amazing discovery while trying to do something completely different. In 1928, the Scottish bacteriologist, Alexander Fleming, was going through some old bacterial plates, to clean up his lab a bit, when he discovered this moldy plate. He was about to toss it into the trash can when he noticed something unusual.

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I chose this video to represent the third agricultural revolution, the green revolution. This video explains what the green revolution was and the many improvements that catapulted the world into a global society. The Green Revolution attempted to raise the standard of living in developing countries that were struggling with hunger by increasing agricultural output. Some of the things that were improved from the Green Revolution were: irrigation methods, agricultural machinery, fertilizers, and pesticides.The new seeds that were used were genetically modified by scientists.

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I chose this picture to represent some of the tools that impacted humans during the Neolithic age. These tools were able to have been crafted due to Social Stratification which was done so by those who did not have to be focused on farming. The other individuals who were not farming, had the ability to focus on other endeavors such as creating new innovative technologies, such as tool production. Due to the development of agriculture, humans were impacted not only by crop production but also the advancement in technologies, like the tools in the picture below.

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The grassland biome consists of hot summers and cold winters. Grasslands can be found on pretty much every continent except for Alaska and are in the most danger due to the Human population. This biome is the most endangered and is subject to change and alteration. It is said that "only 3.4% of temperate grasslands are protected"(IUCN, 2013). This biome is altered for crop production, urbanization, mining development, and intensive grazing.
The majority of the Earth's grassland has been affected by agricultural development. Wildlife habitat has lost their homes due to grasslands being converted into farms.
Retrieved from:
https://www.iucn.org/content/interview-temperate-grasslands-most-threatened-biome-world

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Angiosperm
Common name: "The Flowering Plant"
The Georgia State flower is the Rosa Laevigata with the common name being Cherokee Rose.
"Roses, the plants of the genus rosa, reproduce by generating seeds contained in a bowl-shaped fruit called a rose hip. The rose hip actually holds a small shell called an anchene. The anchene, commonly mistaken for the seed itself, envelops a single rose seed. Roses therefore fall under the angiosperm classification, since they protect their seeds within a fruit, or in this case, two fruits" (Pendergast, 2017). The Georgia state flower is an angiosperm since the reproduction of roses follows that of Angiosperms.
Retrieved from: https://homeguides.sfgate.com/is-a-rose-a-gymnosperm-or-an-angiosperm-12513854.html

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I chose this picture to best represent the role of plants in society and the environment because it accurately displays the process of plants producing oxygen. Plant cells consist of two organelles called Mitochondria and Chloroplasts. The Chloroplasts consume carbon dioxide in the presence of light to release oxygen. The mitochondria consumes the oxygen to produce carbon dioxide. This picture shows sunlight being consumed by the plant, carbon dioxide being consumed by the plant, and oxygen being released by the plant.

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I chose this video to best describe photosynthesis because it quickly explained the process in a simple manner. I like how the creator explained that there would be no life without photosynthesis because we would lose the Earth's oxygen. Not only did it explain the importance of understanding why photosynthesis is important, the video also included the equation as well. It explained how light energy is absorbed by the chloroplast, how water is absorbed by the roots of plants, how carbon dioxide enters the leaves from the air, and finally how glucose and oxygen are made from this. I like the pictures as well as the simple, not overly descriptive sentences to properly explain the process of photosynthesis in an educational manner.