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1. Role of the gods: " What of those years of rough adventure, weathered under Zeus? The wind that carried west from Ilium brought me to Ismarus, on the far shore, a strongpoint on the coast of Cicones" (Homer 953). Storms made by Zeus were there to keep Odysseus from getting home.
2. Hero's Journey Plot Points: "My home is on the peaked sea-mark of Ithica under Mount Neion's wind-blown robe of leaves, in sight of other islands- Dulichium, Same, wooded Zacynthus-Ithica being most lofty in that coastal sea, and northwest, while the rest lie east and south" (Homer 953). Odysseus' Ordinary World is on Ithica, with his wife Penelope and his son Telemachus.
3. Greek Values: " Six benches were left empty in every ship that- evening when we pulled away from death. And this new grief we bore with us to sea: out precious loves we had, but not out friends. No ship made sail next day until some shipmate had raised a cry, three times, for each poor ghost unfleshed by the Cicones on that field" (Homer 954). Greeks believed in the value of upholding death. They were doing this by mourning and making sure no ship had gone anywhere until everyone honored the men who had fallen.
4. Characteristics: "My men were mutinous, fools, on stores of wine. Sheep after sheep they butchered by the surf, and shambling cattle, feasting,-while fugitives went inland, running to call to arms the main force of Cicones" (Homer 953-954). Odysseus' men weren't following orders, they were drunk and not paying attention. This led to their prisoners escaping and calling for help, which started the Battle of the Cicones.

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1. Role of the gods: "At this he stretched his hands out in his darkness toward the sky of stars, and prayed Poseidon: O hear me, lord, blue girdler of the islands, if I am thine indeed, and thou art father: grant that Odysseus, raider of cities, never see his home: Laertes' son, I mean, who kept his hall on Ithica. Should destiny intend that he shall see his roof again among his family in his father land, far be that day, and dark years between. Let him lose all companions, and return under strange sail to bitter days at home. In these words he prayed, and the god heard him" (Homer 110-111). Even though Polyphemus doesn't believe in the gods he still prayed to his father in hopes he would punish Odysseus. Poseidon heard him in the end and upheld Polyphemus' wishes.
2. Hero's Journey Plot Points: "I had touched the spit when sudden fear stayed me: if I killed him we perished there as well, for we could never move his ponderous doorway slab aside...My name is Nohbdy: mother, father, and friends, everyone calls me Nohbdy" (Homer 103 & 105). One of Odysseus' tests was figuring out how to kill the cyclops and make it out alive. Even though Polyphemus was eating his men, Odysseus knew he had to wait for the right moment to kill him.
3. Greek Values: "Cyclops, try some wine. Here's liquor to wash down your scraps of men. Taste it, and see the kind of drink we carried under our planks. It meant it for an offering if you would help us home" (Homer 104). Greeks believed in the value of hospitality, no matter what kind of life you lived. Odysseus knows he has to uphold the value of hospitality, so he uses it in his favor.
4. Characteristics: "Godsake, Captain! Why bait the beast again? Let him alone! That tidal wave he made on the first throw all but beached us" (Homer 109). Odysseus was being cocky and started shouting at Polyphemus. This almost caused Odysseus and his men their lives.

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1. Role of the gods: "Halt, and implant your smooth oar in the turf and make fair sacrifice to Lord Poseidon: a ram, a bull, a great buck boar..." (Homer 974). Poseidon is mad at Odysseus because he hurt his son Polyphemus. Tiresias suggests giving a sacrifice to see if that will change anything. Poseidon holds onto his grudge against Odysseus and makes his trip home hard.
2. Hero's Journey Plot Points: "... that in order to reach home he must journey to the land of the dead, Hades, and consult the blind prophet Tiresias" (Homer 969). Odysseus' Crossing the Threshold is when he leaves his ordinary world and crosses into the underworld, or special world, and gets his future told by Tiresias.
3. Greek Values: "...Elpenor, of our company, who lay unburied still on the wide earth as we had left him- dead in Circe's hall, untouched, unmourned, when other cares compelled us. Now when I saw him there I wept for pity and called out to him... Unhappy spirit, I promise you the barrow and the burial" (Homer 971 & 972). When Odysseus realized that the value of death had not been upheld for Elpenor, he knew he had to do something. Odysseus made a memorial for Elpenor to uphold the value of death.
4. Characteristics: "...embarked the ram and ewe and went aboard in tears, with bitter and sire dread upon us" (Homer 969). Odysseus and his men had been through so much together. They were mourning at the thought that there was a chance they could never see Odysseus again.

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1. Role of the gods: "Circe foresaw for us and shared with me... Sirens weaving a haunting song over the sea we are to shun, she said, and their green shore all sweet with clover; yet she urged that I alone should listen to their song" (Homer 975).
2. Hero's Journey Plot Points: "...that I alone should listen to their song. Therefor you are to tie me up, tight as a splint, erect along the mast, lashed to the mast, and if I shout and beg to be untied, take more turns of the rope to muffle me" (Homer 975). One of Odysseus' tests was to see if he would follow Circe's headings/words to make it past the sirens. They were also tested on if they could actually follow orders, when the time is needed.
3. Greek Values: "...yet she urged that I alone should listen to their song" (Homer 975). Odysseus was upholding the value of courage when he trusted that his men wouldn't untie him. Odysseus was brave in the face of danger when he knew he was the only one who had to listen to the sirens song.
4. Characteristics: "...but they bent steady to the oars" (Homer 978). For once Odysseus' men listened to him and didn't let him go, no matter what he said.

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1. Role of the gods: "Circe's bidding against arms had slipped his mind" (Homer 979). Circe told Odysseus to leave the monsters alone and to ignore them. Odysseus and his men didn't listen and attacked the beasts, this caused them to get angry and made things worse.
2. Hero's Journey Plot Points: "Heads up, lads! We must obey the orders as I give them" (Homer 979). One of Odysseus' tests is to see if he'll follow Circe's headings and if his men will follow his orders no matter what happens.
3. Greek Values: "I told them nothing, as they could do nothing. They would have dripped their oars again, in panic, to rill for cover under the decking" (Homer 979). Odysseus is upholding the value of courage when he goes into the area of Scylla and Charybdis, knowing what is going to happen to his men. He doesn't tell them because he knows they'll freak out and end up sending them into Charybdis, killing them all.
4. Characteristics: "We rowed on" (Homer 980). Odysseus' men had no idea what was going on but they trusted Odysseus. They followed his orders and got through the monsters, even though they just saw their friends getting eaten right in front of them.

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1. Role of the gods: "...Zeus let fly a bolt against the ship, a direct hit, so that she bucked, in reeking fumes of sulphur, and all the men were flung into the sea. They cam up round the wreck, bobbing awhile like petrels on the waves" (Homer 984). Zeus had to punish Odysseus' men for what they had done to Helios' cattle. Odysseus' men knew the consequences, yet they still chose to do it.
2. Hero's Journey Plot Points: "...the cattle here are not for our provision, or we pay dearly for it. Fierce the god is who cherishes these heifers and these sheep: Helios: and no man avoids his eye" (Homer 981). One of Odysseus' tests was to see if him and his men would or wouldn't eat Helios' cattle. Odysseus upheld this but his men rebelled against him and ate the cattle anyway.
3. Greek Values: "...we'll build a costly temple and adorn it with every beauty for the Lord of Noon" (Homer 982). Odysseus' men are trying to uphold the Greek value of the gods. Sacrifices are given to gods to try and make amends.
4. Characteristics: "Better open your lungs to a big sea once for all than waste to skin and bones on a lonely island!" (Homer 982). Odysseus' men thought it to be better to die drowning then from famine. This caused them to do the one thing Odysseus asked them not to do, eat Helios' cattle.

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1. Role of the gods: "From the air she walked, taking the form of a tall woman, handsome and clever at her craft, and stood beyond the gate in plain sight of Odysseus, unseen, though, by Telemachus, unguessed, for not to everyone will gods appear" (Homer 994). Athena appeared to Odysseus and turned him into a beggar. This let him go into his kingdom and scout out what was going on while he was away.
2. Hero's Journey Plot Points: "If we go in against all these I fear we pay in salt blood for your vengeance. You must think hard if you would conjure up the fighting strength to take us through" (Homer 998). Odysseus has gained his son and an ally by coming home to Ithica. Telemachus tells Odysseus all about the things that have been going on while he was gone.
3. Greek Values: "Then Lord Odysseus reappeared- and his son was thunderstruck. Fear in his eyes, he looked down and away as though it were a god...I am that father whom your boyhood lacked and suffered pain for lack of. I am he. Held back too long, the tears ran down his cheeks as he embraced his son" (Homer 996). Odysseus was upholding the Greek value of father. He had been gone for so long that his son did not recognize and believe it was him.
4. Characteristics: "If they make fun of me in my own courtyard, let your ribs cage up your springing heart, no matter what I suffer, no matter if they pull me by the heels or practice shots at me, to drive me out. Look on, hold your anger" (Homer 998-999). Odysseus gave Telemachus advice on how he should not let the suitors know he is Odysseus. He told his son to be strong and to not let the suitors get to him.

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1. Role of the gods: "Still disguised as a beggar" (Homer 1001). Odysseus is still disguised as a beggar, by Athena, so he can go on with the plan. It helps because no one knows he's Odysseus.
2. Hero's Journey Plot Points: "Then anger made Antinous' heart beat hard, and, glowering under his brows, he answered: You think you'll shuffle off and get away after that impudence? Oh, no you don't!" (Homer 1001-1002). Here, Odysseus meets his enemies, the suitors. The leader, or the man in charge, is Antinous, who set his eyes on Odysseus from the start.
3. Greek Values: "The stool he let fly hit the man's right shoulder on the packed muscle under the shoulder blade- like solid rock, for all the effect one saw" (Homer 1002). The Greeks valued the physical body. They loved the way they looked and so everyone was in great shape.
4. Characteristics: "A pity that you have more looks than heart. You'd grudge a pinch of salt from you own larder to your own handyman. You sit here, fat on others' meat, and cannot bring yourself to rummage out a crust of bread for me!" (Homer 1001). Odysseus knew what Antinous was doing was wrong and that he wasn't respecting the value of hospitality. So Odysseus told Antinous off.

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1. Role of the gods: "Penelope again asks the beggar to tell about himself" (Homer 1005). Penelope thinks that Odysseus is just an regular old beggar who has heard things about her husband. Odysseus doesn't let her know it's him because word might get out that it is really Odysseus and the plan would be ruined.
2. Hero's Journey Plot Points: "In the evening, Penelope interrogates the old beggar" (Homer 1003). Odysseus is back in the Ordinary World, Ithica, and gets to tell his wife how she should still have hope that Odysseus is still alive.
3. Greek Values: "...let me finish my weaving before I marry, or else my thread will have been spun in vain.. The country wives would hold me in dishonor if he, with all his fortune, lay unshrouded" (Homer 1005). Penelope is honoring the Greek value of death by weaving a loom for Odysseus. If she didn't do something to honor her husbands death, everyone would look at her like she was crazy.
4. Characteristics: "You see, then, he is alive and well, and headed homeward now, no more to be abroad far from his island, his dear wife and son...Odysseus will come" (Homer 1005). Odysseus wants his wife to know that he is coming and is alive, even though everyone else had says he isn't. He came up with a story just so he could give his wife hope that he'd come back to her.

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1. Role of the gods: "Then Zeus thundered overhead, one loud crack for a sign" (Homer 1007). Zeus gave Odysseus the sign that he was okay to go through with the next part of the plan, winning the test and getting ready for revenge.
2. Hero's Journey Plot Points: "Now flashed arrow from twanging bow clean as a whistle through every socket ring, and grazed not one, to thud with heavy brazen head beyond" (Homer 1008). Odysseus' Ordeal is using his bow to make the shot through all of the rings.
3. Greek Values: "Telemachus, the stranger you welcomed in your hall had not disgraced you. I did not miss, neither did I take all day stringing the bow" (Homer 1008). Odysseus is using the Greek value of honor when he says that Telemachus hadn't been disgraced by the stranger he welcomed into his home. Odysseus was honoring the challenge made by Penelope.
4. Characteristics: "...with quiet hand upon his instrument he draws between his thumb and forefinger...so the taut gut vibrating hummed and sang a swallow's note" (Homer 1007). Odysseus was silent and didn't say anything back to Antinous and the other suitors when they were talking bad about him. He proved them wrong in the end by completing the challenge.

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1. Role of the gods: "Aided by Athena, Odysseys, Telemachus, Eumaeus, and other faithful herdsmen kill all the suitors" (Homer 1013). Athena is the goddess of war, this helped them win in the battle against the suitors.
2. Hero's Journey Plot Points: "In blood and dust he saw that crowd all fallen, many and many slain" (Homer 1013). Odysseus' Supreme Ordeal is the battle against the suitors. This is his biggest life or death crisis, we don't know if he'll live or die.
3. Greek Values: "You took my house to plunder...You dared bid for my wife while I was still alive" (Homer 1011). The suitors took advantage of the value of hospitality. Even though by that time, they had long overstayed their welcome with hospitality. When Eurymachus said it was all Antinous' fault, Odysseus knew he was lying and he'd just taken Penelope's hospitality for granted.
4. Characteristics: "Fight your way out, or run for it, if you think you'll escape death. I doubt one man of you skins by" (Homer 1011). Odysseus still gave them a chance/hope of getting out alive, even though Odysseus knew all of them were going to end up dead by his hand.

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1. Role of the gods: "Athena lent him beauty, head to foot. She made him taller, and massive, too, with crisping hair in curls like petals of wild hyacinth but all red-golden...just so she lavished beauty over Odysseus' head and shoulders" (Homer 1015). Athena turned Odysseus back into himself and decided to make him more beautiful. This let Penelope know that it was truly Odysseus.
2. Hero's Journey Plot Points: "..know that I am yours" (Homer 1017). Odysseus' Reward is Penelope and his home, Ithica.
3. Greek Values: "Athena commands that peace prevail between Odysseus and the relatives of the slain suitors. Odysseus had regained his family and his kingdom" (Homer 1017). For Odysseus, this is the arete of life, the highest quality of life. He is back with his family and home after many years.
4. Characteristics: "Woman, by heaven you've stung me now! Who dared to move my bed?" (Homer 1016). Odysseus got mad at Penelope because he thought that she had moved their bed somehow. He built their room with his own hands and it angered him that she would even think about moving it. In the end, it was all a test to see if it, once and for all, was really Odysseus.