# data[].attributes.body
16 Des 2019
Summary , page 195 [ Alaska ]
.........

Main idea : Animals are everywhere in Alaska.

Topic : Animals in Alaska
.....
If we go out to the wild areas. we can see alot of wild animals.
There are large animals like : The caribou, moose, deer , bears , and wolves . but these animals not dangerous. if we stay away from them . And sometime the wild animals come to areas with people , like moose and deer

And Also a lot of people in Alaska have animal at home , and Dogs are the favorites, especially hukies.

# data[].attributes.body
25 Des 2019

Positive, profound and patient curriculum changes
.......
main idea : It has taken time for the report to emerge. It will take time for the report's 120 pages and 68 recommendations to be digested. But it is very welcome and could lead to profound and positive change in our system.

Topic : Curriculun changes in wales
....

It is now necessary that Welsh government looks to facilitate and not dominate the discussion that is needed on what the report might mean for what we teach, how we teach and how we assess this learning.

This stepping back by government is a key recommendation that Professor Graham Donaldson makes as he reflects on lessons learnt from Wales and beyond from less than satisfactory past reforms in education.

And it will take several years before we can say that what we do in our schools reflects the report, if we choose to implement it.

This patient approach, with our teachers and school leaders, our parents and young people, leading the discussion is a very welcome aspect of the report.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
It has taken time for the report to emerge. It will take time for the report's 120 pages and 68 recommendations to be digested. But it is very welcome and could lead to profound and positive change in our system.

It is now necessary that Welsh government looks to facilitate and not dominate the discussion that is needed on what the report might mean for what we teach, how we teach and how we assess this learning.

This stepping back by government is a key recommendation that Professor Graham Donaldson makes as he reflects on lessons learnt from Wales and beyond from less than satisfactory past reforms in education.

And it will take several years before we can say that what we do in our schools reflects the report, if we choose to implement it.

This patient approach, with our teachers and school leaders, our parents and young people, leading the discussion is a very welcome aspect of the report.

Another critically important aspect is that there needs to be a proper balance struck between the curriculum - the what we teach - and assessment - the how well we are achieving that.

Donaldson is clear: assessment should be supporting the learning and not be the purpose of it. Assessment should be the servant and not the master of learning.

Our government has committed us all to an extensive programme of made-in-Wales assessment reform to GCSE, A-levels, vocational qualifications and the Welsh Baccalaureate.

The reforms are meant to reflect the skills focus of the international tests, Pisa.

We also have a separate testing regime that goes along, not very happily, with a narrow focus upon literacy and numeracy running from primary to secondary.

These changes are being driven by the use of school accountability mechanisms that mean that our schools get measured and judged by the performance of their pupils in certain specific ways - ways that amplify the priorities of government.

'Improper balance'

Our government, like others, tends to focus on tinkering with assessment, especially at age 14-16. It is easier for government to alter things like GCSEs and A-levels, and introduce tests for skills like literacy and numeracy, because it has extensive control over these kinds of assessment.

And more importantly, government uses these assessments for school accountability.

Governments use this accountability to drive the priorities they wish to impose upon our educators. When this drive dominates other considerations, assessment becomes the tail that wags the curriculum dog.

Donaldson is very clear in saying that this improper balance between the curriculum and assessment has to change. This will be the key test for what happens next.

Will the Welsh government accept Donaldson's key recommendations and seek to facilitate not dominate discussion on possible implementation and move to a more intelligent accountability regime?

Donaldson promised us a big picture. He has given us that. There's an idea of what we might do to help prepare and educate our young people for life and work in the 21st Century.

The minister promised us a 'game-changer'. It might very well be. That depends on if, and how, the Donaldson report affects what actually happens in our classrooms.

Our educators must lead that discussion if we are to have the best chance of implementing change. After all, it is our educators who will be doing it.
Robin Hughes is the secretary of the Association of School and College Leaders in Wales.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
It has taken time for the report to emerge. It will take time for the report's 120 pages and 68 recommendations to be digested. But it is very welcome and could lead to profound and positive change in our system.

# data[].attributes.body
24 Des 2019

Radical national curriculum overhaul proposed in Wales
.......

Main Idea : A radical change to how and what children in Wales are taught is under consideration 26 years after the national curriculum was introduced.

Topic : Radical Curriculum in wales

........

Prof Graham Donaldson wants computer programming and IT in all classes to be as important as literacy and numeracy.

Schools should have more flexibility to teach around a central curriculum.

The results of the independent review have been called "a compelling, exciting and ambitious vision" by the education minister.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
A radical change to how and what children in Wales are taught is under consideration 26 years after the national curriculum was introduced.

Prof Graham Donaldson wants computer programming and IT in all classes to be as important as literacy and numeracy.

Schools should have more flexibility to teach around a central curriculum.

The results of the independent review have been called "a compelling, exciting and ambitious vision" by the education minister.

Prof Donaldson - a former chief inspector of schools appointed last March to look at what is taught in Wales - suggests:

Six areas of learning will combine core and non-core subjects

Key stages - which apply from the moment pupils start to infant school to when they take their GCSEs - to be replaced. Pupils' learning should be more seamless as they progress and there should be better working between primary and secondary schools.

A key development is embedding "digital competency" in school life. As well as improving computer science as a subject, all pupils would be equipped with the ability to programme and code computers. Teachers would have to think of ways of weaving that, along with literacy and numeracy, into every lesson.

Analysis: Curriculum change in Wales 'Positive, profound and patient' proposals Read a copy of the full report
The Successful Futures report has taken nearly a year to compile and Prof Donaldson said he had received a "clear and consistent" message after taking evidence from more than 700 people, from pupils and parents to teachers and business.

The former schools inspector was commissioned by Education Minister Huw Lewis to undertake a comprehensive and wide-ranging review of the national curriculum and testing.

Mr Lewis said: "The scope and scale of the changes he envisages are both fundamental and wide ranging and will take time to create and secure".

Prof Donaldson said the proposed changes were about better learning and higher standards.

"Better learning because it draws on evidence from Wales and beyond to focus on what really matters in a modern school curriculum," he said.

"Higher standards because it sets high expectations for learning and provides ways in which schools and teachers can help young people to meet, and often exceed, those expectations."

Chris Keates, general secretary of the NAS/UWT union said the report would be considered carefully.

"We broadly welcome the thrust of the review which has the potential to make a positive difference for learners, teachers and the wider workforce in Wales.

"The emphasis on ensuring that teachers are given sufficient autonomy in the classroom to make decisions about teaching and learning is particularly welcome."

David Evans of the NUT praised how the review had been conducted, adding: "It is absolutely critical now that what Prof Donaldson has set in motion is implemented fully in conjunction with the profession".

The Welsh government said it would launch a "great debate'" on the curriculum shortly.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
A radical change to how and what children in Wales are taught is under consideration 26 years after the national curriculum was introduced. Prof Graham Donaldson wants computer programming and IT in all classes to be as important as literacy and numeracy. Schools should have more flexibility to teach around a central curriculum.

# data[].attributes.body
23 Des 2019

Digital skills in schools as 'vital' as pupil literacy
.......
Main Idea : Pupils in Wales will have to show their digital skills across all subjects in schools by September 2016, the education minister has said.

Topic : Digital Skills of wales student
......

The curriculum review's author Prof Graham Donaldson said pupils should be more than just "consumers" of new technology.

So-called "digital competency" involves being able to code and programme computers and skills need to go beyond IT lessons.

This is seen as important as reading and writing if young people are to be equipped for the technological challenges of the future and the demands of the workplace.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Pupils in Wales will have to show their digital skills across all subjects in schools by September 2016, the education minister has said.

Computer skills will have the same importance as literacy and numeracy for children of all ages, according to Huw Lewis.

It follows a curriculum review in March.

Mr Lewis called the issue "too vital for both our young people and our economy to delay".

A group of schools will become "digital pioneers" for the project.

The curriculum review's author Prof Graham Donaldson said pupils should be more than just "consumers" of new technology.

So-called "digital competency" involves being able to code and programme computers and skills need to go beyond IT lessons.

This is seen as important as reading and writing if young people are to be equipped for the technological challenges of the future and the demands of the workplace.

An independent review of IT in schools had earlier said computer science lessons needed to be made more relevant to now and the future.

There will be support for teacher development and training under the changes, which will affect pupils of all ages.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Pupils in Wales will have to show their digital skills across all subjects in schools by September 2016, the education minister has said. Computer skills will have the same importance as literacy and numeracy for children of all ages, according to Huw Lewis. It follows a curriculum review in March.

# data[].attributes.body
22 Des 2019

School shake-up within eight years, says education minister
........
Main Idea : A review into what is taught in schools in Wales will be implemented in full, Education Minister Huw Lewis has confirmed.

Topic : School Shake-up

Earlier this year a review by Prof Graham Donaldson suggested wide-ranging changes.

They include more lessons on computer programming and more cooperation between primary and secondary schools.

Mr Lewis told BBC Wales the reforms would take up to eight years to introduce.

It would be the biggest shake-up to education since 1944, he added.

# data[].attributes.body
21 Des 2019

New Wales school curriculum overhaul delayed a year
........
Main idea : A big shake-up in what is taught in classrooms in Wales will be introduced a year later than originally planned, the education secretary has announced.

Topic : Delayed curriculum of wales

An independent review more than two years ago recommended a new curriculum, giving more flexibility to schools but also for computer programming and IT skills to be treated with the same importance as literacy and numeracy.

Rather than coming in all at once, the new curriculum will be introduced for all primary school pupils and the first year of secondary school - and then continue to be rolled out as children move through their schooling.

But as a consequence it will mean that seven and eight-year-old children in the current Year 3 and older will miss out on the new curriculum.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
A big shake-up in what is taught in classrooms in Wales will be introduced a year later than originally planned, the education secretary has announced.

Kirsty Williams said it was the right decision for the new national curriculum to be a "phased roll-out rather than a 'big bang'".

The new curriculum will be introduced from nursery to Year 7 in 2022.

Ms Williams has also set out details of a new national education plan.

An independent review more than two years ago recommended a new curriculum, giving more flexibility to schools but also for computer programming and IT skills to be treated with the same importance as literacy and numeracy.

Rather than coming in all at once, the new curriculum will be introduced for all primary school pupils and the first year of secondary school - and then continue to be rolled out as children move through their schooling.

But as a consequence it will mean that seven and eight-year-old children in the current Year 3 and older will miss out on the new curriculum.

When it comes, it will be phased in:

The original timetable had been due to be fully up and running by 2021, with the content available to teachers by 2018.

Earlier this year, an assembly committee said there were difficulties in how the curriculum was being put into practice, while a teaching union had called for it to be delayed.

Ms Williams said she had spoken to teachers, parents and experts and held talks with unions and that all schools would be given more time to get ready, and will be able to start work on the final curriculum from 2020.

"This approach and an extra year will mean all schools have the time to engage with the development of the curriculum and be fully prepared for the changes," she said.

Conservative education spokesman Darren Millar AM welcomed the delay but warned of "major chaos" if teachers were expected to "juggle the demands" of two separate curriculums for a period of about six years.

Plaid Cymru education spokesman Llyr Gruffydd AM said the party had been warning for several months that the new curriculum should not be rushed through.

David Evans, secretary of the new National Education Union Cymru - the merged NUT and ATL - said there was a "true consensus" behind the new curriculum while Rebecca Williams, policy officer for teaching union Ucac, said the action plan "strikes a refreshing balance between ambition and realism".

Gareth Evans, director of education policy at the Institute of Education at University of Wales Trinity Saint David, said: "The original timetable for implementation always looked ambitious.

"It is far better to take our time and get Successful Futures right, than force it through and get it wrong - the consequences of doing so are unthinkable."

Ms Williams also set out a new national education action plan.

It includes:

Reducing class sizes - a long-held policy objective of her party, the Welsh Liberal Democrats

Reforming teacher training

Strengthening support for learners with additional learning needs

A national approach to long-term career development for teachers

A new National Academy for Educational Leadership

Reducing unnecessary bureaucracy for teachers

£1.1bn to upgrade the quality of school buildings

The document also confirms the government target of achieving a score of 500 in the international Pisa tests by 2021, an aim which Ms Williams had said was "not my target" earlier this year.

First Minister Carwyn Jones subsequently said the target had not been dropped.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Welsh curriculum overhaul delayed a year

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
A big shake-up in what is taught in classrooms in Wales will be introduced a year later than originally planned, the education secretary has announced. Kirsty Williams said it was the right decision for the new national curriculum to be a "phased roll-out rather than a 'big bang'".

# data[].attributes.body
20 Des 2019

Curriculum reform: 'Lessons to be learned from Scotland'

......
Main idea : There are lessons to be learned from Scotland over the introduction of the new curriculum, according to the new head of Wales' biggest exam board.

Topic : Role model Wales Curriculum

In an interview with BBC Wales, the new head of WJEC also said many reforms had been introduced in Scotland at the same time.

The overhaul of Wales' curriculum is based on the recommendations of Professor Graham Donaldson who was also involved in the development of the Scottish curriculum.

The new Welsh curriculum sets broad areas of learning rather than specific subjects and puts the same importance on computer skills as literacy and numeracy.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
There are lessons to be learned from Scotland over the introduction of the new curriculum, according to the new head of Wales' biggest exam board.

Initially lauded as a blueprint for the new Welsh curriculum, more recently concerns have emerged about the implementation of the Scottish reforms.

Roderic Gillespie previously had a key role in developing qualifications for the new Scottish curriculum.

He said teachers must be given "very very clear" guidance on expectations.

In an interview with BBC Wales, the new head of WJEC also said many reforms had been introduced in Scotland at the same time.

The overhaul of Wales' curriculum is based on the recommendations of Professor Graham Donaldson who was also involved in the development of the Scottish curriculum.

The new Welsh curriculum sets broad areas of learning rather than specific subjects and puts the same importance on computer skills as literacy and numeracy.

Scotland: new curriculum could be 'disastrous', says education expert

Scottish Conservatives call for 'reset' of Curriculum for Excellence

OECD report backs radical reform of Welsh curriculum

It will be introduced in 2022 for all primary school pupils and the first year of secondary school and then continue to be rolled out as children move through their schooling.

That means all children currently in Year 2 and below will be transferred into the new curriculum from September 2022.

Mr Gillespie said his background of education reform in Scotland gave him important experience.

"Nobody argued about the broad principles - it was the implementation," he said.

"Teachers do want some autonomy but they want very very clear guidance in terms of the expectations - what do we expect of teachers and clarity of that guidance for teachers in the classroom - that should be the starting point".

"I think on reflection very much engaging far more [was needed]...think very very carefully are your messages getting across and crucially support teachers in the classroom."

He said Wales like Scotland was clear about the purpose of education and "it's not about exams".

A Welsh Government spokeswoman said they had been closely monitoring Scotland's progress on how its curriculum was being implemented.

"We are making sure that this helps inform the design of our curriculum and our plans for its roll out," she said.

"We have made learning from the experience of other countries a key part of ensuring we get the new curriculum in Wales right and are working with academics from around the world, to make sure that this happens."

Welsh language

Mr Gillespie joined as chief executive at the WJEC at the start of June from the Cambridge International exam board, having previously worked for the Scottish Qualifications Authority.

The WJEC sets exams including GCSE and A levels at by pupils in Wales, and has around 400 staff.

The UCAC teaching union has previously said it was disappointed that the ability to communicate in Welsh was not a requirement for the position.

He said he understood the concerns that he does not speak Welsh and has pledged to do his "homework" on the Welsh education system.

He said Welsh speakers on the WJEC's board and across the organisation would be able to "guide and advise" him in supporting the language.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
There are lessons to be learned from Scotland over the introduction of the new curriculum, according to the new head of Wales' biggest exam board. Initially lauded as a blueprint for the new Welsh curriculum, more recently concerns have emerged about the implementation of the Scottish reforms. Roderic Gillespie previously had a key role in developing qualifications for the new Scottish curriculum.

# data[].attributes.body
19 Des 2019

Draft Welsh curriculum 'poorly defined' education bosses say
.......
Main idea :
Pupils' learning could be "left to chance" because of a lack of clarity in Wales' new curriculum, education bosses have warned.

Topic : Welsh Curriculum

They told assembly members too much of the draft curriculum so far was "generic, poorly defined and weak on knowledge and skills development".

A draft will be published in April and it is due to be rolled out from 2022.
The Welsh Local Government Association (WLGA) and the Association of Directors of Education in Wales (ADEW) raised their concerns in joint evidence to the Assembly's children, young people and education committee, which is reviewing how the reforms are progressing.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Pupils' learning could be "left to chance" because of a lack of clarity in Wales' new curriculum, education bosses have warned.

They told assembly members too much of the draft curriculum so far was "generic, poorly defined and weak on knowledge and skills development".

A draft will be published in April and it is due to be rolled out from 2022.

The education minister said she was concerned there was a misunderstanding of the vision behind the curriculum.

The Welsh Local Government Association (WLGA) and the Association of Directors of Education in Wales (ADEW) raised their concerns in joint evidence to the Assembly's children, young people and education committee, which is reviewing how the reforms are progressing.

'Grandiose themes'

"It is likely that pupils' knowledge, understanding and skills development will be left to chance, i.e. relying heavily on the knowledge and experience of individual teachers as opposed to an entitlement defined by the curriculum," they said.

They said pupils without "strong family support" were at risk of missing out the most.

In the area of language and literacy learning, they said: "There are many high-level and grandiose themes at the expense of the nuts and bolts of language development - speaking, reading and writing."

Science and technology appeared to be "the least developed" area.

Although there had been some improvement, there remained poor communication with schools on the progress of reform, they added.

The new curriculum will be introduced in primary schools and the first year of secondary in 2022 - those pupils will all learn under the new curriculum as they move up the school years.

Any child currently in Year Three or below will be taught under the reformed system.

Schools and officials have been developing content for the draft curriculum.

Reality of reform

"The landscape is awash with experts getting 'excited' about curriculum reform," the WLGA and ADEW wrote.

"The reality is that workload-weary teachers will have to try to make it work on the ground."

They raised concerns that the number of reforms in schools potentially distracted from the actual teaching of children.

They also said:

Maths was the best-defined area of the curriculum so far.

It was a concern that "modern foreign languages, such as French, are not explicitly identified... they are referred to as 'other languages'. The lack of prominence is likely to undermine their importance in the curriculum".

A lot of topics had been included in "humanities" but there was a "lack of sufficient detail".

Physical and sporting development was not mapped out well and there was no mention of the word "sport".

There was a "lack of clarity" around the expressive arts.

February 2017: New Wales Donaldson curriculum facing 'challenges'

January 2018: Making progress on new curriculum, says education secretary

June 2018: Curriculum reform: 'Lessons to be learned from Scotland'

On Thursday, Education Minister Kirsty Williams appeared in front of the education committee and said progress on the new curriculum was "in a really good place".

The minister said the evidence from the WLGA and ADEW was "disappointing" and appeared to be based on out-of-date information.

She also said they had not raised concerns when there had been previous opportunities to do so.

She added: "I am concerned [what is being suggested] is in danger of taking us to a situation where we have long, detailed lists of content which is very much against the vision of what we're trying to achieve."

"Now clearly that is a matter of concern to me that there may be a misunderstanding of [that] vision."

Plaid Cymru committee member Sian Gwenllian said the Minister should "urgently consider" the "scathing criticism" and called for her to "come up with a plan to address this major problem about the lack of substance in the contents of the curriculum".

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Warning 'education will be left to chance'

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Pupils' learning could be "left to chance" because of a lack of clarity in Wales' new curriculum, education bosses have warned. They told assembly members too much of the draft curriculum so far was "generic, poorly defined and weak on knowledge and skills development".

# data[].attributes.body
18 Des 2019

Q&A: Draft school curriculum for Wales

.............
Main idea : As a draft of the new school curriculum for Wales is unveiled, we take a look at what the biggest reform to Welsh schools in decades actually means.

Topic : Draf Curriculum

Why is the school curriculum being changed?

The main basis for the current curriculum dates from 1988. Technological developments have led to major changes in society and that means young people need different skills.

Over 30 years, extra elements were bolted on to the curriculum so some argue it has become too unwieldy.

The new curriculum aims to set out a more coherent and relevant blueprint of what pupils should be getting out of their time at school.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
As a draft of the new school curriculum for Wales is unveiled, we take a look at what the biggest reform to Welsh schools in decades actually means.
Why is the school curriculum being changed?
The main basis for the current curriculum dates from 1988. Technological developments have led to major changes in society and that means young people need different skills.

Over 30 years, extra elements were bolted on to the curriculum so some argue it has become too unwieldy.

The new curriculum aims to set out a more coherent and relevant blueprint of what pupils should be getting out of their time at school.

The reforms also came out of concerns about standards and poor results in international Pisa tests and ministers will hope it will pay dividends in better results too.
How will it be different?
The curriculum does not set out a detailed plan for exactly what schools should be teaching.

It sets the overall "framework", setting out "what matters" to each of the Areas of Learning and Experience (AOLEs).

Individual schools will design their own ways of making sure their pupils develop the right skills. It is meant to give teachers more flexibility to be creative in how they interpret the curriculum.

The biggest changes are likely to be seen in secondary schools because narrow subjects will be ditched in favour of six AOLEs.

Different topics will be weaved together with literacy, numeracy and digital skills featuring in every lesson.
How will we know how pupils are doing under the new system?
At the moment school is divided up into Foundation Phase (ages three to seven) and then "key stages". That will change to "progression steps" at ages five, eight, 11, 14 and 16, which will set out broad expectations for young people at those different stages.

There will still be annual national reading and numeracy tests for seven to 14 year olds - although the author of the original report on the new curriculum, Prof Graham Donaldson, suggested ultimately there should be less testing.

GCSEs will be reviewed so they reflect the new curriculum but there are major questions about how exams at 16 will work in the context of the broader sort of education the new curriculum is meant to introduce.
And beyond the school gates?
The discussion so far has mainly been limited to the schools involved and the education experts, but publishing the draft is seen as a chance to widen the discussion.

What do employers and universities make of it? And will it inspire the confidence of parents in an education system which has had plenty of bad press in recent years?

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
As a draft of the new school curriculum for Wales is unveiled, we take a look at what the biggest reform to Welsh schools in decades actually means. Why is the school curriculum being changed? The main basis for the current curriculum dates from 1988.

# data[].attributes.body
17 Des 2019

Education: Draft school curriculum for Wales published

...................
Main idea : The draft of the new curriculum has been unveiled, in what has been called a "major milestone" in the biggest reform to Welsh schools in decades.

Topic : Major Milestone

The education minister said the new curriculum would be a "big culture change" and "very different to what most of us will have experienced".

It will be introduced in 2022 for all children currently in Year 3 or below.

But unions have raised concerns that the aspirations could be jeopardised due to underfunding and job cuts.

The new curriculum aims to rethink what and how young people should be taught, and introduces six broad areas of learning and experience (AOLE).

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
The draft of the new curriculum has been unveiled, in what has been called a "major milestone" in the biggest reform to Welsh schools in decades.

The education minister said the new curriculum would be a "big culture change" and "very different to what most of us will have experienced".

It will be introduced in 2022 for all children currently in Year 3 or below.

But unions have raised concerns that the aspirations could be jeopardised due to underfunding and job cuts.

Draft school curriculum for Wales Q&A

The new curriculum aims to rethink what and how young people should be taught, and introduces six broad areas of learning and experience (AOLE).

It will be introduced in primary and Year 7 classrooms from September 2022 before being rolled out to all year groups.

Universities, employers, teachers and parents are now being asked to give their views before the final version is published next year.

Teaching unions have been supportive of the vision at the heart of the curriculum but have raised some concerns about resources.

"A failure to invest in the workforce is making ministers' laudable ambitions for the education service in Wales ring increasingly hollow," the NASUWT's general secretary Chris Keates said.

"The growing number of teacher redundancies in Wales threatens to destabilise the implementation of the new curriculum."

Radical national curriculum overhaul proposed in Wales

School funding 'down £500 per pupil' over 10 years

Pisa: Wales does worse than rest of UK

Ministers emphasise that schools themselves have been instrumental in developing the new curriculum.

About 200 "pioneer" schools have been involved. There has been concern others will be much further behind.

Many teachers are hugely enthusiastic about the freedom the new curriculum could offer, but others will worry there is a lack of clarity around what is expected from them.

Damian Benney, deputy head teacher of Penyrheol Comprehensive in Swansea, said he was excited about having more freedom, but that the draft remained too vague.

"If there is variation in the quality and quantity of what is delivered in schools, there is the potential we could actually widen the attainment gap [between poorer pupils and their classmates] and not close it," he said.

He also said some subjects such as Shakespeare or the Holocaust should remain compulsory in all schools.

We're moving away from an outdated, narrow curriculum that sets out subject by subject, topic by topic and hour by hour what pupils should be learning.

Kirsty Williams AM
Education Minister

Education Minister Kirsty Williams said the new curriculum would not amount to "a rule book".

"We're moving away from an outdated, narrow curriculum that sets out subject by subject, topic by topic and hour by hour what pupils should be learning.

"Using their considerable knowledge, experience and expertise, teachers in Wales have instead built a framework that sets out the fundamentals of a truly 21st-Century education."

She urged a wide range of responses to the consultation which runs until 19 July and said she would be embarking on a tour around Wales to discuss the proposals.

Expectations

Speaking on BBC Radio Wales' Good Morning Wales programme, she also reiterated the importance of not being prescriptive.

"We've published a framework setting out very clearly the purposes of the curriculum, the six areas of learning and experience, what matters in those areas, and what our expectations will be of what children will be able to do, and to have achieved by studying those areas...

"If we end up with a long checklist then this change will not meet its objectives," she said.

Responding to concerns the new curriculum could lead to variation in quality between schools, she said a national approach to assessment would provide accountability and consistency.

The Welsh Government has announced an extra inset day and said a total of £44m had been specifically set aside to support schools and teachers to prepare for the new curriculum.

This included £20m for development and implementation, and a further £24m - the single biggest investment in support for teachers in Wales since devolution - for professional learning.

Plaid Cymru's education spokeswoman Sian Gwenllian said the new curriculum has "the potential of revolutionising the learning experience of Welsh children and young people".

"But if schools are not able to prioritise the development of completely new ways of working locally and if there is inadequate training and professional development opportunities for teachers, and crucially if school finances do not improve, the whole initiative could prove disastrous for future generations," she added.

You can read more detail on the draft curriculum, including the six areas of learning, here.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The draft of the new curriculum has been unveiled, in what has been called a "major milestone" in the biggest reform to Welsh schools in decades. The education minister said the new curriculum would be a "big culture change" and "very different to what most of us will have experienced".

# data[].attributes.body
16 Des 2019
.
Education: New school curriculum 'could widen achievement gap'
.
Main Idea :
Only 30% of 600 teachers at "pioneer schools" surveyed by Cardiff University thought it would be beneficial.

Topic : New School Curriculum

Education Minister Kirsty Williams said the new curriculum would "make learning relevant to them".including maths and numeracy, languages, literacy and communication, and expressive arts.

It is out to consultation until 19 July, with the final version due to be published in January ahead of a 2022 rollout in primary schools, followed four years later in secondary schools.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Almost two-thirds of teachers at schools that have trialled Wales' new curriculum feel it will not benefit poorer pupils, a survey has suggested.

Only 30% of 600 teachers at "pioneer schools" surveyed by Cardiff University thought it would be beneficial.

However, 64% of 204 teachers at schools with higher numbers of deprived pupils felt it would help them.

Education Minister Kirsty Williams said the new curriculum would "make learning relevant to them".

The new curriculum focuses on six areas including maths and numeracy, languages, literacy and communication, and expressive arts.

It is out to consultation until 19 July, with the final version due to be published in January ahead of a 2022 rollout in primary schools, followed four years later in secondary schools.

Nigel Newton from the Wales Institute of Social and Economic Research at Cardiff University told BBC Eye On Wales: "This is shocking. What we don't want is for there to be a situation in 10 years' time, where pupils in some schools leave just not knowing the things other pupils know.

"This new curriculum could actually exacerbate the segregation within schools between different groups of pupils."

School uniforms to be cheaper and gender neutral

The school ditching traditional classrooms

Government 'too slow' to tackle LGBT teaching protests

Only 32% of pupils eligible for free school meals achieve five or more GCSEs at grade C or above - including English and maths - compared to 64% of those who are not eligible.

Pupil development grants were introduced in 2016, giving schools extra funds based on the numbers of pupils they take in with free school meals.

Ms Williams said: "I don't think the size of your parents' pay cheque should determine your educational destiny and we have to take steps to address that."

Q&A: Wales' new curriculum

Dr Newton said evidence showed engaging parents, supporting transition from primary to secondary school and moving away from setting pupils by ability could help close the attainment gap.

But he added: "Yet when we asked teachers in pioneer schools, those things were not forefront of their minds. They weren't planning. And that's worrying, because without planning and forethought, those things won't happen."

View from the classroom

Mark Dennis, who teaches at Blaenymaes Primary School in Swansea said: "If we're going to close the gap, now is the time with the new curriculum, to think why is the gap there, why hasn't what we've done before worked to close that gap, and what can we do now to make a difference.

Dale Duddridge, a teacher at Maesteg Comprehensive School in Bridgend county, said: "I think it can be a dangerous notion to think that schools will use this curriculum as an excuse to dumb down and have lower aspirations for children from deprived areas. I passionately believe the opposite will happen."

Eye On Wales, 17 July, 18:30, BBC Radio Wales and BBC Sounds

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
New curriculum could 'exacerbate' achievement gap

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Almost two-thirds of teachers at schools that have trialled Wales' new curriculum feel it will not benefit poorer pupils, a survey has suggested. Only 30% of 600 teachers at "pioneer schools" surveyed by Cardiff University thought it would be beneficial. However, 64% of 204 teachers at schools with higher numbers of deprived pupils felt it would help them.

# data[].attributes.body
15 Des 2019

At least 51 injured in 69-vehicle highway pileup in Virginia
.
A major highway pileup in York County, Virginia, Sunday morning resulted in at least 51 people injured and a sizable traffic snarl.
The 69-vehicle wreck shut down traffic on Interstate 64 after a chain-reaction accident, according to the Virginia State Police. Though authorities are still investigating the cause of the collision, state police said there were fog and ice conditions on Queens Creek bridge when the accident occurred at about 7:51 a.m. local time.

Police initially said there were 35 people injured and transported to hospitals but then updated that number to 51 people in the afternoon.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
A major highway pileup in York County, Virginia, Sunday morning resulted in at least 51 people injured and a sizable traffic snarl.

The 69-vehicle wreck shut down traffic on Interstate 64 after a chain-reaction accident, according to the Virginia State Police. Though authorities are still investigating the cause of the collision, state police said there were fog and ice conditions on Queens Creek bridge when the accident occurred at about 7:51 a.m. local time.

Police initially said there were 35 people injured and transported to hospitals but then updated that number to 51 people in the afternoon.

The injuries range from minor to life threatening, police said. No fatalities were reported.

A spokesman for Riverside Regional Medical Center tweeted Sunday that the center was treating 25 of those injured, one of whom was in serious condition.
Download the NBC News app for breaking news and politics
Bray Hollowell, 18, was on his way to pick up his sister from Richmond when he said he saw cars spinning on black ice. Hollowell told NBC News that he couldn't brake in time to avoid hitting the car in front of him, then got hit by another car in the back.

"I think it still would have been an initial accident, but I don't think there would have been as bad of a pile up if there wasn't fog," he said. "I would have seen that accident and braked far before."

During the accident, Hollowell said that people began to exit their cars in an effort to stop cars from coming down the road.

"There was one lady to the left of me and she tried to get out of her car too soon," Hollowell said. "And she had her door open, and she was hit by another car."

The teen tried to flag down paramedics for the woman and stayed with her to keep her calm. Luckily, Hollowell was able to escape the accident unscathed and waited for his mother to pick him up.

Both lanes were shut down for a period of time before authorities were able to reopen the east-bound lanes in the late morning hours. The westbound lane where the accident occurred wasn't cleared until about 3:30 p.m., several hours after the wreck began.

Drivers were asked to avoid the highway, throwing a wrench into holiday travel plans.

More than 104 million Americans are expected to travel by automobiles this holiday season, the most on record, according to analytic company INRIX.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
At least 51 injured in 69-vehicle highway pileup in Virginia

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
A major highway pileup in York County, Virginia, Sunday morning resulted in at least 51 people injured and a sizable traffic snarl. The 69-vehicle wreck shut down traffic on Interstate 64 after a chain-reaction accident, according to the Virginia State Police.

# data[].attributes.body
14 Des 2019

FOREST SCHOOL WITH OUTDOOR CLASSROOMS AND ITS OWN ALPACA HERD SET TO OPEN IN NORFOLK
.
An innovative “forest school” with outdoor classrooms and its own herd of alpacas is set to open in Norfolk.

The concept, which was first introduced to the UK about 25 years ago, will offer a distinct approach to teaching and learning with by encouraging pupils to move away from computers and into nature.

While there will be no electricity on site, the school will have a number of yurts and woodland shelters designed to inspire children to learn through hands-on experiences.

# data[].attributes.body
13 Des 2019
.
China's Xi to meet Japan, South Korea leaders as North Korea tensions rise
.
The leaders of Japan and South Korea will meet Chinese President Xi Jinping in Beijing on Monday (Dec 23), amid heightened concern North Korea may be about to return to confrontation with Washington.

Though various economic matters will also be on the agenda - as well as tensions between Seoul and Tokyo - North Korea appears likely to dominate the agenda.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Share this content

Share on Facebook

Share on Twitter

Share via E-Mail

BEIJING: The leaders of Japan and South Korea will meet Chinese President Xi Jinping in Beijing on Monday (Dec 23), amid heightened concern North Korea may be about to return to confrontation with Washington.

South Korean President Moon Jae-in and Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe will meet Xi separately before going to the southwestern city of Chengdu for a trilateral meeting with Chinese Premier Li Keqiang.

Though various economic matters will also be on the agenda - as well as tensions between Seoul and Tokyo - North Korea appears likely to dominate the agenda.

North Korean leader Kim Jong Un held a meeting of top military officials to discuss boosting the country's military capability, state news agency reported on Sunday.

North Korea has set a year-end deadline for the United States to change what it says is a policy of hostility amid a stalemate in efforts to make progress on their pledge to end the North's nuclear programme and establish lasting peace.

Kim and U.S. President Donald Trump have met three times since June 2018, but there has been no substantive progress in dialogue while the North demanded crushing international sanctions be lifted first.

On Saturday, the state media said the United States would "pay dearly" for taking issue with the North's human rights record and said Washington's "malicious words" would only aggravate tensions on the Korean Peninsula.

US special envoy for North Korea Stephen Biegun met with two senior Chinese diplomats during his two-day visit to Beijing last week, following similar meeting in South Korea and Japan days earlier, as diplomats make last-ditch attempts to prevent new confrontation.

Beijing, jointly with Russia, proposed last week that the United Nations Security Council lift some sanctions in what it calls an attempt to break the current deadlock and seek to build support.

But it's unclear whether Beijing can convince Seoul and Tokyo to break ranks from Washington, which has made its opposition clear and can veto any resolution.

Though South Korea sees China as instrumental in reviving negotiations, it has so far sidestepped questions on whether it supports the new proposal by Beijing and Moscow. Japan, which has historically been a staunch supporter of sanctions against North Korea, has also refrained from commenting on the proposal.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
China's Xi to meet Japan, South Korea leaders as North Korea tensions rise

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Share on Facebook Share on Twitter Share via E-Mail BEIJING: The leaders of Japan and South Korea will meet Chinese President Xi Jinping in Beijing on Monday (Dec 23), amid heightened concern North Korea may be about to return to confrontation with Washington.

# data[].attributes.body
12 Des 2019

School of Humanities, Arts, and Social Sciences
..............
MIT students have been making up such words — but not for English or any other known language. They are constructing entirely new languages, or “conlangs,” in a class that uses linguistics, the science of language, to supply the necessary building blocks.

One student, who took 24.917 (ConLangs: How to Construct a Language) this fall, created a language for underwater creatures who speak in shades of color. Another invented a language that combines speech with whistling

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Wouldn't it be great if there were an exclamation designed specifically to use when your cellphone battery runs out of juice? Or a word that perfectly captures the idea of doing something for no reason?

This semester, MIT students have been making up such words - but not for English or any other known language. They are constructing entirely new languages, or "conlangs," in a class that uses linguistics, the science of language, to supply the necessary building blocks.

One student, who took 24.917 (ConLangs: How to Construct a Language) this fall, created a language for underwater creatures who speak in shades of color. Another invented a language that combines speech with whistling. Senior Jessica Lang's new language is for spaceships that speak. "It's not a super logical premise," she says, "but it's a lot of fun facing the constraints. And, I like a lot of the words in 'spaceship-speak' because they are just really weird."

Beyond imaginative premises, the challenge students take on in 24.917 is to create something that behaves in ways that are fundamentally different from the languages they already know. To achieve that, it's useful to "understand something about how human languages actually work," says Professor Norvin Richards, a linguistics scholar who teaches 24.917.

Understanding how languages work is what the linguistics field is all about, and 24.917 provides a thorough introduction to the subject - including fundamental topics such as phonetics (making sounds), morphology (forming words), and syntax (developing phrases). The class, which debuted in 2018, has quickly become one of the most popular offered by MIT's top-ranked linguistics program.

In the above audio short, hear more from students and MIT professor of linguistics Norvin Richards about their work and the purpose of course 24.917. View a full transcript here.
Language and the mind
"One of the things you discover when you begin to learn about language is that there are all sorts of things that we do effortlessly, without thinking about it, but that are quite complicated," Richards says. For example, English has quite a strict rule for ordering adjectives - it's always "a big red car," never "a red big car." New English learners routinely have to memorize this far-from-universal rule, while native speakers may not even be aware of it.

"One of the goals of 24.917 is to show students some of what we know about how languages work thanks to all the work that's been done in linguistics, which is the study of what exactly it is you know when you know a language," Richards says.

When asked to elaborate, Richards explains, "There are certain kinds of linguistic tasks that people seem to invariably accomplish in the same ways, no matter what language they speak." Linguists endeavor to explain why that is. "A working hypothesis is that part of being a human being is having the kind of mind that allows you to construct and use language in certain ways but not others," Richards says. "We're trying to discover what those properties of the human mind are; what kinds of creatures are human beings?"
Surprises
24.917, which introduces students to some of the major quests of linguistics, is drawing many MIT undergraduate to explore the field more completely. Surprises abound.

Joseph Noszek, a senior majoring in civil and environmental engineering, says he has found it fascinating to learn phonetics - including the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), a system for pronouncing unfamiliar words. "We started out talking about how you get sounds though points of articulation and how you can group consonants based on where your tongue is, what your lips are doing, and how much air you're letting out," Noszek says. With this information, plus some familiarity with the IPA, he has found it possible to produce sounds he wasn't familiar with before. "I find it mind-blowing that there is a technique for this," he says.

Rebecca Sloan, a senior majoring in chemistry, echoed this sentiment, noting that students in 24.917 also watched speech videos recorded using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which enabled them to see how people used their speech organs to form sounds. "The most surprising thing for me in the class was being able to watch the MRIs of people saying words and realize that you can use that information to figure things out about different sounds," she says.

From Swahili to Klingon

The class also provides a tour of world languages, as Richards demonstrates linguistic points using examples from Tagalog, Passamaquoddy, Thai, Korean, Swahili, Egyptian Arabic, O'odham, Dinka, and Welsh.

Along the way, he even gives students some insight into the workings of two languages, Lardil and Wampanoag, in which Richards is a leading expert. For decades, Richards has worked with the Wampanoag people of Eastern Massachusetts as they have been successfully reviving their native language which, before the project began, had last been spoken in the 1800s. He has also spent years working to fight the obliteration of Lardil, an Aboriginal language once widely spoken on Mornington Island, Australia, but now nearly extinct.

As Richards outlines various linguistic behaviors - such as the forming of plurals or systems of agreement - he often includes examples from these languages. But not surprisingly for a class on constructed languages, Richards also includes examples from languages that were purposely designed - notably Klingon, which was created for the "Star Trek" entertainment universe, and Quenya and Sindarin, two languages created by J.R.R. Tolkien for his "Lord of the Rings" novels. (Richards will easily rattle off a few words of Klingon to make a linguistic point, but claims he speaks the language only "very badly.")

"Klingon is useful in talking about morphology, which is the study of how we make words up out of pieces of words," says Richards, noting that while English doesn't have much morphology, Klingon does. It's what is known as an "agglutinative" language, which means that it commonly forms new words by adding prefixes and even long strings of suffixes to root words. "It's like a chemical reaction going on. You add these things, and words change from one thing to another."
Tools for new languages
As students learn how various languages form tenses, plurals, and kinship terms, as well as how they borrow and shape words taken from other languages, they are gaining the tools to create entirely new languages. Richards says, "You present students with a little menu of the kinds of sounds you can make, and the students are picking and choosing and sometimes picking something that no language does."

Other new languages to emerge from the class include a language designed to sound like beatboxing; a language that combines speech with sign language, packing meaning into both sounds and gestures; and a language designed for alien beings who make sounds by tapping on their exoskeletons.

"Our students get some idea of the kinds of things we work on in the linguistics field," says Richards, "and then they come up with all kinds of wonderful stuff."
Story prepared by MIT SHASS Communications
Editorial director: Emily Hiestand
Senior writer: Kathryn O'Neill

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Wouldn't it be great if there were an exclamation designed specifically to use when your cellphone battery runs out of juice? Or a word that perfectly captures the idea of doing something for no reason? This semester, MIT students have been making up such words - but not for English or any other known language.

# data[].attributes.body
13 Des 2019

Commentary: The problem with the Eurozone? Shared responsibility is no responsibility

.
Since 2010, many measures have been adopted to “crisis-proof” the eurozone. In addition to tighter budgetary rules and the start of a banking union, new efforts are underway to strengthen the European Stability Mechanism (ESM), which is now meant to serve as a backstop for the Single Resolution Fund (SRF).

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
The Eurozone finance ministers ought to be wary of risk-sharing instruments, says Jurgen Stark.

(Updated: )

Share this content

Share on Facebook

Share on Twitter

Share via E-Mail

FRANKFURT: Since 2010, many measures have been adopted to "crisis-proof" the eurozone. In addition to tighter budgetary rules and the start of a banking union, new efforts are underway to strengthen the European Stability Mechanism (ESM), which is now meant to serve as a backstop for the Single Resolution Fund (SRF).

RISK SHARING OR INDIVIDUAL NATION RESPONSIBILITY?

At a recent Eurogroup meeting, eurozone finance ministers agreed on reforms to allow fundamentally "sound" member states to access "contingent" ESM credit lines if they meet certain conditions, and for all sovereign-bond contracts to include collective-action clauses by 2022.

With policymakers still debating whether to create a eurozone budget and deposit insurance scheme, we should consider what the reforms introduced so far might mean for the future. At issue is whether we want a monetary union in which member states are individually responsible for their policies, or one based on solidarity, complete with risk sharing and financial transfers.

In accordance with the European Union's solidarity principle, the reform has focused on introducing more safety nets and backstops, with a shared budget, joint unemployment and deposit insurance, and so forth.

SHARED RESPONSIBILITY IS NO RESPONSIBILITY

The assumption is that the more risks are shared, the more stable the eurozone will be. But this is a fallacy.

In practice, the proliferation of new safeguards has introduced a high degree of moral hazard and created perverse incentives for governments and market participants alike.

Under the latest eurozone reforms, the principle that those who assume a risk should be liable for it has been replaced by a principle of joint liability, implying financial transfers on an unprecedented scale in the event of a crisis. The current situation in Italy should serve as a warning to all those advocating risk sharing.

Making matters worse, the sole focus on solidarity means that the eurozone's real problems have gone unaddressed. These include high levels of public and private debt, weak institutions, over-regulated markets, and still-incomplete balance-sheet corrections on the part of corporations and banks.

The arguments in favour of expanded solidarity measures are unconvincing. Either risk-sharing instruments are unnecessary, or they can be deployed only under conditions in which they would undermine eurozone stability.

Why, for example, should a "sound" eurozone member state need to obtain a "contingent credit line" unless it is harbouring hidden weaknesses?

Equally dubious are the justifications given for a shared eurozone budget. Is the purpose to stabilise the bloc in the event of shocks? Is it to make investments? Or is it to create financial incentives for domestic economic reforms?

As to the first question, during its 20-year history, most of the eurozone's shocks have been asymmetrical, centring on member states that pursued irresponsible policies.

With the exception of the 2008 crisis, then, eurozone shocks have generally been small and self-inflicted, suggesting that the appropriate response should take the form of domestic policies to build more robust budgetary buffers.

If the purpose is to provide investment funds, the EU budget, the "Juncker Plan," and the European Investment Bank already perform this role. Europe's problem is not a lack of financial resources, but rather a lack of suitable projects and limited capacity within member states.

Finally, the argument for a joint budget to reward domestic economic reforms assumes that such reforms create large-scale financial burdens in the short term. But the empirical evidence for this is inconclusive.

DEAL WITH REAL WEAKNESSES

In any case, the costs of not carrying out necessary reforms would have to be offset against the costs of doing so, if only to make clear that structural reforms are in individual countries' own interest.

A eurozone deposit insurance scheme is similarly ill-advised at this time, given the scale of non-performing loans in many member states. The immediate need is for a drastic reduction of existing balance-sheet risks.

As for future risks, the preferential regulatory treatment afforded to government bonds must end. Sovereign debt should come with equity backing, and emissions of government securities should be capped.

Rather than install ever more safeguards, it is time to address the eurozone's real weaknesses. The sovereign-debt crisis started with weak fiscal positions and doubts about the sustainability of public debts, combined with structural deficits that led to a loss in competitiveness.

Economic reforms therefore remain essential. Unless the risks emanating from high public debt are systematically reduced, eurozone countries will be heavily exposed when the next crisis strikes.

WRONG DIRECTION
Moreover, budget rules should be made more transparent, credible, and enforceable through automatic sanctions against conduct displaying a lack of solidarity.

The focus on "structural deficits" should be replaced by a simpler spending rule that is less dependent on the economic cycle. And an independent and credible European fiscal agency should be entrusted with budget monitoring and the implementation and enforcement of the rules.

The highly politicised European Commission does not meet these requirements.

The eurozone also needs an insolvency code, which would restore credibility to the Lisbon Treaty's no-bailout clause. And, of course, the nexus between governments and banks should be broken without further delay.

In view of this agenda, the latest reform efforts are a step in the wrong direction. Joint liability in the name of solidarity will quickly become a one-way street for governments that pursue imprudent economic policies to escape accountability.
Jurgen Stark is a former Member of the Executive Board of the ECB and former Deputy Governor of the Deutsche Bundesbank.

And, given the eurozone's high level of public debt, joint liability entails enormous financial risks.

The limits of the eurozone's solidarity policies are now being tested. The proliferation of backstops not only prevents risk mitigation, but actually invites even more risk.

In the event of a crisis, governments' incapacity to assume this collective burden will be laid bare, with far-reaching implications for the sustainability of public finances and the financial and monetary stability of the eurozone.

Needless to say, the entire point of reform is to prevent such a scenario. For Europe's Economic and Monetary Union to be secure, risk sharing must give way to risk reduction.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Commentary: The problem with the Eurozone? Shared responsibility is no responsibility

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The Eurozone finance ministers ought to be wary of risk-sharing instruments, says Jurgen Stark. (Updated: ) Share on Facebook Share on Twitter Share via E-Mail FRANKFURT: Since 2010, many measures have been adopted to "crisis-proof" the eurozone.

# data[].attributes.body
11 Des 2019

Commentary: China makes inroads into Europe. That's creating some discomfort
.
The initiative is part of China’s One Belt One Road project to develop connectivity and trade in Eurasia and beyond, to which the Greeks committed as far back as 2009 – the first developed economy and North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) member to do so.
.
To mark Xi Jinping’s visit to Athens, 16 new bilateral agreements were announced. They build on previous Chinese investments into Greek shipping, while also covering sectors as diverse as education and agriculture.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
MANCHESTER: The eurozone has emerged from its debt crisis of 2010 to 2018 intact, but at a very high cost to the periphery.

Greece's exit from its third bailout in August 2018, the swan song of the crisis, is perceived as successful only from a purely accounting perspective.

Of the approximately €290 billion (US$325 billion) lent to the country overall by the International Monetary Fund, European Commission and European Central Bank, less than 12 per cent was spent on investment. The remainder has been used to service Greece's spiralling national debt, and even then, repayments are only covered up to 2022.

Thanks to the government spending cuts implemented from 2010 to 2018 in return for these loans, unemployment is still running at 17 per cent.
XI'S OVERTURES TO EUROPE
What timing for the Chinese president, Xi Jingping, to make his first official visit to Athens, intensifying a friendship between the two countries that has been developing for more than a decade.

Earlier this year, Greece already became a member of China's 17+1 initiative, which aims to deepen cooperation between Beijing and 17 states in Central and Eastern Europe and the Balkans.

The initiative is part of China's One Belt One Road project to develop connectivity and trade in Eurasia and beyond, to which the Greeks committed as far back as 2009 - the first developed economy and North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) member to do so.

Greece has also unnerved its Western allies in the past couple of years by obstructing EU plans to condemn China over issues like human rights and the law of the sea.

To mark Xi Jinping's visit to Athens, 16 new bilateral agreements were announced. They build on previous Chinese investments into Greek shipping, while also covering sectors as diverse as education and agriculture.

This comes just two months after the Chinese president made a similar trip to Italy. That, too, saw the announcement of trade deals covering various sectors worth multiple billions of euros. The Italians also became the first major Western power to endorse One Belt One Road.
THE CHINESE ALTERNATIVE
The timing of these Italian and Greek announcements is not a coincidence. Italy, like Greece, is saddled with high debts and is bearing the brunt of the EU external migration crisis.

Both countries had been calling on the European Union for pan-European investment programmes for the past three years, but were rejected outright by core eurozone members like Germany, the Netherlands and Finland.

Greece and Italy are attempting the fine balancing act of dealing with China without undermining the EU's overarching external trade policy, but the EU and Americans are still uneasy. The EU in particular is worried about China promoting its alternative model of governance.

In the case of the Greek announcement, one major concern is China's involvement in the port of Piraeus via its state-owned China Ocean Shipping Corporation (COSCO).

Though COSCO has taken stakes in at least 15 European ports in recent years, including the likes of Rotterdam, Antwerp and Marseilles, the port of Piraeus is a particularly eye-catching commitment.

The Chinese became the port's majority owner in 2016, and had already committed €800m towards upgrading its facilities. Now there will be a further €600m investment.

This aims to turn Piraeus into the biggest commercial port in Europe, while raising COSCO's stake from 51 per cent to 67 per cent by 2022. The Chinese see Piraeus as a gateway to EU markets, with a strategic role in Asia-European-African trade routes thanks to its close proximity to the Suez Canal.

Greece's participation in China's 17+1 initiative is also viewed by the West as particularly significant. Greece is the biggest of the five eurozone members to have joined - the others are Slovenia, Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.

Membership is part of Greece's broader plan to realise international trade agreements via new trade routes. The move seems to have rejuvenated an initiative which has been limited to upgrading infrastructure and had stalled since 2016.

While Greece initially joined 17+1 under its hard-left Syriza government, the fact that the new conservative government is prepared to upgrade strategic relations with China demonstrates that the relationship can survive political change in Athens.

Xi Jinping's visit came just a week after Prime Minister Kyriakos Mitsotakis visited Shanghai, after China made Greece the official guest country of the 2019 China International Import Expo.
THE WAY AHEAD
In truth, it looks somewhat late for the EU to be concerned about these moves by Greece and Italy. They are the direct result of the strict bailouts and the eurozone's refusal to invest seriously in either country.

Other eurozone reforms that might help these countries - a eurozone fiscal union with an unemployment insurance programme; a eurozone banking union with a pan-European deposits guarantee scheme; a single European immigration policy - are also long overdue.

To make matters worse, eurozone growth rates have slowed considerably - led by Germany, the supposed powerhouse. France seems to be the only member yet to feel the impact of US tariffs, the Brexit process and the slowdown in the Chinese economy.

The gloom is being exacerbated by the likes of the new fragmented European parliament and fragile Italian banks.

This all means that there is less room to manoeuvre than there might have been two or three years ago. So while the West may wish that its Mediterranean allies were not looking eastwards, it is going to be difficult to put this particular genie back inside its bottle.

The growing sense in Rome and Athens that they have been abandoned by their allies will be difficult to reverse.
Dimitrios Syrrakos is deputy head of the Department of Economics, Policy and International Business at the Manchester Metropolitan University. This article first appeared on The Conversation.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Commentary: China makes inroads into Europe. That's creating some discomfort

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
MANCHESTER: The eurozone has emerged from its debt crisis of 2010 to 2018 intact, but at a very high cost to the periphery. Greece's exit from its third bailout in August 2018, the swan song of the crisis, is perceived as successful only from a purely accounting perspective.

# data[].attributes.body
10 Des 2019

How is Belt and Road being viewed by Asian elites?
..........
1,230 responses from opinion leaders (including several ministerial-ranking officials) based in 26 countries of East and Southeast Asia, South Asia and Central Asia that have signed a memorandum of understanding on the BRI with China. In countries like Pakistan, Singapore, Bangladesh and the Philippines, more than 100 responses were collected.  In terms of affiliation breakdown, 56 percent came from academia, 23 percent from policymakers and international civil servants, eight percent from business leaders, and six percent each from the civil society and media.

Several observations and policy lessons emerged from our survey.

First, Asian opinion leaders harbored largely positive views towards the BRI. They believe that China launched the BRI primarily to promote regional economic integration and connectivity.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Editor's Note: Ji Xianbai is a research fellow with the International Political Economy Program of S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. The article reflects the author's opinions, and not necessarily the views of CGTN.
In September 2013, Chinese President Xi Jinping pronounced China's international economic cooperation vision, as incarnated in what was later termed the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), in Kazakhstan. Six years on, how is the BRI being perceived in BRI partner countries?

Our research team at Nanyang Technological University led by Associate Professors Pradumna B. Rana and Chia Wai-Mun, and funded by Singapore's Ministry of Education, conducted an online perception survey among Asian opinion leaders on various aspects of the BRI earlier this year.

We received 1,230 responses from opinion leaders (including several ministerial-ranking officials) based in 26 countries of East and Southeast Asia, South Asia and Central Asia that have signed a memorandum of understanding on the BRI with China. In countries like Pakistan, Singapore, Bangladesh and the Philippines, more than 100 responses were collected. In terms of affiliation breakdown, 56 percent came from academia, 23 percent from policymakers and international civil servants, eight percent from business leaders, and six percent each from the civil society and media.

Several observations and policy lessons emerged from our survey.

First, Asian opinion leaders harbored largely positive views towards the BRI. They believe that China launched the BRI primarily to promote regional economic integration and connectivity. More than 40 percent of the respondents said the BRI represented a net opportunity for their countries whereas only 18 percent considered the BRI to be a net risk to be avoided.

Moreover, a similar share of the respondents rejected the notion of Chinese "debt-trap diplomacy." As to why, some opinion leaders attributed the debt sustainability challenges confronting some Asian BRI countries to pre-existing macroeconomic vulnerabilities, fiscal mismanagement or purely inappropriate project implementation rather than any sort of malicious intention on the part of the Chinese government.

Second, Asian opinion leaders had clear and strong opinions on the substantive focus of the BRI engagement. Generally, among the BRI's five stated policy objectives, strengthening infrastructure connectivity and facilitating unimpeded trade were viewed by the respondents to be more important to their countries than policy coordination, cultural bonds or financial integration.

Specific to the issue of infrastructure, the respondents to our survey felt that transport, energy and industrial facilities should be high on the BRI's agenda. Interestingly, Pakistani and Bangladeshi respondents almost unanimously perceived energy infrastructure as priority or relevant. This was a reflection of the fact that the two countries in recent years had suffered from frequent blackouts and load shedding. By contrast, few opinion leaders felt that the BRI should play an active role in developing institutional or other types of soft infrastructure.

Third, Asian opinion leaders saw both benefits and potential risks associated with the BRI. On the one hand, the respondents felt that the BRI would help their countries attract more trade, investment and tourism earnings from China and other BRI-participating countries. They also counted on the BRI to stimulate economic growth and technological advancement by closing infrastructure financing gaps in their countries. On the other hand, they were aware of some of the potential downsides of the BRI in relation to employment, environment, debt and corruption. But on balance, opinion leaders displayed a sense of constructive criticism.

Finally, Asian opinion leaders offered their advice to both Chinese and their own governments on how to maximize the BRI's benefits while managing risks. Among others, they called on China to enhance overall transparency of the BRI undertaking, offer employment and technology transfer opportunities to empower local communities, adapt the BRI to local needs and sensitivities, and allow foreign contractors to bid for BRI projects.

They also urged their home governments to strengthen internal governance (including fiscal conditions) and participate in the BRI with purpose by developing a complementary national infrastructure development strategy. Being level to the public about possible pros and cons of BRI projects and performing due diligence were also highlighted by the respondents as the advice that they would offer.
(If you want to contribute and have specific expertise, please contact us at opinions@cgtn.com.)
The BRI is entering its seventh year of development. Our survey offers a broadly representative snapshot of the perceptions of Asian elites on the BRI. And since it is in everyone's best interest to see the BRI succeed in a win-win manner, the policy recommendations arising from our survey should also be taken seriously by policymakers and stakeholders in China as well as countries that take part in BRI cooperation.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
How is Belt and Road being viewed by Asian elites?

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Editor's Note: Ji Xianbai is a research fellow with the International Political Economy Program of S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. The article reflects the author's opinions, and not necessarily the views of CGTN.

# data[].attributes.body
09 Des 2019

Millennials’ manners are a defence mechanism against a hostile world.

.........
A survey, published last week, found that 42% of millennials – people reaching young adulthood in the early 21st century – wouldn’t give up their seat for somebody elderly or pregnant on public transport, while almost one in three would ignore a queuing system. However, more than a third of those surveyed thought it impolite to ignore people on social media, while other objections included texts being read over people’s shoulders and programme spoilers.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Show caption
Rude awakening: many young people don't feel the urge to give up their seat for an elderly person. Photograph: Geber86/Getty Images

Are millennials selfish and rude or do they just define etiquette differently to older people? And if the latter is true, is that just to stop themselves going mad?

A survey, published last week, found that 42% of millennials - people reaching young adulthood in the early 21st century - wouldn't give up their seat for somebody elderly or pregnant on public transport, while almost one in three would ignore a queuing system. However, more than a third of those surveyed thought it impolite to ignore people on social media, while other objections included texts being read over people's shoulders and programme spoilers.
Opinion

Young people care more about etiquette online than in real life, research reveals

So, Young People, let's get this straight (jabs accusing crone-like finger): sitting on a train or bus while a pregnant woman or elderly person stands is absolutely fine. But if someone accidentally mentions what happened in an episode of Stranger Things you haven't seen, that's downright rude? Sheesh, priorities...

Not that stereotyping millennials as antisocial and selfish works. That recent cheering surge of last-minute electoral registering was said to mainly come from millennials. Moreover, in the Extinction Rebellion era, older people would have a damn nerve accusing the young of being disengaged.

Still, it's intriguing that there's a tendency among millennials to prioritise online etiquette over real-life manners. It would seem to reverse what's generally presumed about online conduct - aren't people supposed to feel emboldened to behave worse online? Maybe that's tragic older types, who still haven't managed to get over the novelty of the internet's cloak of invisibility. In contrast, younger people take it so for granted they have developed a far greater sense of accountability for their online identities.

Certainly, it's interesting to think that some younger humans prefer to exist in their most realised form in the online world, even developing better manners there. Meanwhile, back on planet Earth, they're barging through queues, not opening doors and ambling around semi-detached, almost as though other people are made of pixels in the real world.

All of which is mystifying until you take a look at what comprises reality for many young folk. Millennials have plenty to feel disengaged about in a world where they're been shafted out of real-life futures at every turn (economic, professional, climate, home-ownership, affording to have children, everything). Had all this been our lot when we were young, maybe we'd also have opted to be our better selves, living our best lives, in an online reality. While millennials should realise that they exist in the real, rather than virtual, world, older people need to realise that millennials are becoming dangerously detached from a world that keeps kicking them in the teeth. That said, have a heart, millennials - let the pregnant women sit down.
A mea culpa via social media? Sorry, Timbers, but that's bad
Jessica Biel and Justin Timberlake: 'a strong lapse of judgment'. I should say so. Photograph: Jordan Strauss/Invision/AP

How wonderfully modern that Justin Timberlake took to Instagram to apologise to his wife, Jessica Biel.

After being snapped looking inebriated on a balcony, holding hands with his Palmer co-star Alisha Wainwright, Timberlake began his Insta-soz post saying: "I stay away from gossip as much as I can." Of course you do, you marvellous, honourable man! Timbers continued: "A few weeks ago I displayed a strong lapse of judgment - but let me clear - nothing happened with my co-star... I drank way too much that night and I regret my behaviour... I apologise to my amazing wife and family... I am focused on being the best husband and father I can be..." Blah blah, yak yak.

The post ends with a reference to Palmer - because, hey ladeez, nothing says "sorry" more meaningfully than a film plug.

There's nothing wrong with an apology, but why did it have to happen on social media? One presumes, as husband and wife, Timberlake and Biel have occasional face-time access to each other (schedules permitting). And aren't celebrities constantly gassing about media invasions of their privacy? Yet here's Timberlake invading his own privacy, blasting out an apology to Biel rather strangely in front of the world and humiliating Wainwright (the "co-star"; it would appear that no name is necessary) in the process.

I'd love to think that this was Biel's doing: "Oi, you messed up in public - you can apologise in public too." Sadly, one suspects that this wasn't so much an apology as a brand announcement to repair Timberlake's reputation. So it's technically more of an apology to his agent and marketing team. Next time Timberlake needs to apologise to his wife, maybe he should consider doing it with a big bunch of flowers and a box of Milk Tray - even better, some humility and sincerity behind firmly closed doors.
Guys, you'll never win a girl by giving her a Peloton
The Peloton ad: 'reductive and sexist'. Photograph: Peloton/Youtube

It's the Christmas gift of a woman's dreams - being told that you're out of shape by your significant other. Peloton, which produces £2,000 exercise bikes that access virtual spin classes, has just wiped $1.5bn off its share value with a misguided festive advert featuring a man giving his partner a bike.

Instead of the woman saying something realistic such as: "Get out!", she has a gratitude orgasm, pedalling furiously and simpering: "I didn't realise how much this would change me." Well, some of us didn't realise that feminism would be pronounced dead in late 2019.

Meanwhile, the man sits on the sofa doing faff all, presumably becoming fit by osmosis. However, while this advert was reductive and sexist, the main problem is that a man (even a fictional one) dared to give a woman an exercise bike for Christmas, which is only marginally better timing than Valentine's Day.

Yes, there is an obesity crisis, but no one has the right to comment on anyone else's fitness. Memo to men: unless requested, gym equipment beats even "unspecified domestic appliance" in the top 10 of dud gifts guaranteed to make a woman hate you. And, yes, I do mean forever. Astonishing as it may seem, women don't fantasise about being presented with the opportunity to strive to look hotter for you.

* Barbara Ellen is an Observer columnist

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Millennials' manners are a defence mechanism against a hostile world

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Are millennials selfish and rude or do they just define etiquette differently to older people? And if the latter is true, is that just to stop themselves going mad?

# data[].attributes.body
08 Des 2019

Vienna : The City of Culture

Vienna, Austria's largest and most populous city, has historically been the capital of culture for Western Europe. This city is home to a great number of museums, galleries and cultural events. It is a place where famous composers such as Mozart and Beethoven lived and created their best music.

A perfect mixture of the old and the new, Vienna is a city where going to the opera, having a piece of chocolate cake and shopping are only a few of the must-do activities.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Reading Comprehension Text and Exercises

The City of Culture

Vienna, Austria's largest and most populous city, has historically been the capital of culture for Western Europe. This city is home to a great number of museums, galleries and cultural events. It is a place where famous composers such as Mozart and Beethoven lived and created their best music.

A perfect mixture of the old and the new, Vienna is a city where going to the opera, having a piece of chocolate cake and shopping are only a few of the must-do activities.
A Special Sale: 25% Off on All Really Learn English Products

A Brief History of Vienna

Although there were prior settlements in the Danube River plain in this area, Vienna's recorded history started with the Romans, who founded the city in the 1st century.

Vienna later became the Imperial Seat, what would be the capital city in today's world, for the entire Holy Roman Empire.

In fact, Vienna also served as the capital during the Austrian Empire and the Austro-Hungarian Empire until its end in 1918.

Much of the city was destroyed during World War II and the city's cultural diversity was lost.

Today, Vienna was voted to be the most livable city in the world and is even more multicultural than it used to be.

Attractions

Schönbrunn Palace

Formerly a summer house of the Habsburgs, the Austrian royal family, Schönbrunn Palace is the most visited attraction in Vienna.

The Palace has 1,441 rooms and it now serves as a museum. Some rooms are open for public and display the original furniture used by the Habsburgs centuries ago.

In addition to the museum, the Schönbrunn royal complex also consists of beautiful gardens, a maze (a place where it is difficult to find your way out), Roman ruins, and numerous sculptures. The world's oldest zoo, Tiergarten Schönbrunn, is also easily accessible from the royal complex.

Located in the city center, this imperial palace was used by the Habsburg family as their main winter residence.

The Hofburg complex was built in the 13th century to serve as the seat of the government. Over the years, there were many additions to the palace, such as the imperial chapel, the library and the Burgtheater (the Imperial Court Theatre).

When in the Hofburg, you will have a chance to see a number of attractions all at once.

St. Stephen's Cathedral

St. Stephen's Cathedral stands tall on the ruins of two small churches built 1,000 years ago. With its colorful roof, the church represents one of the symbols of Vienna and its incredibly rich history.

Both locals and tourists gather in great numbers in the area around the church to admire its beauty. Due to its 18 altars, several chapels and many gilded icons, the interior of the church is also quite stunning and definitely worth visiting.

The Museumsquartier is one of the largest art and culture complexes in the world. When the place opened in 2001, several new museums were introduced to the city.

Once there, you can get lost in one of the art museums like the Leopold Museum or the Museum of Modern Art, or instead choose to see contemporary exhibition spaces.

In any case, the Museumsquartier is a perfect destination for all art lovers, and a symbol of modernity and innovation in Vienna.

Vienna's most famous artifact, Venus of Willendorf, is at least 25,000 years old and currently exhibited in the Natural History Museum. This figurine (a small statue in human form) shows that human population had lived in the areas by the Danube River for many thousands of years before Vienna was founded.

St. Stephen's Cathedral is famous for its 23 bells. Ludwig van Beethoven, one of the most prolific composers, learned he was completely deaf when he saw birds reacting to the church's bells tolling, but he could not hear any sound.

The magnificent Schönbrunn gardens were originally fenced areas where ducks, deer and wild pigs were brought so that the Emperor could go hunting.

Vienna is known for its love for cafés, which are a big part of the local culture. An ideal stop at one would involve eating Apfelstrudel (Apple Strudel) with tea or coffee. Apfelstrude is considered one of the traditional dishes of Vienna and it is the most common dessert in many countries in Europe that once belonged to the Austro-Hungarian empire.

Comprehension Exercises

Vocabulary Questions

1. What does "livable" mean?

2. What does "diversity" mean?

3. What does "gilded" mean?

4. What does "at once" mean?

5. What does "prolific" mean?

Collocation Questions

1. Locals and tourists gather in great numbers in the area __________ the church.

2. Over the years, there were numerous __________ to the palace, such as the chapel and the theater.

3. 25,000 years ago, humans lived in the areas by the Danube River __________ later became the city of Vienna.

4. Maze is a place where you can __________ lost.

Venus of Willendorf is Vienna's __________ famous artifact.

The Romans __________ the city in the 1st century.

1. The Museum Quarter is a __________ destination for all art lovers.

2. St. Stephen's Cathedral is famous __________ its 23 bells.

3. The church represents a symbol of Vienna's __________ rich history.

4. Tiergarten Schönbrunn is __________ accessible from the royal complex.

Wh Questions

1. What empire had Vienna as the capital city?

2. Which palace was the royal family's winter residence?

3. When did the Romans found Vienna?

4. Why was Vienna's cultural diversity lost in the 1940s?

1. Due to the Great Migration.

2. Because of World War II.

3. Because of the Emperor's order.

Where is the Apfelstrudel the most common dessert?

Evaluating Statements

1. Based on the information in this lesson, which statement is true?

1. The Danube flows through Vienna.

2. There are no rivers flowing through Vienna.

2. Based on the information in this lesson, which statement is false?

1. The interior of St. Steven's Church is closed for public.

2. The interior of St. Steven's Church is open for public.

True or False?

1. Based on the information in this lesson, is the following statement true or false?

"The Habsburg Family had many properties, so they used different palaces in different seasons."

2. Based on the information in this lesson, is the following statement true or false?

"People call Vienna 'the city of music' because many popular singers live there nowadays."

Answer Key

1. A | 2. C | 3. C | 4. B | 5. A | 6. B | 7. A | 8. C | 9. C | 10. A | 11. B | 12. C | 13. C | 14. A | 15. B | 16. C | 17. B | 18. A | 19. B | 20. C | 21. A | 22. A | 23. A| 24. B

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Comprehension Text and Exercises: Vienna, the City of Culture

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
English Reading Comprehension Text and Exercises for English Learners and School Students. This reading text is about: Vienna, the City of Culture. Exercises include a reading passage, vocabulary questions, collocation questions, wh Questions, evaluating statements, and true or false questions.

# data[].attributes.body
07 Des 2019

Fun facts about Barcelona:
1.most residents prefer to communicate in the Catalan language.
2.Out of all the streets in Barcelona, the most famous one is La Rambla.
3.Camp Nou, home stadium of the Barcelona Football Club (FC) has a capacity of nearly 100,000 people, which makes it the second biggest stadium in the world.
4.the beautiful beaches of Barcelona did not exist before 1992 Summer Olympics.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Reading Comprehension Text and Exercises

Gaudi's Masterpiece

Lying on the northeastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea, Barcelona is a fusion of Roman, Gothic and modern architecture. Even though it is smaller than the capital city of Madrid, Barcelona is the main tourist destination in Spain. With its warm weather, sun-drenched beaches and bustling streets, this port city is a perfect gateway into the Mediterranean culture.
A Special Sale: 25% Off on All Really Learn English Products

A Brief History of Barcelona

First recorded settlements on the site of Barcelona started with the establishment of a Roman military camp.

Throughout the medieval times, Barcelona had both Islamic and Christian influences until it was finally united with other counties into the Principality of Catalonia.

Due to its coastal position, Barcelona was an important harbor for Mediterranean commerce. However, when the Spanish Empire became prominent in the New World (today's Americas), Barcelona lost its power.

With Industrial Revolution, the city's fortunes started to improve again.

Barcelona has been the capital of the autonomous region of Catalonia since 1931.

In 1992, Barcelona hosted the Summer Olympic Games.

Attractions

Sagrada Familia

This Roman Catholic church is the jewel of Antoni Gaudi's legacy in the city. Although the construction of Sagrada Familia commenced in 1882, the building still remains unfinished. The architect, Gaudi devoted his life to this church, and even so, only a quarter of the project was complete at the time of his death in 1926.

Once finished, the church will be as tall as the tallest mountain in the area, because Guadi believed that no man-made structure should rise above a God's creation. With its tall ceilings and glass windows that produce beautiful natural light, Sagrada Familia's interior offers a once in a life time experience for all visitors.

Park Guell

Modern Barcelona is all about the unique designs of Antoni Gaudi. Park Guell is another of his masterpieces. It is a public park, composed of gardens and dream-like buildings and sculptures.

In Park Guell, tourists can also visit the Gaudi House Museum, which contains some of the furniture he designed. The gardens are unique for their mosaic works, the most famous being the multicolored salamander (lizard-like animal), known as the dragon ( el drac), greeting all of the park's visitors at the main entrance.

Gothic Quarter

Gothic Quarter ( Barri Gotic) is the center of the old city of Barcelona. While the neighborhood includes some of the oldest parts of the city, such as the Roman wall, most of the buildings date back to the past two centuries. As such, it is a beautiful mixture of different layers of history.

The narrow streets of the Gothic Quarter form a labyrinth, intercepted by city squares. With the majority of streets being closed for regular traffic, this neighborhood offers some of the necessary peace and quiet in the city.

Temple of Augustus

For those interested in the older history of Barcelona found in the Gothic Quarter, Temple of Augustus is a must-see. This Roman Temple, built in the 1st century BC, was the central building in Barcino, the Roman name for Barcelona.

Although the temple ceased to exist, its columns remained intact and were later on incorporated into the buildings constructed around them. Their ruins, discovered in the late 19th century, are kept indoors for preservation. Only four columns remain out of the original 24.

Fun facts about Barcelona:

Although Spanish is spoken by nearly everyone in Barcelona, most residents prefer to communicate in the Catalan language.

Out of all the streets in Barcelona, the most famous one is La Rambla. This lively promenade stretches through the Old Town (Ciutat Vella) like a spine. It's packed with tourists, locals, street performers, book stands and flowers.

Camp Nou, home stadium of the Barcelona Football Club (FC) has a capacity of nearly 100,000 people, which makes it the second biggest stadium in the world.

Although they are now one of the main attractions, the beautiful beaches of Barcelona did not exist before 1992 Summer Olympics.

Comprehension Exercises

Vocabulary Questions

1. What does "legacy" mean?

1. left to a person by someone who died

2. government property

2. What does "bustling" mean?

3. What does "intact" mean?

4. What does "promenade" mean?

5. What does "prominent" mean?

1. who can keep promises

2. very noticeable, important

3. guilty of a wrongful act

Collocation Questions

1. The squares ____________ the labyrinth which the narrow streets of the Gothic Quarter form.

2. The columns of the temple were ____________ into the medieval buildings.

3. Seeing Sagrada Familia from the inside is ____________ experience.

4. Sagrada Familia is the ____________ of Gaudi's legacy.

Barcelona has numerous ____________ beaches.

The dragon (el drac) ____________ the visitors at the main entrance.

1. Temple's remaining columns are kept indoors for ____________.

2. Most buildings in the Gothic Quarter ____________ back to the past century.

3. Barcelona is the capital of the ____________ region of Catalonia.

4. La Rambla is ____________ with tourists and street performers.

Wh Questions

1. Who was Antoni Gaudi?

2. Where is the famous mosaic salamander located?

3. What is Camp Nou?

4. How much of Sagrada Familia was finished when Gaudi died?

1. Why was Barcelona important for Mediterranean commerce?

1. Because it was close to Italy.

2. Because it was on the coast.

3. Because it was a very rich city.

Evaluating Statements

1. Based on the information in this lesson, which statement is true?

1. Catalan is one of the official languages in Barcelona, but it is not commonly spoken.

2. Nearly all residents of Barcelona can speak Catalan.

2. Based on the information in this lesson, which statement is false?

1. Most buildings in the Gothic Quarter are from ancient times.

2. Most buildings in the Gothic Quarter are from the 19th and 20th century.

True or False?

1. Based on the information in this lesson, is the following statement true or false?

"Sagrada Familia was only open for public in 2010 when the construction was finished."

2. Based on the information in this lesson, is the following statement true or false?

"Before 1992, Barcelona did not have any famous beaches."

Answer Key

1. A | 2. C | 3. A | 4. B | 5. B | 6. B | 7. C | 8. C | 9. A | 10. A | 11. C | 12. A | 13. B | 14. B | 15. C | 16. B | 17. A | 18. C | 19. C | 20. B |21. B | 22. A | 23. B | 24. A

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Comprehension Text and Exercises: Barcelona, Gaudi's Masterpiece

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Lying on the northeastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea, Barcelona is a fusion of Roman, Gothic and modern architecture. Even though it is smaller than the capital city of Madrid, Barcelona is the main tourist destination in Spain. With its warm weather, sun-drenched beaches and bustling streets, this port city is a perfect gateway into the Mediterranean culture.

# data[].attributes.body
06 Des 2019

Gothic Quarter

Gothic Quarter (Barri Gotic) is the center of the old city of Barcelona. While the neighborhood includes some of the oldest parts of the city, such as the Roman wall, most of the buildings date back to the past two centuries. As such, it is a beautiful mixture of different layers of history.

Temple of Augustus

For those interested in the older history of Barcelona found in the Gothic Quarter, Temple of Augustus is a must-see. This Roman Temple, built in the 1st century BC, was the central building in Barcino, the Roman name for Barcelona.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Reading Comprehension Text and Exercises

Gaudi's Masterpiece

Lying on the northeastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea, Barcelona is a fusion of Roman, Gothic and modern architecture. Even though it is smaller than the capital city of Madrid, Barcelona is the main tourist destination in Spain. With its warm weather, sun-drenched beaches and bustling streets, this port city is a perfect gateway into the Mediterranean culture.
A Special Sale: 25% Off on All Really Learn English Products

A Brief History of Barcelona

First recorded settlements on the site of Barcelona started with the establishment of a Roman military camp.

Throughout the medieval times, Barcelona had both Islamic and Christian influences until it was finally united with other counties into the Principality of Catalonia.

Due to its coastal position, Barcelona was an important harbor for Mediterranean commerce. However, when the Spanish Empire became prominent in the New World (today's Americas), Barcelona lost its power.

With Industrial Revolution, the city's fortunes started to improve again.

Barcelona has been the capital of the autonomous region of Catalonia since 1931.

In 1992, Barcelona hosted the Summer Olympic Games.

Attractions

Sagrada Familia

This Roman Catholic church is the jewel of Antoni Gaudi's legacy in the city. Although the construction of Sagrada Familia commenced in 1882, the building still remains unfinished. The architect, Gaudi devoted his life to this church, and even so, only a quarter of the project was complete at the time of his death in 1926.

Once finished, the church will be as tall as the tallest mountain in the area, because Guadi believed that no man-made structure should rise above a God's creation. With its tall ceilings and glass windows that produce beautiful natural light, Sagrada Familia's interior offers a once in a life time experience for all visitors.

Park Guell

Modern Barcelona is all about the unique designs of Antoni Gaudi. Park Guell is another of his masterpieces. It is a public park, composed of gardens and dream-like buildings and sculptures.

In Park Guell, tourists can also visit the Gaudi House Museum, which contains some of the furniture he designed. The gardens are unique for their mosaic works, the most famous being the multicolored salamander (lizard-like animal), known as the dragon ( el drac), greeting all of the park's visitors at the main entrance.

Gothic Quarter

Gothic Quarter ( Barri Gotic) is the center of the old city of Barcelona. While the neighborhood includes some of the oldest parts of the city, such as the Roman wall, most of the buildings date back to the past two centuries. As such, it is a beautiful mixture of different layers of history.

The narrow streets of the Gothic Quarter form a labyrinth, intercepted by city squares. With the majority of streets being closed for regular traffic, this neighborhood offers some of the necessary peace and quiet in the city.

Temple of Augustus

For those interested in the older history of Barcelona found in the Gothic Quarter, Temple of Augustus is a must-see. This Roman Temple, built in the 1st century BC, was the central building in Barcino, the Roman name for Barcelona.

Although the temple ceased to exist, its columns remained intact and were later on incorporated into the buildings constructed around them. Their ruins, discovered in the late 19th century, are kept indoors for preservation. Only four columns remain out of the original 24.

Fun facts about Barcelona:

Although Spanish is spoken by nearly everyone in Barcelona, most residents prefer to communicate in the Catalan language.

Out of all the streets in Barcelona, the most famous one is La Rambla. This lively promenade stretches through the Old Town (Ciutat Vella) like a spine. It's packed with tourists, locals, street performers, book stands and flowers.

Camp Nou, home stadium of the Barcelona Football Club (FC) has a capacity of nearly 100,000 people, which makes it the second biggest stadium in the world.

Although they are now one of the main attractions, the beautiful beaches of Barcelona did not exist before 1992 Summer Olympics.

Comprehension Exercises

Vocabulary Questions

1. What does "legacy" mean?

1. left to a person by someone who died

2. government property

2. What does "bustling" mean?

3. What does "intact" mean?

4. What does "promenade" mean?

5. What does "prominent" mean?

1. who can keep promises

2. very noticeable, important

3. guilty of a wrongful act

Collocation Questions

1. The squares ____________ the labyrinth which the narrow streets of the Gothic Quarter form.

2. The columns of the temple were ____________ into the medieval buildings.

3. Seeing Sagrada Familia from the inside is ____________ experience.

4. Sagrada Familia is the ____________ of Gaudi's legacy.

Barcelona has numerous ____________ beaches.

The dragon (el drac) ____________ the visitors at the main entrance.

1. Temple's remaining columns are kept indoors for ____________.

2. Most buildings in the Gothic Quarter ____________ back to the past century.

3. Barcelona is the capital of the ____________ region of Catalonia.

4. La Rambla is ____________ with tourists and street performers.

Wh Questions

1. Who was Antoni Gaudi?

2. Where is the famous mosaic salamander located?

3. What is Camp Nou?

4. How much of Sagrada Familia was finished when Gaudi died?

1. Why was Barcelona important for Mediterranean commerce?

1. Because it was close to Italy.

2. Because it was on the coast.

3. Because it was a very rich city.

Evaluating Statements

1. Based on the information in this lesson, which statement is true?

1. Catalan is one of the official languages in Barcelona, but it is not commonly spoken.

2. Nearly all residents of Barcelona can speak Catalan.

2. Based on the information in this lesson, which statement is false?

1. Most buildings in the Gothic Quarter are from ancient times.

2. Most buildings in the Gothic Quarter are from the 19th and 20th century.

True or False?

1. Based on the information in this lesson, is the following statement true or false?

"Sagrada Familia was only open for public in 2010 when the construction was finished."

2. Based on the information in this lesson, is the following statement true or false?

"Before 1992, Barcelona did not have any famous beaches."

Answer Key

1. A | 2. C | 3. A | 4. B | 5. B | 6. B | 7. C | 8. C | 9. A | 10. A | 11. C | 12. A | 13. B | 14. B | 15. C | 16. B | 17. A | 18. C | 19. C | 20. B |21. B | 22. A | 23. B | 24. A

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Comprehension Text and Exercises: Barcelona, Gaudi's Masterpiece

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Lying on the northeastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea, Barcelona is a fusion of Roman, Gothic and modern architecture. Even though it is smaller than the capital city of Madrid, Barcelona is the main tourist destination in Spain. With its warm weather, sun-drenched beaches and bustling streets, this port city is a perfect gateway into the Mediterranean culture.

# data[].attributes.body
05 Des 2019

Attractions : Sagrada Familia

This Roman Catholic church is the jewel of Antoni Gaudi's legacy in the city. Although the construction of Sagrada Familia commenced in 1882, the building still remains unfinished. The architect, Gaudi devoted his life to this church, and even so, only a quarter of the project was complete at the time of his death in 1926.

Park Guell

Modern Barcelona is all about the unique designs of Antoni Gaudi. Park Guell is another of his masterpieces. It is a public park, composed of gardens and dream-like buildings and sculptures.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Reading Comprehension Text and Exercises

Gaudi's Masterpiece

Lying on the northeastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea, Barcelona is a fusion of Roman, Gothic and modern architecture. Even though it is smaller than the capital city of Madrid, Barcelona is the main tourist destination in Spain. With its warm weather, sun-drenched beaches and bustling streets, this port city is a perfect gateway into the Mediterranean culture.
A Special Sale: 25% Off on All Really Learn English Products

A Brief History of Barcelona

First recorded settlements on the site of Barcelona started with the establishment of a Roman military camp.

Throughout the medieval times, Barcelona had both Islamic and Christian influences until it was finally united with other counties into the Principality of Catalonia.

Due to its coastal position, Barcelona was an important harbor for Mediterranean commerce. However, when the Spanish Empire became prominent in the New World (today's Americas), Barcelona lost its power.

With Industrial Revolution, the city's fortunes started to improve again.

Barcelona has been the capital of the autonomous region of Catalonia since 1931.

In 1992, Barcelona hosted the Summer Olympic Games.

Attractions

Sagrada Familia

This Roman Catholic church is the jewel of Antoni Gaudi's legacy in the city. Although the construction of Sagrada Familia commenced in 1882, the building still remains unfinished. The architect, Gaudi devoted his life to this church, and even so, only a quarter of the project was complete at the time of his death in 1926.

Once finished, the church will be as tall as the tallest mountain in the area, because Guadi believed that no man-made structure should rise above a God's creation. With its tall ceilings and glass windows that produce beautiful natural light, Sagrada Familia's interior offers a once in a life time experience for all visitors.

Park Guell

Modern Barcelona is all about the unique designs of Antoni Gaudi. Park Guell is another of his masterpieces. It is a public park, composed of gardens and dream-like buildings and sculptures.

In Park Guell, tourists can also visit the Gaudi House Museum, which contains some of the furniture he designed. The gardens are unique for their mosaic works, the most famous being the multicolored salamander (lizard-like animal), known as the dragon ( el drac), greeting all of the park's visitors at the main entrance.

Gothic Quarter

Gothic Quarter ( Barri Gotic) is the center of the old city of Barcelona. While the neighborhood includes some of the oldest parts of the city, such as the Roman wall, most of the buildings date back to the past two centuries. As such, it is a beautiful mixture of different layers of history.

The narrow streets of the Gothic Quarter form a labyrinth, intercepted by city squares. With the majority of streets being closed for regular traffic, this neighborhood offers some of the necessary peace and quiet in the city.

Temple of Augustus

For those interested in the older history of Barcelona found in the Gothic Quarter, Temple of Augustus is a must-see. This Roman Temple, built in the 1st century BC, was the central building in Barcino, the Roman name for Barcelona.

Although the temple ceased to exist, its columns remained intact and were later on incorporated into the buildings constructed around them. Their ruins, discovered in the late 19th century, are kept indoors for preservation. Only four columns remain out of the original 24.

Fun facts about Barcelona:

Although Spanish is spoken by nearly everyone in Barcelona, most residents prefer to communicate in the Catalan language.

Out of all the streets in Barcelona, the most famous one is La Rambla. This lively promenade stretches through the Old Town (Ciutat Vella) like a spine. It's packed with tourists, locals, street performers, book stands and flowers.

Camp Nou, home stadium of the Barcelona Football Club (FC) has a capacity of nearly 100,000 people, which makes it the second biggest stadium in the world.

Although they are now one of the main attractions, the beautiful beaches of Barcelona did not exist before 1992 Summer Olympics.

Comprehension Exercises

Vocabulary Questions

1. What does "legacy" mean?

1. left to a person by someone who died

2. government property

2. What does "bustling" mean?

3. What does "intact" mean?

4. What does "promenade" mean?

5. What does "prominent" mean?

1. who can keep promises

2. very noticeable, important

3. guilty of a wrongful act

Collocation Questions

1. The squares ____________ the labyrinth which the narrow streets of the Gothic Quarter form.

2. The columns of the temple were ____________ into the medieval buildings.

3. Seeing Sagrada Familia from the inside is ____________ experience.

4. Sagrada Familia is the ____________ of Gaudi's legacy.

Barcelona has numerous ____________ beaches.

The dragon (el drac) ____________ the visitors at the main entrance.

1. Temple's remaining columns are kept indoors for ____________.

2. Most buildings in the Gothic Quarter ____________ back to the past century.

3. Barcelona is the capital of the ____________ region of Catalonia.

4. La Rambla is ____________ with tourists and street performers.

Wh Questions

1. Who was Antoni Gaudi?

2. Where is the famous mosaic salamander located?

3. What is Camp Nou?

4. How much of Sagrada Familia was finished when Gaudi died?

1. Why was Barcelona important for Mediterranean commerce?

1. Because it was close to Italy.

2. Because it was on the coast.

3. Because it was a very rich city.

Evaluating Statements

1. Based on the information in this lesson, which statement is true?

1. Catalan is one of the official languages in Barcelona, but it is not commonly spoken.

2. Nearly all residents of Barcelona can speak Catalan.

2. Based on the information in this lesson, which statement is false?

1. Most buildings in the Gothic Quarter are from ancient times.

2. Most buildings in the Gothic Quarter are from the 19th and 20th century.

True or False?

1. Based on the information in this lesson, is the following statement true or false?

"Sagrada Familia was only open for public in 2010 when the construction was finished."

2. Based on the information in this lesson, is the following statement true or false?

"Before 1992, Barcelona did not have any famous beaches."

Answer Key

1. A | 2. C | 3. A | 4. B | 5. B | 6. B | 7. C | 8. C | 9. A | 10. A | 11. C | 12. A | 13. B | 14. B | 15. C | 16. B | 17. A | 18. C | 19. C | 20. B |21. B | 22. A | 23. B | 24. A

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Comprehension Text and Exercises: Barcelona, Gaudi's Masterpiece

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Lying on the northeastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea, Barcelona is a fusion of Roman, Gothic and modern architecture. Even though it is smaller than the capital city of Madrid, Barcelona is the main tourist destination in Spain. With its warm weather, sun-drenched beaches and bustling streets, this port city is a perfect gateway into the Mediterranean culture.

# data[].attributes.body
04 Des 2019

Barcelona : Gaudi's Masterpiece

........
Lying on the northeastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea, Barcelona is a fusion of Roman, Gothic and modern architecture. Even though it is smaller than the capital city of Madrid, Barcelona is the main tourist destination in Spain. With its warm weather, sun-drenched beaches and bustling streets, this port city is a perfect gateway into the Mediterranean culture.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Reading Comprehension Text and Exercises

Gaudi's Masterpiece

Lying on the northeastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea, Barcelona is a fusion of Roman, Gothic and modern architecture. Even though it is smaller than the capital city of Madrid, Barcelona is the main tourist destination in Spain. With its warm weather, sun-drenched beaches and bustling streets, this port city is a perfect gateway into the Mediterranean culture.
A Special Sale: 25% Off on All Really Learn English Products

A Brief History of Barcelona

First recorded settlements on the site of Barcelona started with the establishment of a Roman military camp.

Throughout the medieval times, Barcelona had both Islamic and Christian influences until it was finally united with other counties into the Principality of Catalonia.

Due to its coastal position, Barcelona was an important harbor for Mediterranean commerce. However, when the Spanish Empire became prominent in the New World (today's Americas), Barcelona lost its power.

With Industrial Revolution, the city's fortunes started to improve again.

Barcelona has been the capital of the autonomous region of Catalonia since 1931.

In 1992, Barcelona hosted the Summer Olympic Games.

Attractions

Sagrada Familia

This Roman Catholic church is the jewel of Antoni Gaudi's legacy in the city. Although the construction of Sagrada Familia commenced in 1882, the building still remains unfinished. The architect, Gaudi devoted his life to this church, and even so, only a quarter of the project was complete at the time of his death in 1926.

Once finished, the church will be as tall as the tallest mountain in the area, because Guadi believed that no man-made structure should rise above a God's creation. With its tall ceilings and glass windows that produce beautiful natural light, Sagrada Familia's interior offers a once in a life time experience for all visitors.

Park Guell

Modern Barcelona is all about the unique designs of Antoni Gaudi. Park Guell is another of his masterpieces. It is a public park, composed of gardens and dream-like buildings and sculptures.

In Park Guell, tourists can also visit the Gaudi House Museum, which contains some of the furniture he designed. The gardens are unique for their mosaic works, the most famous being the multicolored salamander (lizard-like animal), known as the dragon ( el drac), greeting all of the park's visitors at the main entrance.

Gothic Quarter

Gothic Quarter ( Barri Gotic) is the center of the old city of Barcelona. While the neighborhood includes some of the oldest parts of the city, such as the Roman wall, most of the buildings date back to the past two centuries. As such, it is a beautiful mixture of different layers of history.

The narrow streets of the Gothic Quarter form a labyrinth, intercepted by city squares. With the majority of streets being closed for regular traffic, this neighborhood offers some of the necessary peace and quiet in the city.

Temple of Augustus

For those interested in the older history of Barcelona found in the Gothic Quarter, Temple of Augustus is a must-see. This Roman Temple, built in the 1st century BC, was the central building in Barcino, the Roman name for Barcelona.

Although the temple ceased to exist, its columns remained intact and were later on incorporated into the buildings constructed around them. Their ruins, discovered in the late 19th century, are kept indoors for preservation. Only four columns remain out of the original 24.

Fun facts about Barcelona:

Although Spanish is spoken by nearly everyone in Barcelona, most residents prefer to communicate in the Catalan language.

Out of all the streets in Barcelona, the most famous one is La Rambla. This lively promenade stretches through the Old Town (Ciutat Vella) like a spine. It's packed with tourists, locals, street performers, book stands and flowers.

Camp Nou, home stadium of the Barcelona Football Club (FC) has a capacity of nearly 100,000 people, which makes it the second biggest stadium in the world.

Although they are now one of the main attractions, the beautiful beaches of Barcelona did not exist before 1992 Summer Olympics.

Comprehension Exercises

Vocabulary Questions

1. What does "legacy" mean?

1. left to a person by someone who died

2. government property

2. What does "bustling" mean?

3. What does "intact" mean?

4. What does "promenade" mean?

5. What does "prominent" mean?

1. who can keep promises

2. very noticeable, important

3. guilty of a wrongful act

Collocation Questions

1. The squares ____________ the labyrinth which the narrow streets of the Gothic Quarter form.

2. The columns of the temple were ____________ into the medieval buildings.

3. Seeing Sagrada Familia from the inside is ____________ experience.

4. Sagrada Familia is the ____________ of Gaudi's legacy.

Barcelona has numerous ____________ beaches.

The dragon (el drac) ____________ the visitors at the main entrance.

1. Temple's remaining columns are kept indoors for ____________.

2. Most buildings in the Gothic Quarter ____________ back to the past century.

3. Barcelona is the capital of the ____________ region of Catalonia.

4. La Rambla is ____________ with tourists and street performers.

Wh Questions

1. Who was Antoni Gaudi?

2. Where is the famous mosaic salamander located?

3. What is Camp Nou?

4. How much of Sagrada Familia was finished when Gaudi died?

1. Why was Barcelona important for Mediterranean commerce?

1. Because it was close to Italy.

2. Because it was on the coast.

3. Because it was a very rich city.

Evaluating Statements

1. Based on the information in this lesson, which statement is true?

1. Catalan is one of the official languages in Barcelona, but it is not commonly spoken.

2. Nearly all residents of Barcelona can speak Catalan.

2. Based on the information in this lesson, which statement is false?

1. Most buildings in the Gothic Quarter are from ancient times.

2. Most buildings in the Gothic Quarter are from the 19th and 20th century.

True or False?

1. Based on the information in this lesson, is the following statement true or false?

"Sagrada Familia was only open for public in 2010 when the construction was finished."

2. Based on the information in this lesson, is the following statement true or false?

"Before 1992, Barcelona did not have any famous beaches."

Answer Key

1. A | 2. C | 3. A | 4. B | 5. B | 6. B | 7. C | 8. C | 9. A | 10. A | 11. C | 12. A | 13. B | 14. B | 15. C | 16. B | 17. A | 18. C | 19. C | 20. B |21. B | 22. A | 23. B | 24. A

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Comprehension Text and Exercises: Barcelona, Gaudi's Masterpiece

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Lying on the northeastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea, Barcelona is a fusion of Roman, Gothic and modern architecture. Even though it is smaller than the capital city of Madrid, Barcelona is the main tourist destination in Spain. With its warm weather, sun-drenched beaches and bustling streets, this port city is a perfect gateway into the Mediterranean culture.

# data[].attributes.body
03 Des 2019

Peter and Paul Fortress

Peter and Paul Fortress was the first structure built in Peter the Great's new town of Saint Petersburg. Located on the Hare Island on the north bank of the Neva River, this fortress had the purpose of protecting the city from any potential attacks by the Swedish forces.

An Authentic Saint Petersburg Dish

All over Saint Petersburg, you can see vendors pushing carts filled with homemade baked goods as well as small bakery trucks located just outside the Hermitage Museum. What they sell are piroshki, baked or fried buns stuffed with savory fillings such as cabbage or meat, or made sweet with added jam. Piroshki are a perfect snack to have after hours of sightseeing around Piter.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Reading Comprehension Text and Exercises

The Capital of Imperial Russia

Saint Petersburg is Russia's pearl on the Baltic Sea. This magnificent city lies on the Neva River in continental Europe. It carries layers of Russian and European history, having been at the frontline of many important wars and battles in the past several centuries.
A Special Sale: 25% Off on All Really Learn English Products

Etymology

The name Saint Petersburg refers to Saint Peter, one of the early teachers of Christianity, and Peter the Great, a former ruler of Russia. When World War I started in 1914, the city was renamed Petrograd (meaning "Peter's City").

Five days after Vladimir Lenin, the first non-imperial leader of Russia died in 1924, the city was called Leningrad (meaning "Lenin's City). In 1991, when the Soviet Union collapsed, the city again adopted its old name Saint Petersburg.

A Brief History of Saint Petersburg

The origin of Saint Petersburg was the fortress of Nyenskans built by Swedish colonists in 1611.

In 1703, Peter the Great, who ruled Russia at the time, captured Nyenskans. He built a new fortress called the Peter and Paul Fortress and had peasants from all over the country built a new city around it.

The city, called Saint Petersburg, became the seat of the royal family and retained that function until the Russian revolution of 1917.

After the Russian revolution, monarchy ended, and a communist rule (a system which abolishes social classes) was in place. The city of Moscow became the capital.

Today, Saint Petersburg is the second-largest city in Russia and its cultural capital, famous for its opera and ballet. Many Russians refer to this grand city simply as "Piter."

One of the largest and most visited museums in the world, the Hermitage, is housed in the palace the Russian royal family used as their winter residence. It was established in 1764 by Catherine the Great, a Russian Empress who owned an extraordinarily large collection of paintings.

At the moment, there are more than three million items which belong to the Hermitage; however, only a small part of them is on permanent display. Visitors can enjoy a wide range of artifacts from all periods of history, from Egyptian antiquities and prehistoric art to famous paintings by 19th-century artists such as Van Gogh and Degas.

This large complex consists of six buildings, five of which are open to the public. This is very different from how things were in the past. The museum was initially very exclusive which means only very few people were allowed to visit it. This is why the museum was given the name Hermitage which derives from Old French hermit, meaning "a person who lives alone."

Kazan Cathedral

Orthodox Christianity presents an important part of Russian identity, so there is a high number of churches all over Saint Petersburg. The most visited is the Kazan Cathedral, dedicated to Our Lady of Kazan, a very holy icon for the Russian Orthodox Church.

The construction of this church was completed in 1811. It was modeled on Saint Peter's Basilica in Rome, the largest cathedral in the world. The interior of the church is decorated with many icons and sculptures made by famous Russian artists.

The cathedral is also admired for its huge bronze doors which are a copy of the doors found in the Baptistery, an 11th-century church in Florence, Italy. The history of this cathedral is fascinating because the building did not serve for religious purposes for 60 years.

Under the communist rule, the church was closed down in 1932 and reopened as the Museum of the History of Religion and Atheism. The service only resumed in 1992, and since then the Kazan Cathedral has become the main cathedral in Saint Petersburg.

Alexander Nevsky Monastery

One of the earliest buildings in Saint Petersburg is the Saint Alexander Nevsky Monastery. Founded in 1710 by Peter the Great, this monastery was built on the site of the Neva Battle which took place in 1240. In this battle, a famous warrior and Prince Alexander Nevsky defeated Swedish forces.

The complex contains three churches of different architectural styles built in different periods in the 18th century. By the monastery, you can also find the Tikhvin Cemetery. This place is famous because many figures important for Russian history and culture, such as the author Fyodor Dostoevsky and the composer Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky, were buried there.

At the Alexander Nevsky Square right by the monastery, visitors can buy bread which the monks living in the monastery bake to support themselves.

Peter and Paul Fortress

Peter and Paul Fortress was the first structure built in Peter the Great's new town of Saint Petersburg. Located on the Hare Island on the north bank of the Neva River, this fortress had the purpose of protecting the city from any potential attacks by the Swedish forces.

However, the fortress did not serve for military purposes at all, but it was instead turned into a prison for political prisoners used by different governments. Under the Imperial rule, those who were suspected revolutionaries were put in the fortress.

After the Russian Revolution, hundreds of Emperor's officials were kept imprisoned. Today, visitors can see the Peter and Paul Cathedral which is where nearly all Russian tsars were buried. The fortress is also the site of several sandy beaches where the residents of Saint Petersburg like to relax in the summer.

An Authentic Saint Petersburg Dish

All over Saint Petersburg, you can see vendors pushing carts filled with homemade baked goods as well as small bakery trucks located just outside the Hermitage Museum. What they sell are piroshki, baked or fried buns stuffed with savory fillings such as cabbage or meat, or made sweet with added jam. Piroshki are a perfect snack to have after hours of sightseeing around Piter.

Comprehension Exercises

Vocabulary Questions

1. What does "at the frontline" mean?

2. What does "retain" mean?

3. What does "peasant" mean?

4. What does "savory" mean?

5. What does "atheism" mean?

1. lack of belief in any god or religion

2. a branch of Christianity

3. the royal way of doing things

Collocation Questions

1. ___________ prisoners were kept in the Peter and Paul Fortress.

2. In the Kazan Cathedral, religious service ___________ in 1992.

3. By the Hermitage museum, street vendors ___________ their carts with baked goods.

4. Piroski can be stuffed with many different ___________.

Admirers of ___________ art will enjoy the Hermitage.

Our Lady of Kazan is a ___________ icon for the Russian Orthodox Church.

1. In 1917, a communist rule was ___________ place.

2. Catherine the Great had an impressive ___________ of paintings.

3. It would be impossible to have all three million items on permanent ___________.

4. The Kazan Cathedral closed ___________ in 1932.

Wh Questions

1. What was Saint Petersburg's name in 1915?

2. Why is the Hermitage museum named after "hermits?"

3. Where were most Russian tsars buried?

4. Who sells piroski?

Evaluating Statements

1. Based on the information in this lesson, which statement is true?

1. Petrograd was renamed after Lenin's death.

2. Lenin renamed Petrograd in 1923.

2. Based on the information in this lesson, which statement is false?

1. Alexander Nevsky was Peter the Great's son.

2. Peter the Great built a monastery and named it after Alexander Nevsky

True or False?

1. Based on the information in this lesson, is the following statement true or false?

"Saint Petersburg is the capital of culture because of the amazing opera and ballet in the city."

2. Based on the information in this lesson, is the following statement true or false?

"Fyodor Dostoyevsky was buried in the Peter and Paul Cathedral."

Answer Key

1. B | 2. C | 3. C | 4. A | 5. A | 6. B | 7. A | 8. B | 9. C | 10. A | 11.B | 12. A | 13. B | 14. C | 15. C | 16. C | 17. C | 18. B | 19. A | 20. B |21. A | 22. A | 23. A | 24. B

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Comprehension Text and Exercises: Saint Petersburg, the Capital of Imperial Russia

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
English Reading Comprehension Text and Exercises for English Learners and School Students. This reading text is about: Saint Petersburg, the Capital of Imperial Russia. Exercises include a reading passage, vocabulary questions, collocation questions, WH Questions, evaluating statements, and true or false questions.

# data[].attributes.body
02 Des 2019

Alexander Nevsky Monastery
........

One of the earliest buildings in Saint Petersburg is the Saint Alexander Nevsky Monastery. Founded in 1710 by Peter the Great, this monastery was built on the site of the Neva Battle which took place in 1240. In this battle, a famous warrior and Prince Alexander Nevsky defeated Swedish forces.

Peter and Paul Fortress

Peter and Paul Fortress was the first structure built in Peter the Great's new town of Saint Petersburg. Located on the Hare Island on the north bank of the Neva River, this fortress had the purpose of protecting the city from any potential attacks by the Swedish forces.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Reading Comprehension Text and Exercises

The Capital of Imperial Russia

Saint Petersburg is Russia's pearl on the Baltic Sea. This magnificent city lies on the Neva River in continental Europe. It carries layers of Russian and European history, having been at the frontline of many important wars and battles in the past several centuries.
A Special Sale: 25% Off on All Really Learn English Products

Etymology

The name Saint Petersburg refers to Saint Peter, one of the early teachers of Christianity, and Peter the Great, a former ruler of Russia. When World War I started in 1914, the city was renamed Petrograd (meaning "Peter's City").

Five days after Vladimir Lenin, the first non-imperial leader of Russia died in 1924, the city was called Leningrad (meaning "Lenin's City). In 1991, when the Soviet Union collapsed, the city again adopted its old name Saint Petersburg.

A Brief History of Saint Petersburg

The origin of Saint Petersburg was the fortress of Nyenskans built by Swedish colonists in 1611.

In 1703, Peter the Great, who ruled Russia at the time, captured Nyenskans. He built a new fortress called the Peter and Paul Fortress and had peasants from all over the country built a new city around it.

The city, called Saint Petersburg, became the seat of the royal family and retained that function until the Russian revolution of 1917.

After the Russian revolution, monarchy ended, and a communist rule (a system which abolishes social classes) was in place. The city of Moscow became the capital.

Today, Saint Petersburg is the second-largest city in Russia and its cultural capital, famous for its opera and ballet. Many Russians refer to this grand city simply as "Piter."

One of the largest and most visited museums in the world, the Hermitage, is housed in the palace the Russian royal family used as their winter residence. It was established in 1764 by Catherine the Great, a Russian Empress who owned an extraordinarily large collection of paintings.

At the moment, there are more than three million items which belong to the Hermitage; however, only a small part of them is on permanent display. Visitors can enjoy a wide range of artifacts from all periods of history, from Egyptian antiquities and prehistoric art to famous paintings by 19th-century artists such as Van Gogh and Degas.

This large complex consists of six buildings, five of which are open to the public. This is very different from how things were in the past. The museum was initially very exclusive which means only very few people were allowed to visit it. This is why the museum was given the name Hermitage which derives from Old French hermit, meaning "a person who lives alone."

Kazan Cathedral

Orthodox Christianity presents an important part of Russian identity, so there is a high number of churches all over Saint Petersburg. The most visited is the Kazan Cathedral, dedicated to Our Lady of Kazan, a very holy icon for the Russian Orthodox Church.

The construction of this church was completed in 1811. It was modeled on Saint Peter's Basilica in Rome, the largest cathedral in the world. The interior of the church is decorated with many icons and sculptures made by famous Russian artists.

The cathedral is also admired for its huge bronze doors which are a copy of the doors found in the Baptistery, an 11th-century church in Florence, Italy. The history of this cathedral is fascinating because the building did not serve for religious purposes for 60 years.

Under the communist rule, the church was closed down in 1932 and reopened as the Museum of the History of Religion and Atheism. The service only resumed in 1992, and since then the Kazan Cathedral has become the main cathedral in Saint Petersburg.

Alexander Nevsky Monastery

One of the earliest buildings in Saint Petersburg is the Saint Alexander Nevsky Monastery. Founded in 1710 by Peter the Great, this monastery was built on the site of the Neva Battle which took place in 1240. In this battle, a famous warrior and Prince Alexander Nevsky defeated Swedish forces.

The complex contains three churches of different architectural styles built in different periods in the 18th century. By the monastery, you can also find the Tikhvin Cemetery. This place is famous because many figures important for Russian history and culture, such as the author Fyodor Dostoevsky and the composer Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky, were buried there.

At the Alexander Nevsky Square right by the monastery, visitors can buy bread which the monks living in the monastery bake to support themselves.

Peter and Paul Fortress

Peter and Paul Fortress was the first structure built in Peter the Great's new town of Saint Petersburg. Located on the Hare Island on the north bank of the Neva River, this fortress had the purpose of protecting the city from any potential attacks by the Swedish forces.

However, the fortress did not serve for military purposes at all, but it was instead turned into a prison for political prisoners used by different governments. Under the Imperial rule, those who were suspected revolutionaries were put in the fortress.

After the Russian Revolution, hundreds of Emperor's officials were kept imprisoned. Today, visitors can see the Peter and Paul Cathedral which is where nearly all Russian tsars were buried. The fortress is also the site of several sandy beaches where the residents of Saint Petersburg like to relax in the summer.

An Authentic Saint Petersburg Dish

All over Saint Petersburg, you can see vendors pushing carts filled with homemade baked goods as well as small bakery trucks located just outside the Hermitage Museum. What they sell are piroshki, baked or fried buns stuffed with savory fillings such as cabbage or meat, or made sweet with added jam. Piroshki are a perfect snack to have after hours of sightseeing around Piter.

Comprehension Exercises

Vocabulary Questions

1. What does "at the frontline" mean?

2. What does "retain" mean?

3. What does "peasant" mean?

4. What does "savory" mean?

5. What does "atheism" mean?

1. lack of belief in any god or religion

2. a branch of Christianity

3. the royal way of doing things

Collocation Questions

1. ___________ prisoners were kept in the Peter and Paul Fortress.

2. In the Kazan Cathedral, religious service ___________ in 1992.

3. By the Hermitage museum, street vendors ___________ their carts with baked goods.

4. Piroski can be stuffed with many different ___________.

Admirers of ___________ art will enjoy the Hermitage.

Our Lady of Kazan is a ___________ icon for the Russian Orthodox Church.

1. In 1917, a communist rule was ___________ place.

2. Catherine the Great had an impressive ___________ of paintings.

3. It would be impossible to have all three million items on permanent ___________.

4. The Kazan Cathedral closed ___________ in 1932.

Wh Questions

1. What was Saint Petersburg's name in 1915?

2. Why is the Hermitage museum named after "hermits?"

3. Where were most Russian tsars buried?

4. Who sells piroski?

Evaluating Statements

1. Based on the information in this lesson, which statement is true?

1. Petrograd was renamed after Lenin's death.

2. Lenin renamed Petrograd in 1923.

2. Based on the information in this lesson, which statement is false?

1. Alexander Nevsky was Peter the Great's son.

2. Peter the Great built a monastery and named it after Alexander Nevsky

True or False?

1. Based on the information in this lesson, is the following statement true or false?

"Saint Petersburg is the capital of culture because of the amazing opera and ballet in the city."

2. Based on the information in this lesson, is the following statement true or false?

"Fyodor Dostoyevsky was buried in the Peter and Paul Cathedral."

Answer Key

1. B | 2. C | 3. C | 4. A | 5. A | 6. B | 7. A | 8. B | 9. C | 10. A | 11.B | 12. A | 13. B | 14. C | 15. C | 16. C | 17. C | 18. B | 19. A | 20. B |21. A | 22. A | 23. A | 24. B

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Comprehension Text and Exercises: Saint Petersburg, the Capital of Imperial Russia

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
English Reading Comprehension Text and Exercises for English Learners and School Students. This reading text is about: Saint Petersburg, the Capital of Imperial Russia. Exercises include a reading passage, vocabulary questions, collocation questions, WH Questions, evaluating statements, and true or false questions.

# data[].attributes.body
01 Des 2019

Hermitage Museum
.......
One of the largest and most visited museums in the world, the Hermitage, is housed in the palace the Russian royal family used as their winter residence. It was established in 1764 by Catherine the Great, a Russian Empress who owned an extraordinarily large collection of paintings.

At the moment, there are more than three million items which belong to the Hermitage; however, only a small part of them is on permanent display. Visitors can enjoy a wide range of artifacts from all periods of history, from Egyptian antiquities and prehistoric art to famous paintings by 19th-century artists such as Van Gogh and Degas.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Reading Comprehension Text and Exercises

The Capital of Imperial Russia

Saint Petersburg is Russia's pearl on the Baltic Sea. This magnificent city lies on the Neva River in continental Europe. It carries layers of Russian and European history, having been at the frontline of many important wars and battles in the past several centuries.
A Special Sale: 25% Off on All Really Learn English Products

Etymology

The name Saint Petersburg refers to Saint Peter, one of the early teachers of Christianity, and Peter the Great, a former ruler of Russia. When World War I started in 1914, the city was renamed Petrograd (meaning "Peter's City").

Five days after Vladimir Lenin, the first non-imperial leader of Russia died in 1924, the city was called Leningrad (meaning "Lenin's City). In 1991, when the Soviet Union collapsed, the city again adopted its old name Saint Petersburg.

A Brief History of Saint Petersburg

The origin of Saint Petersburg was the fortress of Nyenskans built by Swedish colonists in 1611.

In 1703, Peter the Great, who ruled Russia at the time, captured Nyenskans. He built a new fortress called the Peter and Paul Fortress and had peasants from all over the country built a new city around it.

The city, called Saint Petersburg, became the seat of the royal family and retained that function until the Russian revolution of 1917.

After the Russian revolution, monarchy ended, and a communist rule (a system which abolishes social classes) was in place. The city of Moscow became the capital.

Today, Saint Petersburg is the second-largest city in Russia and its cultural capital, famous for its opera and ballet. Many Russians refer to this grand city simply as "Piter."

One of the largest and most visited museums in the world, the Hermitage, is housed in the palace the Russian royal family used as their winter residence. It was established in 1764 by Catherine the Great, a Russian Empress who owned an extraordinarily large collection of paintings.

At the moment, there are more than three million items which belong to the Hermitage; however, only a small part of them is on permanent display. Visitors can enjoy a wide range of artifacts from all periods of history, from Egyptian antiquities and prehistoric art to famous paintings by 19th-century artists such as Van Gogh and Degas.

This large complex consists of six buildings, five of which are open to the public. This is very different from how things were in the past. The museum was initially very exclusive which means only very few people were allowed to visit it. This is why the museum was given the name Hermitage which derives from Old French hermit, meaning "a person who lives alone."

Kazan Cathedral

Orthodox Christianity presents an important part of Russian identity, so there is a high number of churches all over Saint Petersburg. The most visited is the Kazan Cathedral, dedicated to Our Lady of Kazan, a very holy icon for the Russian Orthodox Church.

The construction of this church was completed in 1811. It was modeled on Saint Peter's Basilica in Rome, the largest cathedral in the world. The interior of the church is decorated with many icons and sculptures made by famous Russian artists.

The cathedral is also admired for its huge bronze doors which are a copy of the doors found in the Baptistery, an 11th-century church in Florence, Italy. The history of this cathedral is fascinating because the building did not serve for religious purposes for 60 years.

Under the communist rule, the church was closed down in 1932 and reopened as the Museum of the History of Religion and Atheism. The service only resumed in 1992, and since then the Kazan Cathedral has become the main cathedral in Saint Petersburg.

Alexander Nevsky Monastery

One of the earliest buildings in Saint Petersburg is the Saint Alexander Nevsky Monastery. Founded in 1710 by Peter the Great, this monastery was built on the site of the Neva Battle which took place in 1240. In this battle, a famous warrior and Prince Alexander Nevsky defeated Swedish forces.

The complex contains three churches of different architectural styles built in different periods in the 18th century. By the monastery, you can also find the Tikhvin Cemetery. This place is famous because many figures important for Russian history and culture, such as the author Fyodor Dostoevsky and the composer Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky, were buried there.

At the Alexander Nevsky Square right by the monastery, visitors can buy bread which the monks living in the monastery bake to support themselves.

Peter and Paul Fortress

Peter and Paul Fortress was the first structure built in Peter the Great's new town of Saint Petersburg. Located on the Hare Island on the north bank of the Neva River, this fortress had the purpose of protecting the city from any potential attacks by the Swedish forces.

However, the fortress did not serve for military purposes at all, but it was instead turned into a prison for political prisoners used by different governments. Under the Imperial rule, those who were suspected revolutionaries were put in the fortress.

After the Russian Revolution, hundreds of Emperor's officials were kept imprisoned. Today, visitors can see the Peter and Paul Cathedral which is where nearly all Russian tsars were buried. The fortress is also the site of several sandy beaches where the residents of Saint Petersburg like to relax in the summer.

An Authentic Saint Petersburg Dish

All over Saint Petersburg, you can see vendors pushing carts filled with homemade baked goods as well as small bakery trucks located just outside the Hermitage Museum. What they sell are piroshki, baked or fried buns stuffed with savory fillings such as cabbage or meat, or made sweet with added jam. Piroshki are a perfect snack to have after hours of sightseeing around Piter.

Comprehension Exercises

Vocabulary Questions

1. What does "at the frontline" mean?

2. What does "retain" mean?

3. What does "peasant" mean?

4. What does "savory" mean?

5. What does "atheism" mean?

1. lack of belief in any god or religion

2. a branch of Christianity

3. the royal way of doing things

Collocation Questions

1. ___________ prisoners were kept in the Peter and Paul Fortress.

2. In the Kazan Cathedral, religious service ___________ in 1992.

3. By the Hermitage museum, street vendors ___________ their carts with baked goods.

4. Piroski can be stuffed with many different ___________.

Admirers of ___________ art will enjoy the Hermitage.

Our Lady of Kazan is a ___________ icon for the Russian Orthodox Church.

1. In 1917, a communist rule was ___________ place.

2. Catherine the Great had an impressive ___________ of paintings.

3. It would be impossible to have all three million items on permanent ___________.

4. The Kazan Cathedral closed ___________ in 1932.

Wh Questions

1. What was Saint Petersburg's name in 1915?

2. Why is the Hermitage museum named after "hermits?"

3. Where were most Russian tsars buried?

4. Who sells piroski?

Evaluating Statements

1. Based on the information in this lesson, which statement is true?

1. Petrograd was renamed after Lenin's death.

2. Lenin renamed Petrograd in 1923.

2. Based on the information in this lesson, which statement is false?

1. Alexander Nevsky was Peter the Great's son.

2. Peter the Great built a monastery and named it after Alexander Nevsky

True or False?

1. Based on the information in this lesson, is the following statement true or false?

"Saint Petersburg is the capital of culture because of the amazing opera and ballet in the city."

2. Based on the information in this lesson, is the following statement true or false?

"Fyodor Dostoyevsky was buried in the Peter and Paul Cathedral."

Answer Key

1. B | 2. C | 3. C | 4. A | 5. A | 6. B | 7. A | 8. B | 9. C | 10. A | 11.B | 12. A | 13. B | 14. C | 15. C | 16. C | 17. C | 18. B | 19. A | 20. B |21. A | 22. A | 23. A | 24. B

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Comprehension Text and Exercises: Saint Petersburg, the Capital of Imperial Russia

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
English Reading Comprehension Text and Exercises for English Learners and School Students. This reading text is about: Saint Petersburg, the Capital of Imperial Russia. Exercises include a reading passage, vocabulary questions, collocation questions, WH Questions, evaluating statements, and true or false questions.

# data[].attributes.body
30 Nov 2019

A Brief History of Saint Petersburg
......
the fortress of Nyenskans built by Swedish colonists in 1611.

In 1703, Peter the Great, who ruled Russia at the time, captured Nyenskans.

The city, called Saint Petersburg, became the seat of the royal family and retained that function until the Russian revolution of 1917.

After the Russian revolution, monarchy ended, and a communist rule (a system which abolishes social classes) was in place. The city of Moscow became the capital.

Today, Saint Petersburg is the second-largest city in Russia and its cultural capital, famous for its opera and ballet. Many Russians refer to this grand city simply as "Piter."

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Reading Comprehension Text and Exercises

The Capital of Imperial Russia

Saint Petersburg is Russia's pearl on the Baltic Sea. This magnificent city lies on the Neva River in continental Europe. It carries layers of Russian and European history, having been at the frontline of many important wars and battles in the past several centuries.
A Special Sale: 25% Off on All Really Learn English Products

Etymology

The name Saint Petersburg refers to Saint Peter, one of the early teachers of Christianity, and Peter the Great, a former ruler of Russia. When World War I started in 1914, the city was renamed Petrograd (meaning "Peter's City").

Five days after Vladimir Lenin, the first non-imperial leader of Russia died in 1924, the city was called Leningrad (meaning "Lenin's City). In 1991, when the Soviet Union collapsed, the city again adopted its old name Saint Petersburg.

A Brief History of Saint Petersburg

The origin of Saint Petersburg was the fortress of Nyenskans built by Swedish colonists in 1611.

In 1703, Peter the Great, who ruled Russia at the time, captured Nyenskans. He built a new fortress called the Peter and Paul Fortress and had peasants from all over the country built a new city around it.

The city, called Saint Petersburg, became the seat of the royal family and retained that function until the Russian revolution of 1917.

After the Russian revolution, monarchy ended, and a communist rule (a system which abolishes social classes) was in place. The city of Moscow became the capital.

Today, Saint Petersburg is the second-largest city in Russia and its cultural capital, famous for its opera and ballet. Many Russians refer to this grand city simply as "Piter."

One of the largest and most visited museums in the world, the Hermitage, is housed in the palace the Russian royal family used as their winter residence. It was established in 1764 by Catherine the Great, a Russian Empress who owned an extraordinarily large collection of paintings.

At the moment, there are more than three million items which belong to the Hermitage; however, only a small part of them is on permanent display. Visitors can enjoy a wide range of artifacts from all periods of history, from Egyptian antiquities and prehistoric art to famous paintings by 19th-century artists such as Van Gogh and Degas.

This large complex consists of six buildings, five of which are open to the public. This is very different from how things were in the past. The museum was initially very exclusive which means only very few people were allowed to visit it. This is why the museum was given the name Hermitage which derives from Old French hermit, meaning "a person who lives alone."

Kazan Cathedral

Orthodox Christianity presents an important part of Russian identity, so there is a high number of churches all over Saint Petersburg. The most visited is the Kazan Cathedral, dedicated to Our Lady of Kazan, a very holy icon for the Russian Orthodox Church.

The construction of this church was completed in 1811. It was modeled on Saint Peter's Basilica in Rome, the largest cathedral in the world. The interior of the church is decorated with many icons and sculptures made by famous Russian artists.

The cathedral is also admired for its huge bronze doors which are a copy of the doors found in the Baptistery, an 11th-century church in Florence, Italy. The history of this cathedral is fascinating because the building did not serve for religious purposes for 60 years.

Under the communist rule, the church was closed down in 1932 and reopened as the Museum of the History of Religion and Atheism. The service only resumed in 1992, and since then the Kazan Cathedral has become the main cathedral in Saint Petersburg.

Alexander Nevsky Monastery

One of the earliest buildings in Saint Petersburg is the Saint Alexander Nevsky Monastery. Founded in 1710 by Peter the Great, this monastery was built on the site of the Neva Battle which took place in 1240. In this battle, a famous warrior and Prince Alexander Nevsky defeated Swedish forces.

The complex contains three churches of different architectural styles built in different periods in the 18th century. By the monastery, you can also find the Tikhvin Cemetery. This place is famous because many figures important for Russian history and culture, such as the author Fyodor Dostoevsky and the composer Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky, were buried there.

At the Alexander Nevsky Square right by the monastery, visitors can buy bread which the monks living in the monastery bake to support themselves.

Peter and Paul Fortress

Peter and Paul Fortress was the first structure built in Peter the Great's new town of Saint Petersburg. Located on the Hare Island on the north bank of the Neva River, this fortress had the purpose of protecting the city from any potential attacks by the Swedish forces.

However, the fortress did not serve for military purposes at all, but it was instead turned into a prison for political prisoners used by different governments. Under the Imperial rule, those who were suspected revolutionaries were put in the fortress.

After the Russian Revolution, hundreds of Emperor's officials were kept imprisoned. Today, visitors can see the Peter and Paul Cathedral which is where nearly all Russian tsars were buried. The fortress is also the site of several sandy beaches where the residents of Saint Petersburg like to relax in the summer.

An Authentic Saint Petersburg Dish

All over Saint Petersburg, you can see vendors pushing carts filled with homemade baked goods as well as small bakery trucks located just outside the Hermitage Museum. What they sell are piroshki, baked or fried buns stuffed with savory fillings such as cabbage or meat, or made sweet with added jam. Piroshki are a perfect snack to have after hours of sightseeing around Piter.

Comprehension Exercises

Vocabulary Questions

1. What does "at the frontline" mean?

2. What does "retain" mean?

3. What does "peasant" mean?

4. What does "savory" mean?

5. What does "atheism" mean?

1. lack of belief in any god or religion

2. a branch of Christianity

3. the royal way of doing things

Collocation Questions

1. ___________ prisoners were kept in the Peter and Paul Fortress.

2. In the Kazan Cathedral, religious service ___________ in 1992.

3. By the Hermitage museum, street vendors ___________ their carts with baked goods.

4. Piroski can be stuffed with many different ___________.

Admirers of ___________ art will enjoy the Hermitage.

Our Lady of Kazan is a ___________ icon for the Russian Orthodox Church.

1. In 1917, a communist rule was ___________ place.

2. Catherine the Great had an impressive ___________ of paintings.

3. It would be impossible to have all three million items on permanent ___________.

4. The Kazan Cathedral closed ___________ in 1932.

Wh Questions

1. What was Saint Petersburg's name in 1915?

2. Why is the Hermitage museum named after "hermits?"

3. Where were most Russian tsars buried?

4. Who sells piroski?

Evaluating Statements

1. Based on the information in this lesson, which statement is true?

1. Petrograd was renamed after Lenin's death.

2. Lenin renamed Petrograd in 1923.

2. Based on the information in this lesson, which statement is false?

1. Alexander Nevsky was Peter the Great's son.

2. Peter the Great built a monastery and named it after Alexander Nevsky

True or False?

1. Based on the information in this lesson, is the following statement true or false?

"Saint Petersburg is the capital of culture because of the amazing opera and ballet in the city."

2. Based on the information in this lesson, is the following statement true or false?

"Fyodor Dostoyevsky was buried in the Peter and Paul Cathedral."

Answer Key

1. B | 2. C | 3. C | 4. A | 5. A | 6. B | 7. A | 8. B | 9. C | 10. A | 11.B | 12. A | 13. B | 14. C | 15. C | 16. C | 17. C | 18. B | 19. A | 20. B |21. A | 22. A | 23. A | 24. B

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Comprehension Text and Exercises: Saint Petersburg, the Capital of Imperial Russia

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
English Reading Comprehension Text and Exercises for English Learners and School Students. This reading text is about: Saint Petersburg, the Capital of Imperial Russia. Exercises include a reading passage, vocabulary questions, collocation questions, WH Questions, evaluating statements, and true or false questions.

# data[].attributes.body
29 Nov 2019

Saint Petersburg : The Capital of Imperial Russia

.......

Saint Petersburg is Russia's pearl on the Baltic Sea. This magnificent city lies on the Neva River in continental Europe. It carries layers of Russian and European history, having been at the frontline of many important wars and battles in the past several centuries.

.......
The name Saint Petersburg refers to Saint Peter, one of the early teachers of Christianity, and Peter the Great, a former ruler of Russia. When World War I started in 1914, the city was renamed Petrograd (meaning "Peter's City").

Five days after Vladimir Lenin, the first non-imperial leader of Russia died in 1924, the city was called Leningrad (meaning "Lenin's City). In 1991, when the Soviet Union collapsed, the city again adopted its old name Saint Petersburg.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Reading Comprehension Text and Exercises

The Capital of Imperial Russia

Saint Petersburg is Russia's pearl on the Baltic Sea. This magnificent city lies on the Neva River in continental Europe. It carries layers of Russian and European history, having been at the frontline of many important wars and battles in the past several centuries.
A Special Sale: 25% Off on All Really Learn English Products

Etymology

The name Saint Petersburg refers to Saint Peter, one of the early teachers of Christianity, and Peter the Great, a former ruler of Russia. When World War I started in 1914, the city was renamed Petrograd (meaning "Peter's City").

Five days after Vladimir Lenin, the first non-imperial leader of Russia died in 1924, the city was called Leningrad (meaning "Lenin's City). In 1991, when the Soviet Union collapsed, the city again adopted its old name Saint Petersburg.

A Brief History of Saint Petersburg

The origin of Saint Petersburg was the fortress of Nyenskans built by Swedish colonists in 1611.

In 1703, Peter the Great, who ruled Russia at the time, captured Nyenskans. He built a new fortress called the Peter and Paul Fortress and had peasants from all over the country built a new city around it.

The city, called Saint Petersburg, became the seat of the royal family and retained that function until the Russian revolution of 1917.

After the Russian revolution, monarchy ended, and a communist rule (a system which abolishes social classes) was in place. The city of Moscow became the capital.

Today, Saint Petersburg is the second-largest city in Russia and its cultural capital, famous for its opera and ballet. Many Russians refer to this grand city simply as "Piter."

One of the largest and most visited museums in the world, the Hermitage, is housed in the palace the Russian royal family used as their winter residence. It was established in 1764 by Catherine the Great, a Russian Empress who owned an extraordinarily large collection of paintings.

At the moment, there are more than three million items which belong to the Hermitage; however, only a small part of them is on permanent display. Visitors can enjoy a wide range of artifacts from all periods of history, from Egyptian antiquities and prehistoric art to famous paintings by 19th-century artists such as Van Gogh and Degas.

This large complex consists of six buildings, five of which are open to the public. This is very different from how things were in the past. The museum was initially very exclusive which means only very few people were allowed to visit it. This is why the museum was given the name Hermitage which derives from Old French hermit, meaning "a person who lives alone."

Kazan Cathedral

Orthodox Christianity presents an important part of Russian identity, so there is a high number of churches all over Saint Petersburg. The most visited is the Kazan Cathedral, dedicated to Our Lady of Kazan, a very holy icon for the Russian Orthodox Church.

The construction of this church was completed in 1811. It was modeled on Saint Peter's Basilica in Rome, the largest cathedral in the world. The interior of the church is decorated with many icons and sculptures made by famous Russian artists.

The cathedral is also admired for its huge bronze doors which are a copy of the doors found in the Baptistery, an 11th-century church in Florence, Italy. The history of this cathedral is fascinating because the building did not serve for religious purposes for 60 years.

Under the communist rule, the church was closed down in 1932 and reopened as the Museum of the History of Religion and Atheism. The service only resumed in 1992, and since then the Kazan Cathedral has become the main cathedral in Saint Petersburg.

Alexander Nevsky Monastery

One of the earliest buildings in Saint Petersburg is the Saint Alexander Nevsky Monastery. Founded in 1710 by Peter the Great, this monastery was built on the site of the Neva Battle which took place in 1240. In this battle, a famous warrior and Prince Alexander Nevsky defeated Swedish forces.

The complex contains three churches of different architectural styles built in different periods in the 18th century. By the monastery, you can also find the Tikhvin Cemetery. This place is famous because many figures important for Russian history and culture, such as the author Fyodor Dostoevsky and the composer Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky, were buried there.

At the Alexander Nevsky Square right by the monastery, visitors can buy bread which the monks living in the monastery bake to support themselves.

Peter and Paul Fortress

Peter and Paul Fortress was the first structure built in Peter the Great's new town of Saint Petersburg. Located on the Hare Island on the north bank of the Neva River, this fortress had the purpose of protecting the city from any potential attacks by the Swedish forces.

However, the fortress did not serve for military purposes at all, but it was instead turned into a prison for political prisoners used by different governments. Under the Imperial rule, those who were suspected revolutionaries were put in the fortress.

After the Russian Revolution, hundreds of Emperor's officials were kept imprisoned. Today, visitors can see the Peter and Paul Cathedral which is where nearly all Russian tsars were buried. The fortress is also the site of several sandy beaches where the residents of Saint Petersburg like to relax in the summer.

An Authentic Saint Petersburg Dish

All over Saint Petersburg, you can see vendors pushing carts filled with homemade baked goods as well as small bakery trucks located just outside the Hermitage Museum. What they sell are piroshki, baked or fried buns stuffed with savory fillings such as cabbage or meat, or made sweet with added jam. Piroshki are a perfect snack to have after hours of sightseeing around Piter.

Comprehension Exercises

Vocabulary Questions

1. What does "at the frontline" mean?

2. What does "retain" mean?

3. What does "peasant" mean?

4. What does "savory" mean?

5. What does "atheism" mean?

1. lack of belief in any god or religion

2. a branch of Christianity

3. the royal way of doing things

Collocation Questions

1. ___________ prisoners were kept in the Peter and Paul Fortress.

2. In the Kazan Cathedral, religious service ___________ in 1992.

3. By the Hermitage museum, street vendors ___________ their carts with baked goods.

4. Piroski can be stuffed with many different ___________.

Admirers of ___________ art will enjoy the Hermitage.

Our Lady of Kazan is a ___________ icon for the Russian Orthodox Church.

1. In 1917, a communist rule was ___________ place.

2. Catherine the Great had an impressive ___________ of paintings.

3. It would be impossible to have all three million items on permanent ___________.

4. The Kazan Cathedral closed ___________ in 1932.

Wh Questions

1. What was Saint Petersburg's name in 1915?

2. Why is the Hermitage museum named after "hermits?"

3. Where were most Russian tsars buried?

4. Who sells piroski?

Evaluating Statements

1. Based on the information in this lesson, which statement is true?

1. Petrograd was renamed after Lenin's death.

2. Lenin renamed Petrograd in 1923.

2. Based on the information in this lesson, which statement is false?

1. Alexander Nevsky was Peter the Great's son.

2. Peter the Great built a monastery and named it after Alexander Nevsky

True or False?

1. Based on the information in this lesson, is the following statement true or false?

"Saint Petersburg is the capital of culture because of the amazing opera and ballet in the city."

2. Based on the information in this lesson, is the following statement true or false?

"Fyodor Dostoyevsky was buried in the Peter and Paul Cathedral."

Answer Key

1. B | 2. C | 3. C | 4. A | 5. A | 6. B | 7. A | 8. B | 9. C | 10. A | 11.B | 12. A | 13. B | 14. C | 15. C | 16. C | 17. C | 18. B | 19. A | 20. B |21. A | 22. A | 23. A | 24. B

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Comprehension Text and Exercises: Saint Petersburg, the Capital of Imperial Russia

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
English Reading Comprehension Text and Exercises for English Learners and School Students. This reading text is about: Saint Petersburg, the Capital of Imperial Russia. Exercises include a reading passage, vocabulary questions, collocation questions, WH Questions, evaluating statements, and true or false questions.

# data[].attributes.body
28 Nov 2019

Spas and Coffee Houses
.........

Budapest, the "city of spas," has one of the largest natural hot springs or spa areas in Europe. Going back to Roman times, people soaked in these warm springs for relaxation and healing purposes. The Romans even built their regional capital, Aquinim, in this area west of the Danube River so they could use the hot springs. Some ruins of these Roman baths can still be seen today.

Szechenyi Bath is the most popular spa area. The three outdoor pools and over ten indoor pools date from the 1920s. The Greek and Roman architecture, or building style, along with the steamy pools give a feeling of luxury and calm. Locals and tourists go to swim, soak away their aches and pains, and even play chess on the floating tables.

The tradition of the café goes back hundreds of years in Budapest.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Reading Comprehension Text and Exercises

The Hidden Gem of Europe

Budapest, the capital of Hungary, is one of the best kept secrets in Europe. This beautiful city is divided into two towns by the Danube River. The east side is called Buda and the west side is called Pest. Buda is the hilly side and Pest is the flat side.

While travelers often think of Paris and London as the must-see cities of Europe, they may overlook the historic Ottoman architecture of Buda, the wide boulevards of Pest, and above all the sweeping views of the wide Danube river.
A Special Sale: 25% Off on All Really Learn English Products

A Brief History of Budapest

Most people agree that Budapest started as the Roman city of Aquinum around 89 AD.

About 1000 years later, skilled horsemen known as Magyars conquered the city and surrounding area. The Magyars established the nation of Hungary, and the people became known as Hungarians.

Less than 100 years later, under the reign of King Stephen, the Hungarians accepted the Christian religion.

Buda became the capital of Hungary in 1361.

In the 1400s, after fighting against several invasions by the Turks, the country of Hungary was divided among the Ottoman Empire and the Habsburg Empire (a dynasty that ruled over many countries in Europe).

In the mid-1800s Hungary was united as a nation again and given some self-rule under the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The independent cities of Pest and Buda were joined together to make Budapest in 1873.

Today, Budapest is not only the political but also the economic and cultural center of Hungary.

Attractions

Castle Hill

The narrow streets, historic buildings, and spectacular views make Castle Hill a favorite place to wander on the Pest side of the city.

Visitors can see Buda Castle which was the home of Hungarian kings. Buda Castle is now the home of the Budapest History Museum and the Hungarian National Gallery.

Although one can view many works of Hungarian art inside the Gallery, visitors can see important sculptures on the grounds of the castle too.

In the west courtyard, the Matthias Fountain sculpture tells the ancient Hungarian story of how a young girl fell in love with the strong and brave King Matthias when he was out hunting. Across from Matthias fountain, a statue represents Hungary's long history of horse training. The sculpture shows a huge horse standing up on its back legs as a man tries to control the animal.

Another important building in the Castle district is Sandor Palace, the residence, or home, of the president of the Republic. Visitors like to walk by the Palace during the changing of the guard. The soldiers do a difficult set of marching steps to change from one group of guards to the next.

Castle Hill also includes the main square of the old town district of Buda. On one side of the square sits Matthias Church, named after the popular King Matthias. The church dates from the thirteenth century and was the place where new kings were crowned.

Fisherman's Bastion

Probably the favorite viewing area in Castle Hill is Fisherman's Bastion. A bastion is a strong place that can resist attack. The name may come from a group of fishermen who fought against invaders during the Middle Ages.

The fairy tale architecture includes seven turrets (small pointed towers), statues, fancy balconies, and wide stone steps going from terrace to terrace. Down below one can see sweeping views of the river Danube.

The Chain Bridge

The city's most beautiful bridge, the Chain Bridge, crosses the Danube River and connects the Buda side of the capital city with the Pest side. The cast iron structure of the bridge gives the bridge its popular name. Its official name is the Szechenyi Lanchid.

Opened in 1849, the Chain Bridge was the first permanent bridge across the Danube. At the time it was considered an engineering wonder. Today the Chain Bridge is most famous for its fabulous views of the city and Danube River.

Just like the Brooklyn Bridge has become a cultural icon in the United States, the Chain Bridge is an important part of Hungarian culture. During air plane races in Budapest, daring pilots fly upside down under the bridge. It can also be seen in movies like I Spy and Walking with the Enemy.

Pedestrians, or walkers, are welcome to cross over the bridge and enjoy the views.

Heroes' Square

Heroes' Square was built in 1896 for the 1000th anniversary of Hungary. It is the largest and most impressive square in Budapest. It is surrounded by the Museum of Fine Arts on the left, and the Hall of Art on the right. Heroes' Square is also a station of the Millennium Underground (the first subway line in Europe).

The Millennium Monument in the middle of the square was built to honor the 1000-year-old history of the Hungarians. It rises to a height of 36 meters (118 feet).

This high column is topped with a statue of the archangel Gabriel, holding a crown in his right hand. According to legend, the archangel appeared to St. Stephen (the first king of Hungary) in a dream and offered him the crown of Hungary.

The base of the column is surrounded by seven statues of strong looking warriors. The statues present the leaders of the Hungarian tribes who settled their people in the area now known as Hungary.

Behind the column there are statues of famous men from Hungarian history and additional statues that symbolize War, Peace, Work and Welfare, and Knowledge and Glory.

St. Stephen's Basilica

St. Stephen's Basilica is the largest church in Budapest. It is dedicated to Hungary's first king, St. Stephen. It was built over half a century and completed in 1905. It can hold up to 8,500 people!

St. Stephen's Basilica holds impressive classical concerts throughout the year.

The towers of the St. Stephen's Basilica reach high to the sky, which make the it one of the highest points on the Pest side of Budapest.

Spas and Coffee Houses

Budapest, the "city of spas," has one of the largest natural hot springs or spa areas in Europe. Going back to Roman times, people soaked in these warm springs for relaxation and healing purposes. The Romans even built their regional capital, Aquinim, in this area west of the Danube River so they could use the hot springs. Some ruins of these Roman baths can still be seen today.

Szechenyi Bath is the most popular spa area. The three outdoor pools and over ten indoor pools date from the 1920s. The Greek and Roman architecture, or building style, along with the steamy pools give a feeling of luxury and calm. Locals and tourists go to swim, soak away their aches and pains, and even play chess on the floating tables.

The tradition of the café goes back hundreds of years in Budapest. The popularity of coffee started with the Turks who came to Hungary in the sixteenth century. By the 1800s there were over 400 coffee houses in Budapest.

Now the tradition continues. The great cafes of the city serve a very strong espresso coffee in china cups (no paper cups here) to crowds of people every day.

Two of the most famous cafes are Gerbeaud and Café Kavehaz. Gerbeaud started in 1858 and is now the largest and most traditional coffee house in the city. Of the many desserts served at Gerbeaud, the sour cherry covered in dark chocolate gets the most praise. Another famous café, Central Kavehaz, has been a gathering place for writers, artists, and musicians since the late 1800s. The inside of Central Kavehaz was restored in 2000 to look like the elegant Viennese café it was during the Austro-Hungarian Empire.

Comprehension Exercises

Vocabulary Questions

1. What does "overlook" mean?

2. What does "established" mean?

3. What does "soaked" mean?

4. What does "a cultural icon" mean?

5. What does "praise" mean?

1. words that offer advice

2. words that show gratitude and thanks

3. words that show approval and admiration

Collocation Questions

1. Visitors can soak ___________ their pains.

2. The church dates ___________ the thirteenth century.

3. Budapest is one of the ___________ kept secrets in Europe.

4. A bastion is a strong place that can ___________ attack.

Wh Questions

1. When were the cities of Pest and Buda united to make Budapest?

2. Where is Fishermen's Bastion?

3. In what century did coffee become popular in Budapest?

4. Why did the Romans locate their city of Aquinum on the west side of the Danube River?

5. How did the Fishermen's Bastion get its name?

1. A group of fishermen defended the building against attack.

2. The building is a safe place to fish.

3. The Fishermen's Festival is held in the building every September.

Evaluating Statements

1. Based on the information in this lesson, which statement is true?

1. The Matthias Fountain tells the story of how the king and his men trained a wild horse.

2. The Matthias Fountain tells the story of love between a young girl and King Matthias.

2. Based on the information in this lesson, which statement is false?

1. The Chain Bridge was considered an engineering wonder in 1849.

2. Walkers cannot cross the Chain Bridge, only motor vehicles.

True or False?

1. Based on the information in this lesson, is the following statement true or false?

"The Magyars, who later became the Hungarians, were skilled horsemen."

2. Based on the information in this lesson, is the following statement true or false?

"Writers and artists often gather at Buda Castle to drink coffee and share ideas."

Answer Key

1. A | 2. B | 3. C | 4. A | 5. C | 6. A | 7. C | 8. B | 9. A | 10. A | 11. A | 12. C | 13. C | 14. A | 15. B | 16. B | 17. A | 18. B

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Comprehension Text and Exercises: Budapest, the Hidden Gem of Europe

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
English Reading Comprehension Text and Exercises for English Learners and School Students. This reading text is about: Budapest, the capital of Hungary. Exercises include a reading passage, vocabulary questions, collocation questions, wh Questions, evaluating statements, and true or false questions.

# data[].attributes.body
27 Nov 2019

Heroes' Square
.......
Heroes' Square was built in 1896 for the 1000th anniversary of Hungary. It is the largest and most impressive square in Budapest. It is surrounded by the Museum of Fine Arts on the left, and the Hall of Art on the right. Heroes' Square is also a station of the Millennium Underground (the first subway line in Europe).

The Millennium Monument in the middle of the square was built to honor the 1000-year-old history of the Hungarians. It rises to a height of 36 meters (118 feet).

St. Stephen's Basilica

St. Stephen's Basilica is the largest church in Budapest. It is dedicated to Hungary's first king, St. Stephen. It was built over half a century and completed in 1905. It can hold up to 8,500 people!

St. Stephen's Basilica holds impressive classical concerts throughout the year.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Reading Comprehension Text and Exercises

The Hidden Gem of Europe

Budapest, the capital of Hungary, is one of the best kept secrets in Europe. This beautiful city is divided into two towns by the Danube River. The east side is called Buda and the west side is called Pest. Buda is the hilly side and Pest is the flat side.

While travelers often think of Paris and London as the must-see cities of Europe, they may overlook the historic Ottoman architecture of Buda, the wide boulevards of Pest, and above all the sweeping views of the wide Danube river.
A Special Sale: 25% Off on All Really Learn English Products

A Brief History of Budapest

Most people agree that Budapest started as the Roman city of Aquinum around 89 AD.

About 1000 years later, skilled horsemen known as Magyars conquered the city and surrounding area. The Magyars established the nation of Hungary, and the people became known as Hungarians.

Less than 100 years later, under the reign of King Stephen, the Hungarians accepted the Christian religion.

Buda became the capital of Hungary in 1361.

In the 1400s, after fighting against several invasions by the Turks, the country of Hungary was divided among the Ottoman Empire and the Habsburg Empire (a dynasty that ruled over many countries in Europe).

In the mid-1800s Hungary was united as a nation again and given some self-rule under the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The independent cities of Pest and Buda were joined together to make Budapest in 1873.

Today, Budapest is not only the political but also the economic and cultural center of Hungary.

Attractions

Castle Hill

The narrow streets, historic buildings, and spectacular views make Castle Hill a favorite place to wander on the Pest side of the city.

Visitors can see Buda Castle which was the home of Hungarian kings. Buda Castle is now the home of the Budapest History Museum and the Hungarian National Gallery.

Although one can view many works of Hungarian art inside the Gallery, visitors can see important sculptures on the grounds of the castle too.

In the west courtyard, the Matthias Fountain sculpture tells the ancient Hungarian story of how a young girl fell in love with the strong and brave King Matthias when he was out hunting. Across from Matthias fountain, a statue represents Hungary's long history of horse training. The sculpture shows a huge horse standing up on its back legs as a man tries to control the animal.

Another important building in the Castle district is Sandor Palace, the residence, or home, of the president of the Republic. Visitors like to walk by the Palace during the changing of the guard. The soldiers do a difficult set of marching steps to change from one group of guards to the next.

Castle Hill also includes the main square of the old town district of Buda. On one side of the square sits Matthias Church, named after the popular King Matthias. The church dates from the thirteenth century and was the place where new kings were crowned.

Fisherman's Bastion

Probably the favorite viewing area in Castle Hill is Fisherman's Bastion. A bastion is a strong place that can resist attack. The name may come from a group of fishermen who fought against invaders during the Middle Ages.

The fairy tale architecture includes seven turrets (small pointed towers), statues, fancy balconies, and wide stone steps going from terrace to terrace. Down below one can see sweeping views of the river Danube.

The Chain Bridge

The city's most beautiful bridge, the Chain Bridge, crosses the Danube River and connects the Buda side of the capital city with the Pest side. The cast iron structure of the bridge gives the bridge its popular name. Its official name is the Szechenyi Lanchid.

Opened in 1849, the Chain Bridge was the first permanent bridge across the Danube. At the time it was considered an engineering wonder. Today the Chain Bridge is most famous for its fabulous views of the city and Danube River.

Just like the Brooklyn Bridge has become a cultural icon in the United States, the Chain Bridge is an important part of Hungarian culture. During air plane races in Budapest, daring pilots fly upside down under the bridge. It can also be seen in movies like I Spy and Walking with the Enemy.

Pedestrians, or walkers, are welcome to cross over the bridge and enjoy the views.

Heroes' Square

Heroes' Square was built in 1896 for the 1000th anniversary of Hungary. It is the largest and most impressive square in Budapest. It is surrounded by the Museum of Fine Arts on the left, and the Hall of Art on the right. Heroes' Square is also a station of the Millennium Underground (the first subway line in Europe).

The Millennium Monument in the middle of the square was built to honor the 1000-year-old history of the Hungarians. It rises to a height of 36 meters (118 feet).

This high column is topped with a statue of the archangel Gabriel, holding a crown in his right hand. According to legend, the archangel appeared to St. Stephen (the first king of Hungary) in a dream and offered him the crown of Hungary.

The base of the column is surrounded by seven statues of strong looking warriors. The statues present the leaders of the Hungarian tribes who settled their people in the area now known as Hungary.

Behind the column there are statues of famous men from Hungarian history and additional statues that symbolize War, Peace, Work and Welfare, and Knowledge and Glory.

St. Stephen's Basilica

St. Stephen's Basilica is the largest church in Budapest. It is dedicated to Hungary's first king, St. Stephen. It was built over half a century and completed in 1905. It can hold up to 8,500 people!

St. Stephen's Basilica holds impressive classical concerts throughout the year.

The towers of the St. Stephen's Basilica reach high to the sky, which make the it one of the highest points on the Pest side of Budapest.

Spas and Coffee Houses

Budapest, the "city of spas," has one of the largest natural hot springs or spa areas in Europe. Going back to Roman times, people soaked in these warm springs for relaxation and healing purposes. The Romans even built their regional capital, Aquinim, in this area west of the Danube River so they could use the hot springs. Some ruins of these Roman baths can still be seen today.

Szechenyi Bath is the most popular spa area. The three outdoor pools and over ten indoor pools date from the 1920s. The Greek and Roman architecture, or building style, along with the steamy pools give a feeling of luxury and calm. Locals and tourists go to swim, soak away their aches and pains, and even play chess on the floating tables.

The tradition of the café goes back hundreds of years in Budapest. The popularity of coffee started with the Turks who came to Hungary in the sixteenth century. By the 1800s there were over 400 coffee houses in Budapest.

Now the tradition continues. The great cafes of the city serve a very strong espresso coffee in china cups (no paper cups here) to crowds of people every day.

Two of the most famous cafes are Gerbeaud and Café Kavehaz. Gerbeaud started in 1858 and is now the largest and most traditional coffee house in the city. Of the many desserts served at Gerbeaud, the sour cherry covered in dark chocolate gets the most praise. Another famous café, Central Kavehaz, has been a gathering place for writers, artists, and musicians since the late 1800s. The inside of Central Kavehaz was restored in 2000 to look like the elegant Viennese café it was during the Austro-Hungarian Empire.

Comprehension Exercises

Vocabulary Questions

1. What does "overlook" mean?

2. What does "established" mean?

3. What does "soaked" mean?

4. What does "a cultural icon" mean?

5. What does "praise" mean?

1. words that offer advice

2. words that show gratitude and thanks

3. words that show approval and admiration

Collocation Questions

1. Visitors can soak ___________ their pains.

2. The church dates ___________ the thirteenth century.

3. Budapest is one of the ___________ kept secrets in Europe.

4. A bastion is a strong place that can ___________ attack.

Wh Questions

1. When were the cities of Pest and Buda united to make Budapest?

2. Where is Fishermen's Bastion?

3. In what century did coffee become popular in Budapest?

4. Why did the Romans locate their city of Aquinum on the west side of the Danube River?

5. How did the Fishermen's Bastion get its name?

1. A group of fishermen defended the building against attack.

2. The building is a safe place to fish.

3. The Fishermen's Festival is held in the building every September.

Evaluating Statements

1. Based on the information in this lesson, which statement is true?

1. The Matthias Fountain tells the story of how the king and his men trained a wild horse.

2. The Matthias Fountain tells the story of love between a young girl and King Matthias.

2. Based on the information in this lesson, which statement is false?

1. The Chain Bridge was considered an engineering wonder in 1849.

2. Walkers cannot cross the Chain Bridge, only motor vehicles.

True or False?

1. Based on the information in this lesson, is the following statement true or false?

"The Magyars, who later became the Hungarians, were skilled horsemen."

2. Based on the information in this lesson, is the following statement true or false?

"Writers and artists often gather at Buda Castle to drink coffee and share ideas."

Answer Key

1. A | 2. B | 3. C | 4. A | 5. C | 6. A | 7. C | 8. B | 9. A | 10. A | 11. A | 12. C | 13. C | 14. A | 15. B | 16. B | 17. A | 18. B

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Comprehension Text and Exercises: Budapest, the Hidden Gem of Europe

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
English Reading Comprehension Text and Exercises for English Learners and School Students. This reading text is about: Budapest, the capital of Hungary. Exercises include a reading passage, vocabulary questions, collocation questions, wh Questions, evaluating statements, and true or false questions.

# data[].attributes.body
26 Nov 2019

Fisherman's Bastio
........
Probably the favorite viewing area in Castle Hill is Fisherman's Bastion. A bastion is a strong place that can resist attack. The name may come from a group of fishermen who fought against invaders during the Middle Ages.

The Chain Bridge

The city's most beautiful bridge, the Chain Bridge, crosses the Danube River and connects the Buda side of the capital city with the Pest side. The cast iron structure of the bridge gives the bridge its popular name. Its official name is the Szechenyi Lanchid.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Reading Comprehension Text and Exercises

The Hidden Gem of Europe

Budapest, the capital of Hungary, is one of the best kept secrets in Europe. This beautiful city is divided into two towns by the Danube River. The east side is called Buda and the west side is called Pest. Buda is the hilly side and Pest is the flat side.

While travelers often think of Paris and London as the must-see cities of Europe, they may overlook the historic Ottoman architecture of Buda, the wide boulevards of Pest, and above all the sweeping views of the wide Danube river.
A Special Sale: 25% Off on All Really Learn English Products

A Brief History of Budapest

Most people agree that Budapest started as the Roman city of Aquinum around 89 AD.

About 1000 years later, skilled horsemen known as Magyars conquered the city and surrounding area. The Magyars established the nation of Hungary, and the people became known as Hungarians.

Less than 100 years later, under the reign of King Stephen, the Hungarians accepted the Christian religion.

Buda became the capital of Hungary in 1361.

In the 1400s, after fighting against several invasions by the Turks, the country of Hungary was divided among the Ottoman Empire and the Habsburg Empire (a dynasty that ruled over many countries in Europe).

In the mid-1800s Hungary was united as a nation again and given some self-rule under the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The independent cities of Pest and Buda were joined together to make Budapest in 1873.

Today, Budapest is not only the political but also the economic and cultural center of Hungary.

Attractions

Castle Hill

The narrow streets, historic buildings, and spectacular views make Castle Hill a favorite place to wander on the Pest side of the city.

Visitors can see Buda Castle which was the home of Hungarian kings. Buda Castle is now the home of the Budapest History Museum and the Hungarian National Gallery.

Although one can view many works of Hungarian art inside the Gallery, visitors can see important sculptures on the grounds of the castle too.

In the west courtyard, the Matthias Fountain sculpture tells the ancient Hungarian story of how a young girl fell in love with the strong and brave King Matthias when he was out hunting. Across from Matthias fountain, a statue represents Hungary's long history of horse training. The sculpture shows a huge horse standing up on its back legs as a man tries to control the animal.

Another important building in the Castle district is Sandor Palace, the residence, or home, of the president of the Republic. Visitors like to walk by the Palace during the changing of the guard. The soldiers do a difficult set of marching steps to change from one group of guards to the next.

Castle Hill also includes the main square of the old town district of Buda. On one side of the square sits Matthias Church, named after the popular King Matthias. The church dates from the thirteenth century and was the place where new kings were crowned.

Fisherman's Bastion

Probably the favorite viewing area in Castle Hill is Fisherman's Bastion. A bastion is a strong place that can resist attack. The name may come from a group of fishermen who fought against invaders during the Middle Ages.

The fairy tale architecture includes seven turrets (small pointed towers), statues, fancy balconies, and wide stone steps going from terrace to terrace. Down below one can see sweeping views of the river Danube.

The Chain Bridge

The city's most beautiful bridge, the Chain Bridge, crosses the Danube River and connects the Buda side of the capital city with the Pest side. The cast iron structure of the bridge gives the bridge its popular name. Its official name is the Szechenyi Lanchid.

Opened in 1849, the Chain Bridge was the first permanent bridge across the Danube. At the time it was considered an engineering wonder. Today the Chain Bridge is most famous for its fabulous views of the city and Danube River.

Just like the Brooklyn Bridge has become a cultural icon in the United States, the Chain Bridge is an important part of Hungarian culture. During air plane races in Budapest, daring pilots fly upside down under the bridge. It can also be seen in movies like I Spy and Walking with the Enemy.

Pedestrians, or walkers, are welcome to cross over the bridge and enjoy the views.

Heroes' Square

Heroes' Square was built in 1896 for the 1000th anniversary of Hungary. It is the largest and most impressive square in Budapest. It is surrounded by the Museum of Fine Arts on the left, and the Hall of Art on the right. Heroes' Square is also a station of the Millennium Underground (the first subway line in Europe).

The Millennium Monument in the middle of the square was built to honor the 1000-year-old history of the Hungarians. It rises to a height of 36 meters (118 feet).

This high column is topped with a statue of the archangel Gabriel, holding a crown in his right hand. According to legend, the archangel appeared to St. Stephen (the first king of Hungary) in a dream and offered him the crown of Hungary.

The base of the column is surrounded by seven statues of strong looking warriors. The statues present the leaders of the Hungarian tribes who settled their people in the area now known as Hungary.

Behind the column there are statues of famous men from Hungarian history and additional statues that symbolize War, Peace, Work and Welfare, and Knowledge and Glory.

St. Stephen's Basilica

St. Stephen's Basilica is the largest church in Budapest. It is dedicated to Hungary's first king, St. Stephen. It was built over half a century and completed in 1905. It can hold up to 8,500 people!

St. Stephen's Basilica holds impressive classical concerts throughout the year.

The towers of the St. Stephen's Basilica reach high to the sky, which make the it one of the highest points on the Pest side of Budapest.

Spas and Coffee Houses

Budapest, the "city of spas," has one of the largest natural hot springs or spa areas in Europe. Going back to Roman times, people soaked in these warm springs for relaxation and healing purposes. The Romans even built their regional capital, Aquinim, in this area west of the Danube River so they could use the hot springs. Some ruins of these Roman baths can still be seen today.

Szechenyi Bath is the most popular spa area. The three outdoor pools and over ten indoor pools date from the 1920s. The Greek and Roman architecture, or building style, along with the steamy pools give a feeling of luxury and calm. Locals and tourists go to swim, soak away their aches and pains, and even play chess on the floating tables.

The tradition of the café goes back hundreds of years in Budapest. The popularity of coffee started with the Turks who came to Hungary in the sixteenth century. By the 1800s there were over 400 coffee houses in Budapest.

Now the tradition continues. The great cafes of the city serve a very strong espresso coffee in china cups (no paper cups here) to crowds of people every day.

Two of the most famous cafes are Gerbeaud and Café Kavehaz. Gerbeaud started in 1858 and is now the largest and most traditional coffee house in the city. Of the many desserts served at Gerbeaud, the sour cherry covered in dark chocolate gets the most praise. Another famous café, Central Kavehaz, has been a gathering place for writers, artists, and musicians since the late 1800s. The inside of Central Kavehaz was restored in 2000 to look like the elegant Viennese café it was during the Austro-Hungarian Empire.

Comprehension Exercises

Vocabulary Questions

1. What does "overlook" mean?

2. What does "established" mean?

3. What does "soaked" mean?

4. What does "a cultural icon" mean?

5. What does "praise" mean?

1. words that offer advice

2. words that show gratitude and thanks

3. words that show approval and admiration

Collocation Questions

1. Visitors can soak ___________ their pains.

2. The church dates ___________ the thirteenth century.

3. Budapest is one of the ___________ kept secrets in Europe.

4. A bastion is a strong place that can ___________ attack.

Wh Questions

1. When were the cities of Pest and Buda united to make Budapest?

2. Where is Fishermen's Bastion?

3. In what century did coffee become popular in Budapest?

4. Why did the Romans locate their city of Aquinum on the west side of the Danube River?

5. How did the Fishermen's Bastion get its name?

1. A group of fishermen defended the building against attack.

2. The building is a safe place to fish.

3. The Fishermen's Festival is held in the building every September.

Evaluating Statements

1. Based on the information in this lesson, which statement is true?

1. The Matthias Fountain tells the story of how the king and his men trained a wild horse.

2. The Matthias Fountain tells the story of love between a young girl and King Matthias.

2. Based on the information in this lesson, which statement is false?

1. The Chain Bridge was considered an engineering wonder in 1849.

2. Walkers cannot cross the Chain Bridge, only motor vehicles.

True or False?

1. Based on the information in this lesson, is the following statement true or false?

"The Magyars, who later became the Hungarians, were skilled horsemen."

2. Based on the information in this lesson, is the following statement true or false?

"Writers and artists often gather at Buda Castle to drink coffee and share ideas."

Answer Key

1. A | 2. B | 3. C | 4. A | 5. C | 6. A | 7. C | 8. B | 9. A | 10. A | 11. A | 12. C | 13. C | 14. A | 15. B | 16. B | 17. A | 18. B

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Comprehension Text and Exercises: Budapest, the Hidden Gem of Europe

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
English Reading Comprehension Text and Exercises for English Learners and School Students. This reading text is about: Budapest, the capital of Hungary. Exercises include a reading passage, vocabulary questions, collocation questions, wh Questions, evaluating statements, and true or false questions.

# data[].attributes.body
25 Nov 2019

Attractions : Castle Hill
.....
The narrow streets, historic buildings, and spectacular views make Castle Hill a favorite place to wander on the Pest side of the city.
Visitors can see Buda Castle which was the home of Hungarian kings. Buda Castle is now the home of the Budapest History Museum and the Hungarian National Gallery.

visitors can see important sculptures on the grounds of the castle too.

In the west courtyard, the Matthias Fountain sculpture tells the ancient Hungarian story of how a young girl fell in love with the strong and brave King Matthias when he was out hunting. Across from Matthias fountain, a statue represents Hungary's long history of horse training. The sculpture shows a huge horse standing up on its back legs as a man tries to control the animal.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Reading Comprehension Text and Exercises

The Hidden Gem of Europe

Budapest, the capital of Hungary, is one of the best kept secrets in Europe. This beautiful city is divided into two towns by the Danube River. The east side is called Buda and the west side is called Pest. Buda is the hilly side and Pest is the flat side.

While travelers often think of Paris and London as the must-see cities of Europe, they may overlook the historic Ottoman architecture of Buda, the wide boulevards of Pest, and above all the sweeping views of the wide Danube river.
A Special Sale: 25% Off on All Really Learn English Products

A Brief History of Budapest

Most people agree that Budapest started as the Roman city of Aquinum around 89 AD.

About 1000 years later, skilled horsemen known as Magyars conquered the city and surrounding area. The Magyars established the nation of Hungary, and the people became known as Hungarians.

Less than 100 years later, under the reign of King Stephen, the Hungarians accepted the Christian religion.

Buda became the capital of Hungary in 1361.

In the 1400s, after fighting against several invasions by the Turks, the country of Hungary was divided among the Ottoman Empire and the Habsburg Empire (a dynasty that ruled over many countries in Europe).

In the mid-1800s Hungary was united as a nation again and given some self-rule under the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The independent cities of Pest and Buda were joined together to make Budapest in 1873.

Today, Budapest is not only the political but also the economic and cultural center of Hungary.

Attractions

Castle Hill

The narrow streets, historic buildings, and spectacular views make Castle Hill a favorite place to wander on the Pest side of the city.

Visitors can see Buda Castle which was the home of Hungarian kings. Buda Castle is now the home of the Budapest History Museum and the Hungarian National Gallery.

Although one can view many works of Hungarian art inside the Gallery, visitors can see important sculptures on the grounds of the castle too.

In the west courtyard, the Matthias Fountain sculpture tells the ancient Hungarian story of how a young girl fell in love with the strong and brave King Matthias when he was out hunting. Across from Matthias fountain, a statue represents Hungary's long history of horse training. The sculpture shows a huge horse standing up on its back legs as a man tries to control the animal.

Another important building in the Castle district is Sandor Palace, the residence, or home, of the president of the Republic. Visitors like to walk by the Palace during the changing of the guard. The soldiers do a difficult set of marching steps to change from one group of guards to the next.

Castle Hill also includes the main square of the old town district of Buda. On one side of the square sits Matthias Church, named after the popular King Matthias. The church dates from the thirteenth century and was the place where new kings were crowned.

Fisherman's Bastion

Probably the favorite viewing area in Castle Hill is Fisherman's Bastion. A bastion is a strong place that can resist attack. The name may come from a group of fishermen who fought against invaders during the Middle Ages.

The fairy tale architecture includes seven turrets (small pointed towers), statues, fancy balconies, and wide stone steps going from terrace to terrace. Down below one can see sweeping views of the river Danube.

The Chain Bridge

The city's most beautiful bridge, the Chain Bridge, crosses the Danube River and connects the Buda side of the capital city with the Pest side. The cast iron structure of the bridge gives the bridge its popular name. Its official name is the Szechenyi Lanchid.

Opened in 1849, the Chain Bridge was the first permanent bridge across the Danube. At the time it was considered an engineering wonder. Today the Chain Bridge is most famous for its fabulous views of the city and Danube River.

Just like the Brooklyn Bridge has become a cultural icon in the United States, the Chain Bridge is an important part of Hungarian culture. During air plane races in Budapest, daring pilots fly upside down under the bridge. It can also be seen in movies like I Spy and Walking with the Enemy.

Pedestrians, or walkers, are welcome to cross over the bridge and enjoy the views.

Heroes' Square

Heroes' Square was built in 1896 for the 1000th anniversary of Hungary. It is the largest and most impressive square in Budapest. It is surrounded by the Museum of Fine Arts on the left, and the Hall of Art on the right. Heroes' Square is also a station of the Millennium Underground (the first subway line in Europe).

The Millennium Monument in the middle of the square was built to honor the 1000-year-old history of the Hungarians. It rises to a height of 36 meters (118 feet).

This high column is topped with a statue of the archangel Gabriel, holding a crown in his right hand. According to legend, the archangel appeared to St. Stephen (the first king of Hungary) in a dream and offered him the crown of Hungary.

The base of the column is surrounded by seven statues of strong looking warriors. The statues present the leaders of the Hungarian tribes who settled their people in the area now known as Hungary.

Behind the column there are statues of famous men from Hungarian history and additional statues that symbolize War, Peace, Work and Welfare, and Knowledge and Glory.

St. Stephen's Basilica

St. Stephen's Basilica is the largest church in Budapest. It is dedicated to Hungary's first king, St. Stephen. It was built over half a century and completed in 1905. It can hold up to 8,500 people!

St. Stephen's Basilica holds impressive classical concerts throughout the year.

The towers of the St. Stephen's Basilica reach high to the sky, which make the it one of the highest points on the Pest side of Budapest.

Spas and Coffee Houses

Budapest, the "city of spas," has one of the largest natural hot springs or spa areas in Europe. Going back to Roman times, people soaked in these warm springs for relaxation and healing purposes. The Romans even built their regional capital, Aquinim, in this area west of the Danube River so they could use the hot springs. Some ruins of these Roman baths can still be seen today.

Szechenyi Bath is the most popular spa area. The three outdoor pools and over ten indoor pools date from the 1920s. The Greek and Roman architecture, or building style, along with the steamy pools give a feeling of luxury and calm. Locals and tourists go to swim, soak away their aches and pains, and even play chess on the floating tables.

The tradition of the café goes back hundreds of years in Budapest. The popularity of coffee started with the Turks who came to Hungary in the sixteenth century. By the 1800s there were over 400 coffee houses in Budapest.

Now the tradition continues. The great cafes of the city serve a very strong espresso coffee in china cups (no paper cups here) to crowds of people every day.

Two of the most famous cafes are Gerbeaud and Café Kavehaz. Gerbeaud started in 1858 and is now the largest and most traditional coffee house in the city. Of the many desserts served at Gerbeaud, the sour cherry covered in dark chocolate gets the most praise. Another famous café, Central Kavehaz, has been a gathering place for writers, artists, and musicians since the late 1800s. The inside of Central Kavehaz was restored in 2000 to look like the elegant Viennese café it was during the Austro-Hungarian Empire.

Comprehension Exercises

Vocabulary Questions

1. What does "overlook" mean?

2. What does "established" mean?

3. What does "soaked" mean?

4. What does "a cultural icon" mean?

5. What does "praise" mean?

1. words that offer advice

2. words that show gratitude and thanks

3. words that show approval and admiration

Collocation Questions

1. Visitors can soak ___________ their pains.

2. The church dates ___________ the thirteenth century.

3. Budapest is one of the ___________ kept secrets in Europe.

4. A bastion is a strong place that can ___________ attack.

Wh Questions

1. When were the cities of Pest and Buda united to make Budapest?

2. Where is Fishermen's Bastion?

3. In what century did coffee become popular in Budapest?

4. Why did the Romans locate their city of Aquinum on the west side of the Danube River?

5. How did the Fishermen's Bastion get its name?

1. A group of fishermen defended the building against attack.

2. The building is a safe place to fish.

3. The Fishermen's Festival is held in the building every September.

Evaluating Statements

1. Based on the information in this lesson, which statement is true?

1. The Matthias Fountain tells the story of how the king and his men trained a wild horse.

2. The Matthias Fountain tells the story of love between a young girl and King Matthias.

2. Based on the information in this lesson, which statement is false?

1. The Chain Bridge was considered an engineering wonder in 1849.

2. Walkers cannot cross the Chain Bridge, only motor vehicles.

True or False?

1. Based on the information in this lesson, is the following statement true or false?

"The Magyars, who later became the Hungarians, were skilled horsemen."

2. Based on the information in this lesson, is the following statement true or false?

"Writers and artists often gather at Buda Castle to drink coffee and share ideas."

Answer Key

1. A | 2. B | 3. C | 4. A | 5. C | 6. A | 7. C | 8. B | 9. A | 10. A | 11. A | 12. C | 13. C | 14. A | 15. B | 16. B | 17. A | 18. B

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Comprehension Text and Exercises: Budapest, the Hidden Gem of Europe

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
English Reading Comprehension Text and Exercises for English Learners and School Students. This reading text is about: Budapest, the capital of Hungary. Exercises include a reading passage, vocabulary questions, collocation questions, wh Questions, evaluating statements, and true or false questions.

# data[].attributes.body
24 Nov 2019

Budapest :

The Hidden Gem of Europe
........

Budapest, the capital of Hungary, is one of the best kept secrets in Europe. This beautiful city is divided into two towns by the Danube River. The east side is called Buda and the west side is called Pest. Buda is the hilly side and Pest is the flat side.

While travelers often think of Paris and London as the must-see cities of Europe, they may overlook the historic Ottoman architecture of Buda, the wide boulevards of Pest, and above all the sweeping views of the wide Danube river.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Reading Comprehension Text and Exercises

The Hidden Gem of Europe

Budapest, the capital of Hungary, is one of the best kept secrets in Europe. This beautiful city is divided into two towns by the Danube River. The east side is called Buda and the west side is called Pest. Buda is the hilly side and Pest is the flat side.

While travelers often think of Paris and London as the must-see cities of Europe, they may overlook the historic Ottoman architecture of Buda, the wide boulevards of Pest, and above all the sweeping views of the wide Danube river.
A Special Sale: 25% Off on All Really Learn English Products

A Brief History of Budapest

Most people agree that Budapest started as the Roman city of Aquinum around 89 AD.

About 1000 years later, skilled horsemen known as Magyars conquered the city and surrounding area. The Magyars established the nation of Hungary, and the people became known as Hungarians.

Less than 100 years later, under the reign of King Stephen, the Hungarians accepted the Christian religion.

Buda became the capital of Hungary in 1361.

In the 1400s, after fighting against several invasions by the Turks, the country of Hungary was divided among the Ottoman Empire and the Habsburg Empire (a dynasty that ruled over many countries in Europe).

In the mid-1800s Hungary was united as a nation again and given some self-rule under the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The independent cities of Pest and Buda were joined together to make Budapest in 1873.

Today, Budapest is not only the political but also the economic and cultural center of Hungary.

Attractions

Castle Hill

The narrow streets, historic buildings, and spectacular views make Castle Hill a favorite place to wander on the Pest side of the city.

Visitors can see Buda Castle which was the home of Hungarian kings. Buda Castle is now the home of the Budapest History Museum and the Hungarian National Gallery.

Although one can view many works of Hungarian art inside the Gallery, visitors can see important sculptures on the grounds of the castle too.

In the west courtyard, the Matthias Fountain sculpture tells the ancient Hungarian story of how a young girl fell in love with the strong and brave King Matthias when he was out hunting. Across from Matthias fountain, a statue represents Hungary's long history of horse training. The sculpture shows a huge horse standing up on its back legs as a man tries to control the animal.

Another important building in the Castle district is Sandor Palace, the residence, or home, of the president of the Republic. Visitors like to walk by the Palace during the changing of the guard. The soldiers do a difficult set of marching steps to change from one group of guards to the next.

Castle Hill also includes the main square of the old town district of Buda. On one side of the square sits Matthias Church, named after the popular King Matthias. The church dates from the thirteenth century and was the place where new kings were crowned.

Fisherman's Bastion

Probably the favorite viewing area in Castle Hill is Fisherman's Bastion. A bastion is a strong place that can resist attack. The name may come from a group of fishermen who fought against invaders during the Middle Ages.

The fairy tale architecture includes seven turrets (small pointed towers), statues, fancy balconies, and wide stone steps going from terrace to terrace. Down below one can see sweeping views of the river Danube.

The Chain Bridge

The city's most beautiful bridge, the Chain Bridge, crosses the Danube River and connects the Buda side of the capital city with the Pest side. The cast iron structure of the bridge gives the bridge its popular name. Its official name is the Szechenyi Lanchid.

Opened in 1849, the Chain Bridge was the first permanent bridge across the Danube. At the time it was considered an engineering wonder. Today the Chain Bridge is most famous for its fabulous views of the city and Danube River.

Just like the Brooklyn Bridge has become a cultural icon in the United States, the Chain Bridge is an important part of Hungarian culture. During air plane races in Budapest, daring pilots fly upside down under the bridge. It can also be seen in movies like I Spy and Walking with the Enemy.

Pedestrians, or walkers, are welcome to cross over the bridge and enjoy the views.

Heroes' Square

Heroes' Square was built in 1896 for the 1000th anniversary of Hungary. It is the largest and most impressive square in Budapest. It is surrounded by the Museum of Fine Arts on the left, and the Hall of Art on the right. Heroes' Square is also a station of the Millennium Underground (the first subway line in Europe).

The Millennium Monument in the middle of the square was built to honor the 1000-year-old history of the Hungarians. It rises to a height of 36 meters (118 feet).

This high column is topped with a statue of the archangel Gabriel, holding a crown in his right hand. According to legend, the archangel appeared to St. Stephen (the first king of Hungary) in a dream and offered him the crown of Hungary.

The base of the column is surrounded by seven statues of strong looking warriors. The statues present the leaders of the Hungarian tribes who settled their people in the area now known as Hungary.

Behind the column there are statues of famous men from Hungarian history and additional statues that symbolize War, Peace, Work and Welfare, and Knowledge and Glory.

St. Stephen's Basilica

St. Stephen's Basilica is the largest church in Budapest. It is dedicated to Hungary's first king, St. Stephen. It was built over half a century and completed in 1905. It can hold up to 8,500 people!

St. Stephen's Basilica holds impressive classical concerts throughout the year.

The towers of the St. Stephen's Basilica reach high to the sky, which make the it one of the highest points on the Pest side of Budapest.

Spas and Coffee Houses

Budapest, the "city of spas," has one of the largest natural hot springs or spa areas in Europe. Going back to Roman times, people soaked in these warm springs for relaxation and healing purposes. The Romans even built their regional capital, Aquinim, in this area west of the Danube River so they could use the hot springs. Some ruins of these Roman baths can still be seen today.

Szechenyi Bath is the most popular spa area. The three outdoor pools and over ten indoor pools date from the 1920s. The Greek and Roman architecture, or building style, along with the steamy pools give a feeling of luxury and calm. Locals and tourists go to swim, soak away their aches and pains, and even play chess on the floating tables.

The tradition of the café goes back hundreds of years in Budapest. The popularity of coffee started with the Turks who came to Hungary in the sixteenth century. By the 1800s there were over 400 coffee houses in Budapest.

Now the tradition continues. The great cafes of the city serve a very strong espresso coffee in china cups (no paper cups here) to crowds of people every day.

Two of the most famous cafes are Gerbeaud and Café Kavehaz. Gerbeaud started in 1858 and is now the largest and most traditional coffee house in the city. Of the many desserts served at Gerbeaud, the sour cherry covered in dark chocolate gets the most praise. Another famous café, Central Kavehaz, has been a gathering place for writers, artists, and musicians since the late 1800s. The inside of Central Kavehaz was restored in 2000 to look like the elegant Viennese café it was during the Austro-Hungarian Empire.

Comprehension Exercises

Vocabulary Questions

1. What does "overlook" mean?

2. What does "established" mean?

3. What does "soaked" mean?

4. What does "a cultural icon" mean?

5. What does "praise" mean?

1. words that offer advice

2. words that show gratitude and thanks

3. words that show approval and admiration

Collocation Questions

1. Visitors can soak ___________ their pains.

2. The church dates ___________ the thirteenth century.

3. Budapest is one of the ___________ kept secrets in Europe.

4. A bastion is a strong place that can ___________ attack.

Wh Questions

1. When were the cities of Pest and Buda united to make Budapest?

2. Where is Fishermen's Bastion?

3. In what century did coffee become popular in Budapest?

4. Why did the Romans locate their city of Aquinum on the west side of the Danube River?

5. How did the Fishermen's Bastion get its name?

1. A group of fishermen defended the building against attack.

2. The building is a safe place to fish.

3. The Fishermen's Festival is held in the building every September.

Evaluating Statements

1. Based on the information in this lesson, which statement is true?

1. The Matthias Fountain tells the story of how the king and his men trained a wild horse.

2. The Matthias Fountain tells the story of love between a young girl and King Matthias.

2. Based on the information in this lesson, which statement is false?

1. The Chain Bridge was considered an engineering wonder in 1849.

2. Walkers cannot cross the Chain Bridge, only motor vehicles.

True or False?

1. Based on the information in this lesson, is the following statement true or false?

"The Magyars, who later became the Hungarians, were skilled horsemen."

2. Based on the information in this lesson, is the following statement true or false?

"Writers and artists often gather at Buda Castle to drink coffee and share ideas."

Answer Key

1. A | 2. B | 3. C | 4. A | 5. C | 6. A | 7. C | 8. B | 9. A | 10. A | 11. A | 12. C | 13. C | 14. A | 15. B | 16. B | 17. A | 18. B

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Comprehension Text and Exercises: Budapest, the Hidden Gem of Europe

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
English Reading Comprehension Text and Exercises for English Learners and School Students. This reading text is about: Budapest, the capital of Hungary. Exercises include a reading passage, vocabulary questions, collocation questions, wh Questions, evaluating statements, and true or false questions.

# data[].attributes.body
23 Nov 2019

Cyprus
..............

The name of this island may come from the word kypros meaning "copper", as copper was discovered on the island during the Bronze period (2500 B.C -1050 B.C). Thanks to copper, Cyprus became a well-known country at that time.

This Mediterranean island, located south of Turkey and north of Egypt, is where some of the earliest human activity happened in the 10th millennium BC.

Major cities on both sides have airports, so the island is accessible all year round. Archaeological sites are scattered around the island, and the beaches are always busy. Cyprus is particularly famous for its strong wines, jewelry and leather products.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Reading Comprehension Text and Exercises

From the Pope's Home to the Cradle of Mediterranean Civilization

The total number of countries in Europe currently stands at 50, with some countries like Russia spreading across several time zones. Others, however, are so small it would be possible to walk or cycle along their borders in less than a day. In spite of their size, each of these countries has something very special to offer to the curious tourists.
A Special Sale: 25% Off on All Really Learn English Products

Vatican City

In Latin, Vatica or Vaticum means "garden", and this country got its name from the general area where it is located, which the Romans called "garden territory".

Located in the heart of Rome, Vatican is the smallest country in the world. This city-state, also known as the Holy See, is the Pope's home and the center of the Catholic Church. Although it occupies only 0.17 square miles (0.44 km ²), Vatican City is densely populated with its 1,000 residents.

The biggest church in the world, St. Peter's Basilica, holding important Christian art works, is also located there. Because the country has no industry, the economy of Vatican City is supported by selling post stamps, souvenirs and publications, and charging admission fees to enter museums.

Monaco

The Greek word monoikos means "single house", a term used to described a Greek colony which lived nearby in the 6th century BC. It is believed that Hercules had passed through the Monaco area, and due to this, a temple called Hercules Monoikos was built. Since then, the whole city became known as Monoikos, or Monaco.

Lying on the Mediterranean Sea coast, Monaco is one the richest countries in the world, known for its luxury hotels and casinos. With the area of merely 0.78 square miles (2.02 km ²), Monaco is also one of the most culturally diverse countries, since 125 nationalities live there.

It's known as the "tax haven" and a favorite location of the rich and famous, due to its lenient tax laws. This tiny monarchy has been ruled by the same family - the House of Grimaldi - since 1297.

San Marino

This country takes its name from a stonemason called San Marinus (meaning Saint Marinus), who worked in the city of Rimini in modern-day Italy, but went on to create an independent community which is today San Marino. (A stonemason is someone who makes things from stone.)

Spreading across 24 square miles (61 km ²), San Marino is another country existing within the borders of Italy.

Having gained independence from the Roman Empire in 301 AD, San Marino is one of the oldest sovereign nations in the world, and is governed by the Constitution of San Marino, a compilation of six books in Latin written in the 16th century.

San Marino has one of the lowest unemployment rates in Europe, no national debt, and more vehicles than people.

Liechtenstein

Liechtenstein is named after the Liechtenstein family. The family owned the Castle Liechtenstein in Austria. The name of the castle means "bright stone", composed of the German words licht, meaning "light" and stein, meaning "stone".

The richest country in the world based on GDP per capita (person), Liechtenstein is a monarchy bordering Switzerland and Austria. Being located in the Alps, this is a popular winter sport destination, although getting in is made more complicated by the fact that there are no airports in the country.

The 62 square miles (160 km ²) big territory got its name from the Liechtenstein dynasty, formed in 1699, and it is in fact still ruled by one of the Liechtenstein princes. Their art collections are on exhibit at the Liechtenstein Museum in Vienna.

Malta

It is believed that the ancient Greeks called this island Melite, meaning "honey-sweet", probably because Malta is home to special bees which produce unique honey.

Located south of Italy, Malta is an archipelago in the Mediterranean Sea. This European Union country covers only 122 square miles (316 km ²) and hosts some 450,000 people. Because of its favorable location, historically Malta was a naval base with great strategic importance.

Twelve different nations had ruled this island before its independence. Malta's beaches, history and nature attract tourists in large numbers. One of the main attractions was the Azure Window, a 92 feet (28m) tall natural arch on the island of Gozo; however, due to very stormy weather in March, 2017, both the slab and the pillar collapsed.

Andorra

The origin of this country's name is not certain. It is possible that Andosini, the previous form of the name, derives from handia, which in the Basque language means "big" or "giant". According to a different theory, the name might have been given by the occupying Muslim forces, since al-durra means "the forest" in Arabic.

Standing between France and Spain, Andorra is a landlocked country, created under a charter in 988. Occupying the area of only 181 square miles (468 km ²), Andorra is headed by both the Bishop of Urgell in Spain and President of France. Built 3,356 feet (1,023 m) above sea level, Andorra la Vella is the highest capital city in Europe.

The residents of Andorra, some 80,000 of them, have the highest life expectancy in the world at 81 years. Tourists can use Euro as a currency, and speak in Spanish or French; yet, the official language is Catalan, spoken in the area around Barcelona in Spain.

Luxembourg

Some believe that the name Luxembourg comes from a small castle called Lucilinburhuc (meaning "small castle" in Latin), which was located in the Luxembourg area at the time the country was founded.

Although small and surrounded by important European countries France, Germany and Belgium, Luxembourg is a powerful country. Luxembourg City is one of the three official capitals of the European Union, and the seat of the European Court of Justice, the highest judicial authority in the union.

This is partly because Luxembourg was very willing to mediate between France and Germany in World War II, which led to a long-lasting peace in Europe.

With the area of 998 square miles (2,586 km ²), this rather small country invites tourists to enjoy its fairytale-like castles and fortresses, historic monuments and picturesque sights.

Cyprus

The name of this island may come from the word kypros meaning "copper", as copper was discovered on the island during the Bronze period (2500 B.C -1050 B.C). Thanks to copper, Cyprus became a well-known country at that time.

This Mediterranean island, located south of Turkey and north of Egypt, is where some of the earliest human activity happened in the 10th millennium BC. Once under British administration, the 3,572 square miles (9,251 km ²) big island is now divided between Turkish Cypriots and those who speak Greek.

Major cities on both sides have airports, so the island is accessible all year round. Archaeological sites are scattered around the island, and the beaches are always busy. Cyprus is particularly famous for its strong wines, jewelry and leather products.

Comprehension Exercises

Vocabulary Questions

1. What does "constitution" mean?

1. set of political and legal principles by which a state is governed

2. all international laws compiled in one document

3. series of books written by the ruling royal family

2. What does "lenient" mean?

3. What does "mediate" mean?

4. What does "dynasty" mean?

5. What does "slab" mean?

1. metal construction

2. wooden bridge

3. large piece of stone

Collocation Questions

1. Malta was once an important __________ base.

2. The European Court of Justice is the highest judicial __________ in the European Union.

3. The art collection is on __________ at the Liechtenstein Museum in Vienna.

4. Monaco is also known as the "tax __________" for rich people.

San Marino has no __________ debt.

The Andorrans have the highest life __________ in the world.

1. Although small, Luxembourg has many __________ sights.

2. Vatican City __________ admission fees for museums to boost its economy.

3. Archaeological sites are scattered __________ Cyprus.

4. Euro is the official __________ in Andorra.

Wh Questions

1. Why is Liechtenstein a popular winter sport destination?

2. What is the most important legal document in San Marino?

3. Which two big ethnic groups live on Cyprus?

4. How was the Azure Window destroyed?

1. a bishop and the British Queen

2. the Pope and the Spanish President

3. the French President and a bishop

Evaluating Statements

1. Based on the information in this lesson, which statement is true?

1. There are direct flight from Zurich to the capital of Liechtenstein.

2. No flights go to Liechtenstein.

2. Based on the information in this lesson, which statement is false?

1. Both San Marino and Vatican City are located within Italy.

2. Both Luxembourg and Vatican City are located within Italy.

True or False?

1. Based on the information in this lesson, is the following statement true or false?

"The European Union has only one capital, and it is located in Luxembourg City."

2. Based on the information in this lesson, is the following statement true or false?

"Many rich people like to spend time in Monaco because they don't have to pay high taxes."

Answer Key

1. A | 2. C | 3. A | 4. B | 5. C | 6. C | 7. B | 8. B | 9. A | 10. C | 11. C | 12. A | 13. A | 14. B | 15. C | 16. A | 17. C | 18. B | 19. B | 20. C |21. B | 22. B | 23. B | 24. A

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Comprehension Text and Exercises: Europe's Smallest Countries

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The total number of countries in Europe currently stands at 50, with some countries like Russia spreading across several time zones. Others, however, are so small it would be possible to walk or cycle along their borders in less than a day.

# data[].attributes.body
22 Nov 2019

Andora
....

The origin of this country's name is not certain. It is possible that Andosini, the previous form of the name, derives from handia, which in the Basque language means "big" or "giant". According to a different theory, the name might have been given by the occupying Muslim forces, since al-durra means "the forest" in Arabic.

Luxembourg

Some believe that the name Luxembourg comes from a small castle called Lucilinburhuc(meaning "small castle" in Latin), which was located in the Luxembourg area at the time the country was founded.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Reading Comprehension Text and Exercises

From the Pope's Home to the Cradle of Mediterranean Civilization

The total number of countries in Europe currently stands at 50, with some countries like Russia spreading across several time zones. Others, however, are so small it would be possible to walk or cycle along their borders in less than a day. In spite of their size, each of these countries has something very special to offer to the curious tourists.
A Special Sale: 25% Off on All Really Learn English Products

Vatican City

In Latin, Vatica or Vaticum means "garden", and this country got its name from the general area where it is located, which the Romans called "garden territory".

Located in the heart of Rome, Vatican is the smallest country in the world. This city-state, also known as the Holy See, is the Pope's home and the center of the Catholic Church. Although it occupies only 0.17 square miles (0.44 km ²), Vatican City is densely populated with its 1,000 residents.

The biggest church in the world, St. Peter's Basilica, holding important Christian art works, is also located there. Because the country has no industry, the economy of Vatican City is supported by selling post stamps, souvenirs and publications, and charging admission fees to enter museums.

Monaco

The Greek word monoikos means "single house", a term used to described a Greek colony which lived nearby in the 6th century BC. It is believed that Hercules had passed through the Monaco area, and due to this, a temple called Hercules Monoikos was built. Since then, the whole city became known as Monoikos, or Monaco.

Lying on the Mediterranean Sea coast, Monaco is one the richest countries in the world, known for its luxury hotels and casinos. With the area of merely 0.78 square miles (2.02 km ²), Monaco is also one of the most culturally diverse countries, since 125 nationalities live there.

It's known as the "tax haven" and a favorite location of the rich and famous, due to its lenient tax laws. This tiny monarchy has been ruled by the same family - the House of Grimaldi - since 1297.

San Marino

This country takes its name from a stonemason called San Marinus (meaning Saint Marinus), who worked in the city of Rimini in modern-day Italy, but went on to create an independent community which is today San Marino. (A stonemason is someone who makes things from stone.)

Spreading across 24 square miles (61 km ²), San Marino is another country existing within the borders of Italy.

Having gained independence from the Roman Empire in 301 AD, San Marino is one of the oldest sovereign nations in the world, and is governed by the Constitution of San Marino, a compilation of six books in Latin written in the 16th century.

San Marino has one of the lowest unemployment rates in Europe, no national debt, and more vehicles than people.

Liechtenstein

Liechtenstein is named after the Liechtenstein family. The family owned the Castle Liechtenstein in Austria. The name of the castle means "bright stone", composed of the German words licht, meaning "light" and stein, meaning "stone".

The richest country in the world based on GDP per capita (person), Liechtenstein is a monarchy bordering Switzerland and Austria. Being located in the Alps, this is a popular winter sport destination, although getting in is made more complicated by the fact that there are no airports in the country.

The 62 square miles (160 km ²) big territory got its name from the Liechtenstein dynasty, formed in 1699, and it is in fact still ruled by one of the Liechtenstein princes. Their art collections are on exhibit at the Liechtenstein Museum in Vienna.

Malta

It is believed that the ancient Greeks called this island Melite, meaning "honey-sweet", probably because Malta is home to special bees which produce unique honey.

Located south of Italy, Malta is an archipelago in the Mediterranean Sea. This European Union country covers only 122 square miles (316 km ²) and hosts some 450,000 people. Because of its favorable location, historically Malta was a naval base with great strategic importance.

Twelve different nations had ruled this island before its independence. Malta's beaches, history and nature attract tourists in large numbers. One of the main attractions was the Azure Window, a 92 feet (28m) tall natural arch on the island of Gozo; however, due to very stormy weather in March, 2017, both the slab and the pillar collapsed.

Andorra

The origin of this country's name is not certain. It is possible that Andosini, the previous form of the name, derives from handia, which in the Basque language means "big" or "giant". According to a different theory, the name might have been given by the occupying Muslim forces, since al-durra means "the forest" in Arabic.

Standing between France and Spain, Andorra is a landlocked country, created under a charter in 988. Occupying the area of only 181 square miles (468 km ²), Andorra is headed by both the Bishop of Urgell in Spain and President of France. Built 3,356 feet (1,023 m) above sea level, Andorra la Vella is the highest capital city in Europe.

The residents of Andorra, some 80,000 of them, have the highest life expectancy in the world at 81 years. Tourists can use Euro as a currency, and speak in Spanish or French; yet, the official language is Catalan, spoken in the area around Barcelona in Spain.

Luxembourg

Some believe that the name Luxembourg comes from a small castle called Lucilinburhuc (meaning "small castle" in Latin), which was located in the Luxembourg area at the time the country was founded.

Although small and surrounded by important European countries France, Germany and Belgium, Luxembourg is a powerful country. Luxembourg City is one of the three official capitals of the European Union, and the seat of the European Court of Justice, the highest judicial authority in the union.

This is partly because Luxembourg was very willing to mediate between France and Germany in World War II, which led to a long-lasting peace in Europe.

With the area of 998 square miles (2,586 km ²), this rather small country invites tourists to enjoy its fairytale-like castles and fortresses, historic monuments and picturesque sights.

Cyprus

The name of this island may come from the word kypros meaning "copper", as copper was discovered on the island during the Bronze period (2500 B.C -1050 B.C). Thanks to copper, Cyprus became a well-known country at that time.

This Mediterranean island, located south of Turkey and north of Egypt, is where some of the earliest human activity happened in the 10th millennium BC. Once under British administration, the 3,572 square miles (9,251 km ²) big island is now divided between Turkish Cypriots and those who speak Greek.

Major cities on both sides have airports, so the island is accessible all year round. Archaeological sites are scattered around the island, and the beaches are always busy. Cyprus is particularly famous for its strong wines, jewelry and leather products.

Comprehension Exercises

Vocabulary Questions

1. What does "constitution" mean?

1. set of political and legal principles by which a state is governed

2. all international laws compiled in one document

3. series of books written by the ruling royal family

2. What does "lenient" mean?

3. What does "mediate" mean?

4. What does "dynasty" mean?

5. What does "slab" mean?

1. metal construction

2. wooden bridge

3. large piece of stone

Collocation Questions

1. Malta was once an important __________ base.

2. The European Court of Justice is the highest judicial __________ in the European Union.

3. The art collection is on __________ at the Liechtenstein Museum in Vienna.

4. Monaco is also known as the "tax __________" for rich people.

San Marino has no __________ debt.

The Andorrans have the highest life __________ in the world.

1. Although small, Luxembourg has many __________ sights.

2. Vatican City __________ admission fees for museums to boost its economy.

3. Archaeological sites are scattered __________ Cyprus.

4. Euro is the official __________ in Andorra.

Wh Questions

1. Why is Liechtenstein a popular winter sport destination?

2. What is the most important legal document in San Marino?

3. Which two big ethnic groups live on Cyprus?

4. How was the Azure Window destroyed?

1. a bishop and the British Queen

2. the Pope and the Spanish President

3. the French President and a bishop

Evaluating Statements

1. Based on the information in this lesson, which statement is true?

1. There are direct flight from Zurich to the capital of Liechtenstein.

2. No flights go to Liechtenstein.

2. Based on the information in this lesson, which statement is false?

1. Both San Marino and Vatican City are located within Italy.

2. Both Luxembourg and Vatican City are located within Italy.

True or False?

1. Based on the information in this lesson, is the following statement true or false?

"The European Union has only one capital, and it is located in Luxembourg City."

2. Based on the information in this lesson, is the following statement true or false?

"Many rich people like to spend time in Monaco because they don't have to pay high taxes."

Answer Key

1. A | 2. C | 3. A | 4. B | 5. C | 6. C | 7. B | 8. B | 9. A | 10. C | 11. C | 12. A | 13. A | 14. B | 15. C | 16. A | 17. C | 18. B | 19. B | 20. C |21. B | 22. B | 23. B | 24. A

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Comprehension Text and Exercises: Europe's Smallest Countries

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The total number of countries in Europe currently stands at 50, with some countries like Russia spreading across several time zones. Others, however, are so small it would be possible to walk or cycle along their borders in less than a day.

# data[].attributes.body
21 Nov 2019

Liechtenstein
........
Liechtenstein is named after the Liechtenstein family. The family owned the Castle Liechtenstein in Austria. The name of the castle means "bright stone", composed of the German words licht, meaning "light" and stein, meaning "stone".

The richest country in the world based on GDP per capita (person), Liechtenstein is a monarchy bordering Switzerland and Austria.

And there are Malta

Malta

It is believed that the ancient Greeks called this island Melite, meaning "honey-sweet", probably because Malta is home to special bees which produce unique honey.

Located south of Italy, Malta is an archipelago in the Mediterranean Sea.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Reading Comprehension Text and Exercises

From the Pope's Home to the Cradle of Mediterranean Civilization

The total number of countries in Europe currently stands at 50, with some countries like Russia spreading across several time zones. Others, however, are so small it would be possible to walk or cycle along their borders in less than a day. In spite of their size, each of these countries has something very special to offer to the curious tourists.
A Special Sale: 25% Off on All Really Learn English Products

Vatican City

In Latin, Vatica or Vaticum means "garden", and this country got its name from the general area where it is located, which the Romans called "garden territory".

Located in the heart of Rome, Vatican is the smallest country in the world. This city-state, also known as the Holy See, is the Pope's home and the center of the Catholic Church. Although it occupies only 0.17 square miles (0.44 km ²), Vatican City is densely populated with its 1,000 residents.

The biggest church in the world, St. Peter's Basilica, holding important Christian art works, is also located there. Because the country has no industry, the economy of Vatican City is supported by selling post stamps, souvenirs and publications, and charging admission fees to enter museums.

Monaco

The Greek word monoikos means "single house", a term used to described a Greek colony which lived nearby in the 6th century BC. It is believed that Hercules had passed through the Monaco area, and due to this, a temple called Hercules Monoikos was built. Since then, the whole city became known as Monoikos, or Monaco.

Lying on the Mediterranean Sea coast, Monaco is one the richest countries in the world, known for its luxury hotels and casinos. With the area of merely 0.78 square miles (2.02 km ²), Monaco is also one of the most culturally diverse countries, since 125 nationalities live there.

It's known as the "tax haven" and a favorite location of the rich and famous, due to its lenient tax laws. This tiny monarchy has been ruled by the same family - the House of Grimaldi - since 1297.

San Marino

This country takes its name from a stonemason called San Marinus (meaning Saint Marinus), who worked in the city of Rimini in modern-day Italy, but went on to create an independent community which is today San Marino. (A stonemason is someone who makes things from stone.)

Spreading across 24 square miles (61 km ²), San Marino is another country existing within the borders of Italy.

Having gained independence from the Roman Empire in 301 AD, San Marino is one of the oldest sovereign nations in the world, and is governed by the Constitution of San Marino, a compilation of six books in Latin written in the 16th century.

San Marino has one of the lowest unemployment rates in Europe, no national debt, and more vehicles than people.

Liechtenstein

Liechtenstein is named after the Liechtenstein family. The family owned the Castle Liechtenstein in Austria. The name of the castle means "bright stone", composed of the German words licht, meaning "light" and stein, meaning "stone".

The richest country in the world based on GDP per capita (person), Liechtenstein is a monarchy bordering Switzerland and Austria. Being located in the Alps, this is a popular winter sport destination, although getting in is made more complicated by the fact that there are no airports in the country.

The 62 square miles (160 km ²) big territory got its name from the Liechtenstein dynasty, formed in 1699, and it is in fact still ruled by one of the Liechtenstein princes. Their art collections are on exhibit at the Liechtenstein Museum in Vienna.

Malta

It is believed that the ancient Greeks called this island Melite, meaning "honey-sweet", probably because Malta is home to special bees which produce unique honey.

Located south of Italy, Malta is an archipelago in the Mediterranean Sea. This European Union country covers only 122 square miles (316 km ²) and hosts some 450,000 people. Because of its favorable location, historically Malta was a naval base with great strategic importance.

Twelve different nations had ruled this island before its independence. Malta's beaches, history and nature attract tourists in large numbers. One of the main attractions was the Azure Window, a 92 feet (28m) tall natural arch on the island of Gozo; however, due to very stormy weather in March, 2017, both the slab and the pillar collapsed.

Andorra

The origin of this country's name is not certain. It is possible that Andosini, the previous form of the name, derives from handia, which in the Basque language means "big" or "giant". According to a different theory, the name might have been given by the occupying Muslim forces, since al-durra means "the forest" in Arabic.

Standing between France and Spain, Andorra is a landlocked country, created under a charter in 988. Occupying the area of only 181 square miles (468 km ²), Andorra is headed by both the Bishop of Urgell in Spain and President of France. Built 3,356 feet (1,023 m) above sea level, Andorra la Vella is the highest capital city in Europe.

The residents of Andorra, some 80,000 of them, have the highest life expectancy in the world at 81 years. Tourists can use Euro as a currency, and speak in Spanish or French; yet, the official language is Catalan, spoken in the area around Barcelona in Spain.

Luxembourg

Some believe that the name Luxembourg comes from a small castle called Lucilinburhuc (meaning "small castle" in Latin), which was located in the Luxembourg area at the time the country was founded.

Although small and surrounded by important European countries France, Germany and Belgium, Luxembourg is a powerful country. Luxembourg City is one of the three official capitals of the European Union, and the seat of the European Court of Justice, the highest judicial authority in the union.

This is partly because Luxembourg was very willing to mediate between France and Germany in World War II, which led to a long-lasting peace in Europe.

With the area of 998 square miles (2,586 km ²), this rather small country invites tourists to enjoy its fairytale-like castles and fortresses, historic monuments and picturesque sights.

Cyprus

The name of this island may come from the word kypros meaning "copper", as copper was discovered on the island during the Bronze period (2500 B.C -1050 B.C). Thanks to copper, Cyprus became a well-known country at that time.

This Mediterranean island, located south of Turkey and north of Egypt, is where some of the earliest human activity happened in the 10th millennium BC. Once under British administration, the 3,572 square miles (9,251 km ²) big island is now divided between Turkish Cypriots and those who speak Greek.

Major cities on both sides have airports, so the island is accessible all year round. Archaeological sites are scattered around the island, and the beaches are always busy. Cyprus is particularly famous for its strong wines, jewelry and leather products.

Comprehension Exercises

Vocabulary Questions

1. What does "constitution" mean?

1. set of political and legal principles by which a state is governed

2. all international laws compiled in one document

3. series of books written by the ruling royal family

2. What does "lenient" mean?

3. What does "mediate" mean?

4. What does "dynasty" mean?

5. What does "slab" mean?

1. metal construction

2. wooden bridge

3. large piece of stone

Collocation Questions

1. Malta was once an important __________ base.

2. The European Court of Justice is the highest judicial __________ in the European Union.

3. The art collection is on __________ at the Liechtenstein Museum in Vienna.

4. Monaco is also known as the "tax __________" for rich people.

San Marino has no __________ debt.

The Andorrans have the highest life __________ in the world.

1. Although small, Luxembourg has many __________ sights.

2. Vatican City __________ admission fees for museums to boost its economy.

3. Archaeological sites are scattered __________ Cyprus.

4. Euro is the official __________ in Andorra.

Wh Questions

1. Why is Liechtenstein a popular winter sport destination?

2. What is the most important legal document in San Marino?

3. Which two big ethnic groups live on Cyprus?

4. How was the Azure Window destroyed?

1. a bishop and the British Queen

2. the Pope and the Spanish President

3. the French President and a bishop

Evaluating Statements

1. Based on the information in this lesson, which statement is true?

1. There are direct flight from Zurich to the capital of Liechtenstein.

2. No flights go to Liechtenstein.

2. Based on the information in this lesson, which statement is false?

1. Both San Marino and Vatican City are located within Italy.

2. Both Luxembourg and Vatican City are located within Italy.

True or False?

1. Based on the information in this lesson, is the following statement true or false?

"The European Union has only one capital, and it is located in Luxembourg City."

2. Based on the information in this lesson, is the following statement true or false?

"Many rich people like to spend time in Monaco because they don't have to pay high taxes."

Answer Key

1. A | 2. C | 3. A | 4. B | 5. C | 6. C | 7. B | 8. B | 9. A | 10. C | 11. C | 12. A | 13. A | 14. B | 15. C | 16. A | 17. C | 18. B | 19. B | 20. C |21. B | 22. B | 23. B | 24. A

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Comprehension Text and Exercises: Europe's Smallest Countries

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The total number of countries in Europe currently stands at 50, with some countries like Russia spreading across several time zones. Others, however, are so small it would be possible to walk or cycle along their borders in less than a day.

# data[].attributes.body
20 Nov 2019

San Marino
......

This country takes its name from a stonemason called San Marinus (meaning Saint Marinus), who worked in the city of Rimini in modern-day Italy, but went on to create an independent community which is today San Marino. (A stonemason is someone who makes things from stone.)

Spreading across 24 square miles (61 km²),
San Marino is another country existing within the borders of Italy.

Having gained independence from the Roman Empire in 301 AD, San Marino is one of the oldest sovereign nations in the world, and is governed by the Constitution of San Marino, a compilation of six books in Latin written in the 16th century.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Reading Comprehension Text and Exercises

From the Pope's Home to the Cradle of Mediterranean Civilization

The total number of countries in Europe currently stands at 50, with some countries like Russia spreading across several time zones. Others, however, are so small it would be possible to walk or cycle along their borders in less than a day. In spite of their size, each of these countries has something very special to offer to the curious tourists.
A Special Sale: 25% Off on All Really Learn English Products

Vatican City

In Latin, Vatica or Vaticum means "garden", and this country got its name from the general area where it is located, which the Romans called "garden territory".

Located in the heart of Rome, Vatican is the smallest country in the world. This city-state, also known as the Holy See, is the Pope's home and the center of the Catholic Church. Although it occupies only 0.17 square miles (0.44 km ²), Vatican City is densely populated with its 1,000 residents.

The biggest church in the world, St. Peter's Basilica, holding important Christian art works, is also located there. Because the country has no industry, the economy of Vatican City is supported by selling post stamps, souvenirs and publications, and charging admission fees to enter museums.

Monaco

The Greek word monoikos means "single house", a term used to described a Greek colony which lived nearby in the 6th century BC. It is believed that Hercules had passed through the Monaco area, and due to this, a temple called Hercules Monoikos was built. Since then, the whole city became known as Monoikos, or Monaco.

Lying on the Mediterranean Sea coast, Monaco is one the richest countries in the world, known for its luxury hotels and casinos. With the area of merely 0.78 square miles (2.02 km ²), Monaco is also one of the most culturally diverse countries, since 125 nationalities live there.

It's known as the "tax haven" and a favorite location of the rich and famous, due to its lenient tax laws. This tiny monarchy has been ruled by the same family - the House of Grimaldi - since 1297.

San Marino

This country takes its name from a stonemason called San Marinus (meaning Saint Marinus), who worked in the city of Rimini in modern-day Italy, but went on to create an independent community which is today San Marino. (A stonemason is someone who makes things from stone.)

Spreading across 24 square miles (61 km ²), San Marino is another country existing within the borders of Italy.

Having gained independence from the Roman Empire in 301 AD, San Marino is one of the oldest sovereign nations in the world, and is governed by the Constitution of San Marino, a compilation of six books in Latin written in the 16th century.

San Marino has one of the lowest unemployment rates in Europe, no national debt, and more vehicles than people.

Liechtenstein

Liechtenstein is named after the Liechtenstein family. The family owned the Castle Liechtenstein in Austria. The name of the castle means "bright stone", composed of the German words licht, meaning "light" and stein, meaning "stone".

The richest country in the world based on GDP per capita (person), Liechtenstein is a monarchy bordering Switzerland and Austria. Being located in the Alps, this is a popular winter sport destination, although getting in is made more complicated by the fact that there are no airports in the country.

The 62 square miles (160 km ²) big territory got its name from the Liechtenstein dynasty, formed in 1699, and it is in fact still ruled by one of the Liechtenstein princes. Their art collections are on exhibit at the Liechtenstein Museum in Vienna.

Malta

It is believed that the ancient Greeks called this island Melite, meaning "honey-sweet", probably because Malta is home to special bees which produce unique honey.

Located south of Italy, Malta is an archipelago in the Mediterranean Sea. This European Union country covers only 122 square miles (316 km ²) and hosts some 450,000 people. Because of its favorable location, historically Malta was a naval base with great strategic importance.

Twelve different nations had ruled this island before its independence. Malta's beaches, history and nature attract tourists in large numbers. One of the main attractions was the Azure Window, a 92 feet (28m) tall natural arch on the island of Gozo; however, due to very stormy weather in March, 2017, both the slab and the pillar collapsed.

Andorra

The origin of this country's name is not certain. It is possible that Andosini, the previous form of the name, derives from handia, which in the Basque language means "big" or "giant". According to a different theory, the name might have been given by the occupying Muslim forces, since al-durra means "the forest" in Arabic.

Standing between France and Spain, Andorra is a landlocked country, created under a charter in 988. Occupying the area of only 181 square miles (468 km ²), Andorra is headed by both the Bishop of Urgell in Spain and President of France. Built 3,356 feet (1,023 m) above sea level, Andorra la Vella is the highest capital city in Europe.

The residents of Andorra, some 80,000 of them, have the highest life expectancy in the world at 81 years. Tourists can use Euro as a currency, and speak in Spanish or French; yet, the official language is Catalan, spoken in the area around Barcelona in Spain.

Luxembourg

Some believe that the name Luxembourg comes from a small castle called Lucilinburhuc (meaning "small castle" in Latin), which was located in the Luxembourg area at the time the country was founded.

Although small and surrounded by important European countries France, Germany and Belgium, Luxembourg is a powerful country. Luxembourg City is one of the three official capitals of the European Union, and the seat of the European Court of Justice, the highest judicial authority in the union.

This is partly because Luxembourg was very willing to mediate between France and Germany in World War II, which led to a long-lasting peace in Europe.

With the area of 998 square miles (2,586 km ²), this rather small country invites tourists to enjoy its fairytale-like castles and fortresses, historic monuments and picturesque sights.

Cyprus

The name of this island may come from the word kypros meaning "copper", as copper was discovered on the island during the Bronze period (2500 B.C -1050 B.C). Thanks to copper, Cyprus became a well-known country at that time.

This Mediterranean island, located south of Turkey and north of Egypt, is where some of the earliest human activity happened in the 10th millennium BC. Once under British administration, the 3,572 square miles (9,251 km ²) big island is now divided between Turkish Cypriots and those who speak Greek.

Major cities on both sides have airports, so the island is accessible all year round. Archaeological sites are scattered around the island, and the beaches are always busy. Cyprus is particularly famous for its strong wines, jewelry and leather products.

Comprehension Exercises

Vocabulary Questions

1. What does "constitution" mean?

1. set of political and legal principles by which a state is governed

2. all international laws compiled in one document

3. series of books written by the ruling royal family

2. What does "lenient" mean?

3. What does "mediate" mean?

4. What does "dynasty" mean?

5. What does "slab" mean?

1. metal construction

2. wooden bridge

3. large piece of stone

Collocation Questions

1. Malta was once an important __________ base.

2. The European Court of Justice is the highest judicial __________ in the European Union.

3. The art collection is on __________ at the Liechtenstein Museum in Vienna.

4. Monaco is also known as the "tax __________" for rich people.

San Marino has no __________ debt.

The Andorrans have the highest life __________ in the world.

1. Although small, Luxembourg has many __________ sights.

2. Vatican City __________ admission fees for museums to boost its economy.

3. Archaeological sites are scattered __________ Cyprus.

4. Euro is the official __________ in Andorra.

Wh Questions

1. Why is Liechtenstein a popular winter sport destination?

2. What is the most important legal document in San Marino?

3. Which two big ethnic groups live on Cyprus?

4. How was the Azure Window destroyed?

1. a bishop and the British Queen

2. the Pope and the Spanish President

3. the French President and a bishop

Evaluating Statements

1. Based on the information in this lesson, which statement is true?

1. There are direct flight from Zurich to the capital of Liechtenstein.

2. No flights go to Liechtenstein.

2. Based on the information in this lesson, which statement is false?

1. Both San Marino and Vatican City are located within Italy.

2. Both Luxembourg and Vatican City are located within Italy.

True or False?

1. Based on the information in this lesson, is the following statement true or false?

"The European Union has only one capital, and it is located in Luxembourg City."

2. Based on the information in this lesson, is the following statement true or false?

"Many rich people like to spend time in Monaco because they don't have to pay high taxes."

Answer Key

1. A | 2. C | 3. A | 4. B | 5. C | 6. C | 7. B | 8. B | 9. A | 10. C | 11. C | 12. A | 13. A | 14. B | 15. C | 16. A | 17. C | 18. B | 19. B | 20. C |21. B | 22. B | 23. B | 24. A

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Comprehension Text and Exercises: Europe's Smallest Countries

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The total number of countries in Europe currently stands at 50, with some countries like Russia spreading across several time zones. Others, however, are so small it would be possible to walk or cycle along their borders in less than a day.

# data[].attributes.body
19 Nov 2019

Manaco
......
The Greek word monoikos means "single house", a term used to described a Greek colony which lived nearby in the 6th century BC. It is believed that Hercules had passed through the Monaco area, and due to this, a temple called Hercules Monoikos was built. Since then, the whole city became known as Monoikos, or Monaco.

Lying on the Mediterranean Sea coast, Monaco is one the richest countries in the world, known for its luxury hotels and casinos.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Reading Comprehension Text and Exercises

From the Pope's Home to the Cradle of Mediterranean Civilization

The total number of countries in Europe currently stands at 50, with some countries like Russia spreading across several time zones. Others, however, are so small it would be possible to walk or cycle along their borders in less than a day. In spite of their size, each of these countries has something very special to offer to the curious tourists.
A Special Sale: 25% Off on All Really Learn English Products

Vatican City

In Latin, Vatica or Vaticum means "garden", and this country got its name from the general area where it is located, which the Romans called "garden territory".

Located in the heart of Rome, Vatican is the smallest country in the world. This city-state, also known as the Holy See, is the Pope's home and the center of the Catholic Church. Although it occupies only 0.17 square miles (0.44 km ²), Vatican City is densely populated with its 1,000 residents.

The biggest church in the world, St. Peter's Basilica, holding important Christian art works, is also located there. Because the country has no industry, the economy of Vatican City is supported by selling post stamps, souvenirs and publications, and charging admission fees to enter museums.

Monaco

The Greek word monoikos means "single house", a term used to described a Greek colony which lived nearby in the 6th century BC. It is believed that Hercules had passed through the Monaco area, and due to this, a temple called Hercules Monoikos was built. Since then, the whole city became known as Monoikos, or Monaco.

Lying on the Mediterranean Sea coast, Monaco is one the richest countries in the world, known for its luxury hotels and casinos. With the area of merely 0.78 square miles (2.02 km ²), Monaco is also one of the most culturally diverse countries, since 125 nationalities live there.

It's known as the "tax haven" and a favorite location of the rich and famous, due to its lenient tax laws. This tiny monarchy has been ruled by the same family - the House of Grimaldi - since 1297.

San Marino

This country takes its name from a stonemason called San Marinus (meaning Saint Marinus), who worked in the city of Rimini in modern-day Italy, but went on to create an independent community which is today San Marino. (A stonemason is someone who makes things from stone.)

Spreading across 24 square miles (61 km ²), San Marino is another country existing within the borders of Italy.

Having gained independence from the Roman Empire in 301 AD, San Marino is one of the oldest sovereign nations in the world, and is governed by the Constitution of San Marino, a compilation of six books in Latin written in the 16th century.

San Marino has one of the lowest unemployment rates in Europe, no national debt, and more vehicles than people.

Liechtenstein

Liechtenstein is named after the Liechtenstein family. The family owned the Castle Liechtenstein in Austria. The name of the castle means "bright stone", composed of the German words licht, meaning "light" and stein, meaning "stone".

The richest country in the world based on GDP per capita (person), Liechtenstein is a monarchy bordering Switzerland and Austria. Being located in the Alps, this is a popular winter sport destination, although getting in is made more complicated by the fact that there are no airports in the country.

The 62 square miles (160 km ²) big territory got its name from the Liechtenstein dynasty, formed in 1699, and it is in fact still ruled by one of the Liechtenstein princes. Their art collections are on exhibit at the Liechtenstein Museum in Vienna.

Malta

It is believed that the ancient Greeks called this island Melite, meaning "honey-sweet", probably because Malta is home to special bees which produce unique honey.

Located south of Italy, Malta is an archipelago in the Mediterranean Sea. This European Union country covers only 122 square miles (316 km ²) and hosts some 450,000 people. Because of its favorable location, historically Malta was a naval base with great strategic importance.

Twelve different nations had ruled this island before its independence. Malta's beaches, history and nature attract tourists in large numbers. One of the main attractions was the Azure Window, a 92 feet (28m) tall natural arch on the island of Gozo; however, due to very stormy weather in March, 2017, both the slab and the pillar collapsed.

Andorra

The origin of this country's name is not certain. It is possible that Andosini, the previous form of the name, derives from handia, which in the Basque language means "big" or "giant". According to a different theory, the name might have been given by the occupying Muslim forces, since al-durra means "the forest" in Arabic.

Standing between France and Spain, Andorra is a landlocked country, created under a charter in 988. Occupying the area of only 181 square miles (468 km ²), Andorra is headed by both the Bishop of Urgell in Spain and President of France. Built 3,356 feet (1,023 m) above sea level, Andorra la Vella is the highest capital city in Europe.

The residents of Andorra, some 80,000 of them, have the highest life expectancy in the world at 81 years. Tourists can use Euro as a currency, and speak in Spanish or French; yet, the official language is Catalan, spoken in the area around Barcelona in Spain.

Luxembourg

Some believe that the name Luxembourg comes from a small castle called Lucilinburhuc (meaning "small castle" in Latin), which was located in the Luxembourg area at the time the country was founded.

Although small and surrounded by important European countries France, Germany and Belgium, Luxembourg is a powerful country. Luxembourg City is one of the three official capitals of the European Union, and the seat of the European Court of Justice, the highest judicial authority in the union.

This is partly because Luxembourg was very willing to mediate between France and Germany in World War II, which led to a long-lasting peace in Europe.

With the area of 998 square miles (2,586 km ²), this rather small country invites tourists to enjoy its fairytale-like castles and fortresses, historic monuments and picturesque sights.

Cyprus

The name of this island may come from the word kypros meaning "copper", as copper was discovered on the island during the Bronze period (2500 B.C -1050 B.C). Thanks to copper, Cyprus became a well-known country at that time.

This Mediterranean island, located south of Turkey and north of Egypt, is where some of the earliest human activity happened in the 10th millennium BC. Once under British administration, the 3,572 square miles (9,251 km ²) big island is now divided between Turkish Cypriots and those who speak Greek.

Major cities on both sides have airports, so the island is accessible all year round. Archaeological sites are scattered around the island, and the beaches are always busy. Cyprus is particularly famous for its strong wines, jewelry and leather products.

Comprehension Exercises

Vocabulary Questions

1. What does "constitution" mean?

1. set of political and legal principles by which a state is governed

2. all international laws compiled in one document

3. series of books written by the ruling royal family

2. What does "lenient" mean?

3. What does "mediate" mean?

4. What does "dynasty" mean?

5. What does "slab" mean?

1. metal construction

2. wooden bridge

3. large piece of stone

Collocation Questions

1. Malta was once an important __________ base.

2. The European Court of Justice is the highest judicial __________ in the European Union.

3. The art collection is on __________ at the Liechtenstein Museum in Vienna.

4. Monaco is also known as the "tax __________" for rich people.

San Marino has no __________ debt.

The Andorrans have the highest life __________ in the world.

1. Although small, Luxembourg has many __________ sights.

2. Vatican City __________ admission fees for museums to boost its economy.

3. Archaeological sites are scattered __________ Cyprus.

4. Euro is the official __________ in Andorra.

Wh Questions

1. Why is Liechtenstein a popular winter sport destination?

2. What is the most important legal document in San Marino?

3. Which two big ethnic groups live on Cyprus?

4. How was the Azure Window destroyed?

1. a bishop and the British Queen

2. the Pope and the Spanish President

3. the French President and a bishop

Evaluating Statements

1. Based on the information in this lesson, which statement is true?

1. There are direct flight from Zurich to the capital of Liechtenstein.

2. No flights go to Liechtenstein.

2. Based on the information in this lesson, which statement is false?

1. Both San Marino and Vatican City are located within Italy.

2. Both Luxembourg and Vatican City are located within Italy.

True or False?

1. Based on the information in this lesson, is the following statement true or false?

"The European Union has only one capital, and it is located in Luxembourg City."

2. Based on the information in this lesson, is the following statement true or false?

"Many rich people like to spend time in Monaco because they don't have to pay high taxes."

Answer Key

1. A | 2. C | 3. A | 4. B | 5. C | 6. C | 7. B | 8. B | 9. A | 10. C | 11. C | 12. A | 13. A | 14. B | 15. C | 16. A | 17. C | 18. B | 19. B | 20. C |21. B | 22. B | 23. B | 24. A

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Comprehension Text and Exercises: Europe's Smallest Countries

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The total number of countries in Europe currently stands at 50, with some countries like Russia spreading across several time zones. Others, however, are so small it would be possible to walk or cycle along their borders in less than a day.

# data[].attributes.body
18 Nov 2019

Europe's Smallest Countries : Vatican City

........
In Latin, Vatica or Vaticum means "garden", and this country got its name from the general area where it is located, which the Romans called "garden territory". Located in the heart of Rome, Vatican is the smallest country in the world.

The biggest church in the world, St. Peter's Basilica, holding important Christian art works, is also located there.Because the country has no industry, the economy of Vatican City is supported by selling post stamps, souvenirs and publications, and charging admission fees to enter museums.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Reading Comprehension Text and Exercises

From the Pope's Home to the Cradle of Mediterranean Civilization

The total number of countries in Europe currently stands at 50, with some countries like Russia spreading across several time zones. Others, however, are so small it would be possible to walk or cycle along their borders in less than a day. In spite of their size, each of these countries has something very special to offer to the curious tourists.
A Special Sale: 25% Off on All Really Learn English Products

Vatican City

In Latin, Vatica or Vaticum means "garden", and this country got its name from the general area where it is located, which the Romans called "garden territory".

Located in the heart of Rome, Vatican is the smallest country in the world. This city-state, also known as the Holy See, is the Pope's home and the center of the Catholic Church. Although it occupies only 0.17 square miles (0.44 km ²), Vatican City is densely populated with its 1,000 residents.

The biggest church in the world, St. Peter's Basilica, holding important Christian art works, is also located there. Because the country has no industry, the economy of Vatican City is supported by selling post stamps, souvenirs and publications, and charging admission fees to enter museums.

Monaco

The Greek word monoikos means "single house", a term used to described a Greek colony which lived nearby in the 6th century BC. It is believed that Hercules had passed through the Monaco area, and due to this, a temple called Hercules Monoikos was built. Since then, the whole city became known as Monoikos, or Monaco.

Lying on the Mediterranean Sea coast, Monaco is one the richest countries in the world, known for its luxury hotels and casinos. With the area of merely 0.78 square miles (2.02 km ²), Monaco is also one of the most culturally diverse countries, since 125 nationalities live there.

It's known as the "tax haven" and a favorite location of the rich and famous, due to its lenient tax laws. This tiny monarchy has been ruled by the same family - the House of Grimaldi - since 1297.

San Marino

This country takes its name from a stonemason called San Marinus (meaning Saint Marinus), who worked in the city of Rimini in modern-day Italy, but went on to create an independent community which is today San Marino. (A stonemason is someone who makes things from stone.)

Spreading across 24 square miles (61 km ²), San Marino is another country existing within the borders of Italy.

Having gained independence from the Roman Empire in 301 AD, San Marino is one of the oldest sovereign nations in the world, and is governed by the Constitution of San Marino, a compilation of six books in Latin written in the 16th century.

San Marino has one of the lowest unemployment rates in Europe, no national debt, and more vehicles than people.

Liechtenstein

Liechtenstein is named after the Liechtenstein family. The family owned the Castle Liechtenstein in Austria. The name of the castle means "bright stone", composed of the German words licht, meaning "light" and stein, meaning "stone".

The richest country in the world based on GDP per capita (person), Liechtenstein is a monarchy bordering Switzerland and Austria. Being located in the Alps, this is a popular winter sport destination, although getting in is made more complicated by the fact that there are no airports in the country.

The 62 square miles (160 km ²) big territory got its name from the Liechtenstein dynasty, formed in 1699, and it is in fact still ruled by one of the Liechtenstein princes. Their art collections are on exhibit at the Liechtenstein Museum in Vienna.

Malta

It is believed that the ancient Greeks called this island Melite, meaning "honey-sweet", probably because Malta is home to special bees which produce unique honey.

Located south of Italy, Malta is an archipelago in the Mediterranean Sea. This European Union country covers only 122 square miles (316 km ²) and hosts some 450,000 people. Because of its favorable location, historically Malta was a naval base with great strategic importance.

Twelve different nations had ruled this island before its independence. Malta's beaches, history and nature attract tourists in large numbers. One of the main attractions was the Azure Window, a 92 feet (28m) tall natural arch on the island of Gozo; however, due to very stormy weather in March, 2017, both the slab and the pillar collapsed.

Andorra

The origin of this country's name is not certain. It is possible that Andosini, the previous form of the name, derives from handia, which in the Basque language means "big" or "giant". According to a different theory, the name might have been given by the occupying Muslim forces, since al-durra means "the forest" in Arabic.

Standing between France and Spain, Andorra is a landlocked country, created under a charter in 988. Occupying the area of only 181 square miles (468 km ²), Andorra is headed by both the Bishop of Urgell in Spain and President of France. Built 3,356 feet (1,023 m) above sea level, Andorra la Vella is the highest capital city in Europe.

The residents of Andorra, some 80,000 of them, have the highest life expectancy in the world at 81 years. Tourists can use Euro as a currency, and speak in Spanish or French; yet, the official language is Catalan, spoken in the area around Barcelona in Spain.

Luxembourg

Some believe that the name Luxembourg comes from a small castle called Lucilinburhuc (meaning "small castle" in Latin), which was located in the Luxembourg area at the time the country was founded.

Although small and surrounded by important European countries France, Germany and Belgium, Luxembourg is a powerful country. Luxembourg City is one of the three official capitals of the European Union, and the seat of the European Court of Justice, the highest judicial authority in the union.

This is partly because Luxembourg was very willing to mediate between France and Germany in World War II, which led to a long-lasting peace in Europe.

With the area of 998 square miles (2,586 km ²), this rather small country invites tourists to enjoy its fairytale-like castles and fortresses, historic monuments and picturesque sights.

Cyprus

The name of this island may come from the word kypros meaning "copper", as copper was discovered on the island during the Bronze period (2500 B.C -1050 B.C). Thanks to copper, Cyprus became a well-known country at that time.

This Mediterranean island, located south of Turkey and north of Egypt, is where some of the earliest human activity happened in the 10th millennium BC. Once under British administration, the 3,572 square miles (9,251 km ²) big island is now divided between Turkish Cypriots and those who speak Greek.

Major cities on both sides have airports, so the island is accessible all year round. Archaeological sites are scattered around the island, and the beaches are always busy. Cyprus is particularly famous for its strong wines, jewelry and leather products.

Comprehension Exercises

Vocabulary Questions

1. What does "constitution" mean?

1. set of political and legal principles by which a state is governed

2. all international laws compiled in one document

3. series of books written by the ruling royal family

2. What does "lenient" mean?

3. What does "mediate" mean?

4. What does "dynasty" mean?

5. What does "slab" mean?

1. metal construction

2. wooden bridge

3. large piece of stone

Collocation Questions

1. Malta was once an important __________ base.

2. The European Court of Justice is the highest judicial __________ in the European Union.

3. The art collection is on __________ at the Liechtenstein Museum in Vienna.

4. Monaco is also known as the "tax __________" for rich people.

San Marino has no __________ debt.

The Andorrans have the highest life __________ in the world.

1. Although small, Luxembourg has many __________ sights.

2. Vatican City __________ admission fees for museums to boost its economy.

3. Archaeological sites are scattered __________ Cyprus.

4. Euro is the official __________ in Andorra.

Wh Questions

1. Why is Liechtenstein a popular winter sport destination?

2. What is the most important legal document in San Marino?

3. Which two big ethnic groups live on Cyprus?

4. How was the Azure Window destroyed?

1. a bishop and the British Queen

2. the Pope and the Spanish President

3. the French President and a bishop

Evaluating Statements

1. Based on the information in this lesson, which statement is true?

1. There are direct flight from Zurich to the capital of Liechtenstein.

2. No flights go to Liechtenstein.

2. Based on the information in this lesson, which statement is false?

1. Both San Marino and Vatican City are located within Italy.

2. Both Luxembourg and Vatican City are located within Italy.

True or False?

1. Based on the information in this lesson, is the following statement true or false?

"The European Union has only one capital, and it is located in Luxembourg City."

2. Based on the information in this lesson, is the following statement true or false?

"Many rich people like to spend time in Monaco because they don't have to pay high taxes."

Answer Key

1. A | 2. C | 3. A | 4. B | 5. C | 6. C | 7. B | 8. B | 9. A | 10. C | 11. C | 12. A | 13. A | 14. B | 15. C | 16. A | 17. C | 18. B | 19. B | 20. C |21. B | 22. B | 23. B | 24. A

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Comprehension Text and Exercises: Europe's Smallest Countries

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The total number of countries in Europe currently stands at 50, with some countries like Russia spreading across several time zones. Others, however, are so small it would be possible to walk or cycle along their borders in less than a day.

# data[].attributes.body
( 17 Nov 19 )

Byblos, Lebanon
.........
People have been living in Byblos for more than 8,000 years. An ancient myth suggests that this city, lying on the coast of the Mediterranean Sea, was built by Greek god Cronus.

The earliest records show that the city was in fact called Gubal. The Greek name Byblos was most probably adopted because papyrus (paper), which was imported through this city, was also called byblos in Greek. (That is why biblion in Greek means "book", and it is also the origin of the English word bible.)

Byblos was a small fishing village at first, but as trade increased, it became an important shipping port. Although destroyed numerous times, Byblos still has remnants of its ancient history, particularly its temples, to offer to curious tourists, many of whom also find it to be a great beach destination.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Reading Comprehension Text and Exercises

As agriculture developed, people produced surplus food, and trade became an everyday activity. Most historians believe these trends in agriculture are responsible for the birth of cities. Yet, some think cities were first built for defense reasons. In either case, there are several cities in the world which have continuously been inhabited for thousands of years.
Click Here for English Short Stories for English Learners: 500 Pages of Stories, Exercises, and Fun Activities

A Brief History of Cities

The English word "city" came through Old French, and has roots in Latin civitas, which means "citizenship". The influence of the Greek word polis, meaning "city", can be noticed is English words such as "metropolis" (a really large city).

Some of the earliest cities developed 4000-3000 BC, as civilizations in the Middle East, India and China flourished. Some, like Mohenjo-daro in Pakistan, were very densely populated, so they had to develop complex system to keep the city sanitary.

In the Middle Ages, some cities like Venice and San Marino took control over surrounding villages and became powerful city-states.

The growth of modern industries led many people to migrate from rural areas to cities, which brought about the rise of megacities, places with over 10 million people.

Jericho, Palestinian Territories

Through its ancient archaeological sites, Jericho tells countless stories about the history of humans. Not only is this the city with the oldest wall, built around the first community 10,000 years ago, but it is also mentioned in the Hebrew Bible as the "City of Palm Trees".

Jericho's Arabic name Ariha means "fragrant". In the beginning, the indigenous populations lived alone in an agricultural community, but slowly, different groups of nomads joined them.

This city has had a turbulent history ever since, yet it remained continuously inhabited. Nowadays, several Christian pilgrimage sites located in the city make Jericho a popular tourist destination.

Byblos, Lebanon

People have been living in Byblos for more than 8,000 years. An ancient myth suggests that this city, lying on the coast of the Mediterranean Sea, was built by Greek god Cronus.

The earliest records show that the city was in fact called Gubal. The Greek name Byblos was most probably adopted because papyrus (paper), which was imported through this city, was also called byblos in Greek. (That is why biblion in Greek means "book", and it is also the origin of the English word bible.)

Byblos was a small fishing village at first, but as trade increased, it became an important shipping port. Although destroyed numerous times, Byblos still has remnants of its ancient history, particularly its temples, to offer to curious tourists, many of whom also find it to be a great beach destination.

Luxor, Egypt

Luxor's name derives from the word al-uqsur, which in Arabic means "fortifications". Indeed, Luxor is so rich in temples, monuments and ruins of ancient buildings, some of them dating back to 3000-2000 BC. For this, this city on the Nile River is described as the greatest open-air museum in the world.

Before it was named Luxor, this city was the site of Thebes, the ancient capital of Egypt. During the New Kingdom period in Egypt's history, most rulers decided to be buried in the Valley of Kings, near Luxor.

This is where the extremely well-preserved tomb of King Tutankhamun was discovered in 1922. The second largest ancient religious site in the world, Karnak, was built during this period and is now a major tourist attraction in Luxor.

Athens, Greece

The capital of Greece has been inhabited for more than 7,000 years. An ancient myth suggests two Greek gods Poseidon, god of the sea, and Athena, goddess of wisdom, fought about who would become the protector of a new city.

While Poseidon offered a sea water spring to the people, Athena gave them an olive tree, so the people chose to name the city after her.

The hill of Acropolis, where the world-famous temple of Parthenon is still located, was where the Mycenaeans, a small community that originally inhabited Athens, built their fortress.

During its long history, Athens witnessed the peak of the ancient Greek civilization, having been home to some of the greatest thinkers and writers who forever changed the course of history.

Jerusalem, Israel

The Old City of Jerusalem, a fortified area located in the center of the modern-day Jerusalem, is one of the oldest continuous human settlements in the world.

The recorded history suggests that in the 11th century BC, King David took over Jerusalem and made it the capital of his kingdom. There had been small communities living on the site prior to King David's arrival.

Under Solomon, King David's son, the city walls expanded and the place became highly prosperous. Throughout history, the city had been repeatedly conquered by, among others, Alexander the Great, the Romans and the Muslim armies, all of whom built important religious structures in the city.

Due to these incredible events, today the Old Jerusalem is the place where people of different religions come together to pay their respects to their holy sites.

Comprehension Exercises

Vocabulary Questions

1. What does "nomads" mean?

2. What does "sanitary" mean?

3. What does "fragrant" mean?

4. What does "tomb" mean?

5. What does "trend" mean?

1. old rule

2. general development, change

3. historical fact

Collocation Questions

1. Nowadays, people migrate from rural _________ to cities.

2. Several Athenians changed the _________ of history forever.

3. People come to Jerusalem to _________ respects to the holy sites.

4. Tutankhamun's tomb was extremely well _________.

The _________-day Jerusalem is much larger than the Old City.

Byblos has been _________ inhabited for thousands of years.

1. Athens witnessed the _________ of ancient Greece.

2. Cities developed as people produced _________ food.

3. Villages were often _________ control of city-states.

4. The _________ of cities may also be linked to military reasons.

Wh Questions

1. How did Greeks make a connection between papyrus and Byblos?

2. Why were Poseidon and Athena fighting?

3. Which city was the ancient capital of Egypt?

4. Where is Jericho referred to as the "City of Palm Trees"?

Evaluating Statements

1. Based on the information in this lesson, which statement is true?

1. Jericho has only been inhabited by indigenous populations.

2. Jericho had been inhabited by indigenous populations until nomads came.

2. Based on the information in this lesson, which statement is false?

1. King David conquered Jerusalem.

2. King David established the first settlement in Jerusalem.

True or False?

1. Based on the information in this lesson, is the following statement true or false?

"According to a myth, Byblos was built by Poseidon."

2. Based on the information in this lesson, is the following statement true or false?

"Many great philosophers and historians lived in Athens."

Answer Key

1. C | 2. B | 3. B | 4. A | 5. B | 6. A | 7. C | 8. B | 9. C | 10. A | 11. B | 12. A | 13. C | 14. B | 15. C | 16. B | 17. C | 18. A | 19. C | 20. A |21. B | 22. B | 23. B | 24. A

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Comprehension Text and Exercises: The Oldest Cities in the World

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
English Reading Comprehension Text and Exercises for English Learners and School Students. This reading text is about: The Oldest Cities in the World. Exercises include a reading passage, vocabulary questions, collocation questions, wh Questions, evaluating statements, and true or false questions.

# data[].attributes.body
( 16 Nov 19 )

Jericho, Palestinian Territories
.......

Through its ancient archaeological sites, Jericho tells countless stories about the history of humans. Not only is this the city with the oldest wall, built around the first community 10,000 years ago, but it is also mentioned in the Hebrew Bible as the "City of Palm Trees".

Jericho's Arabic name Ariha means "fragrant". In the beginning, the indigenous populations lived alone in an agricultural community, but slowly, different groups of nomads joined them.

This city has had a turbulent history ever since, yet it remained continuously inhabited. Nowadays, several Christian pilgrimage sites located in the city make Jericho a popular tourist destination.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Reading Comprehension Text and Exercises

As agriculture developed, people produced surplus food, and trade became an everyday activity. Most historians believe these trends in agriculture are responsible for the birth of cities. Yet, some think cities were first built for defense reasons. In either case, there are several cities in the world which have continuously been inhabited for thousands of years.
Click Here for English Short Stories for English Learners: 500 Pages of Stories, Exercises, and Fun Activities

A Brief History of Cities

The English word "city" came through Old French, and has roots in Latin civitas, which means "citizenship". The influence of the Greek word polis, meaning "city", can be noticed is English words such as "metropolis" (a really large city).

Some of the earliest cities developed 4000-3000 BC, as civilizations in the Middle East, India and China flourished. Some, like Mohenjo-daro in Pakistan, were very densely populated, so they had to develop complex system to keep the city sanitary.

In the Middle Ages, some cities like Venice and San Marino took control over surrounding villages and became powerful city-states.

The growth of modern industries led many people to migrate from rural areas to cities, which brought about the rise of megacities, places with over 10 million people.

Jericho, Palestinian Territories

Through its ancient archaeological sites, Jericho tells countless stories about the history of humans. Not only is this the city with the oldest wall, built around the first community 10,000 years ago, but it is also mentioned in the Hebrew Bible as the "City of Palm Trees".

Jericho's Arabic name Ariha means "fragrant". In the beginning, the indigenous populations lived alone in an agricultural community, but slowly, different groups of nomads joined them.

This city has had a turbulent history ever since, yet it remained continuously inhabited. Nowadays, several Christian pilgrimage sites located in the city make Jericho a popular tourist destination.

Byblos, Lebanon

People have been living in Byblos for more than 8,000 years. An ancient myth suggests that this city, lying on the coast of the Mediterranean Sea, was built by Greek god Cronus.

The earliest records show that the city was in fact called Gubal. The Greek name Byblos was most probably adopted because papyrus (paper), which was imported through this city, was also called byblos in Greek. (That is why biblion in Greek means "book", and it is also the origin of the English word bible.)

Byblos was a small fishing village at first, but as trade increased, it became an important shipping port. Although destroyed numerous times, Byblos still has remnants of its ancient history, particularly its temples, to offer to curious tourists, many of whom also find it to be a great beach destination.

Luxor, Egypt

Luxor's name derives from the word al-uqsur, which in Arabic means "fortifications". Indeed, Luxor is so rich in temples, monuments and ruins of ancient buildings, some of them dating back to 3000-2000 BC. For this, this city on the Nile River is described as the greatest open-air museum in the world.

Before it was named Luxor, this city was the site of Thebes, the ancient capital of Egypt. During the New Kingdom period in Egypt's history, most rulers decided to be buried in the Valley of Kings, near Luxor.

This is where the extremely well-preserved tomb of King Tutankhamun was discovered in 1922. The second largest ancient religious site in the world, Karnak, was built during this period and is now a major tourist attraction in Luxor.

Athens, Greece

The capital of Greece has been inhabited for more than 7,000 years. An ancient myth suggests two Greek gods Poseidon, god of the sea, and Athena, goddess of wisdom, fought about who would become the protector of a new city.

While Poseidon offered a sea water spring to the people, Athena gave them an olive tree, so the people chose to name the city after her.

The hill of Acropolis, where the world-famous temple of Parthenon is still located, was where the Mycenaeans, a small community that originally inhabited Athens, built their fortress.

During its long history, Athens witnessed the peak of the ancient Greek civilization, having been home to some of the greatest thinkers and writers who forever changed the course of history.

Jerusalem, Israel

The Old City of Jerusalem, a fortified area located in the center of the modern-day Jerusalem, is one of the oldest continuous human settlements in the world.

The recorded history suggests that in the 11th century BC, King David took over Jerusalem and made it the capital of his kingdom. There had been small communities living on the site prior to King David's arrival.

Under Solomon, King David's son, the city walls expanded and the place became highly prosperous. Throughout history, the city had been repeatedly conquered by, among others, Alexander the Great, the Romans and the Muslim armies, all of whom built important religious structures in the city.

Due to these incredible events, today the Old Jerusalem is the place where people of different religions come together to pay their respects to their holy sites.

Comprehension Exercises

Vocabulary Questions

1. What does "nomads" mean?

2. What does "sanitary" mean?

3. What does "fragrant" mean?

4. What does "tomb" mean?

5. What does "trend" mean?

1. old rule

2. general development, change

3. historical fact

Collocation Questions

1. Nowadays, people migrate from rural _________ to cities.

2. Several Athenians changed the _________ of history forever.

3. People come to Jerusalem to _________ respects to the holy sites.

4. Tutankhamun's tomb was extremely well _________.

The _________-day Jerusalem is much larger than the Old City.

Byblos has been _________ inhabited for thousands of years.

1. Athens witnessed the _________ of ancient Greece.

2. Cities developed as people produced _________ food.

3. Villages were often _________ control of city-states.

4. The _________ of cities may also be linked to military reasons.

Wh Questions

1. How did Greeks make a connection between papyrus and Byblos?

2. Why were Poseidon and Athena fighting?

3. Which city was the ancient capital of Egypt?

4. Where is Jericho referred to as the "City of Palm Trees"?

Evaluating Statements

1. Based on the information in this lesson, which statement is true?

1. Jericho has only been inhabited by indigenous populations.

2. Jericho had been inhabited by indigenous populations until nomads came.

2. Based on the information in this lesson, which statement is false?

1. King David conquered Jerusalem.

2. King David established the first settlement in Jerusalem.

True or False?

1. Based on the information in this lesson, is the following statement true or false?

"According to a myth, Byblos was built by Poseidon."

2. Based on the information in this lesson, is the following statement true or false?

"Many great philosophers and historians lived in Athens."

Answer Key

1. C | 2. B | 3. B | 4. A | 5. B | 6. A | 7. C | 8. B | 9. C | 10. A | 11. B | 12. A | 13. C | 14. B | 15. C | 16. B | 17. C | 18. A | 19. C | 20. A |21. B | 22. B | 23. B | 24. A

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Comprehension Text and Exercises: The Oldest Cities in the World

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
English Reading Comprehension Text and Exercises for English Learners and School Students. This reading text is about: The Oldest Cities in the World. Exercises include a reading passage, vocabulary questions, collocation questions, wh Questions, evaluating statements, and true or false questions.

# data[].attributes.body
( 15 Nov 19 )

Sardinia, Italy
......
One of the largest islands in the Mediterranean Sea, Sardinia was also home to one of the earliest human settlements in the region, named after Sardo, a legendary woman who was born in the ancient Kingdom of Lydia (modern western Turkey).

With nearly 2,000 km of coastline, Sardinia is filled with spacious sand beaches such as Costa Smeralda, having both remnants of ancient traditions and a vivid nightlight.

For those interested in history, the Nuragic complex includes monuments dating from more than 3,500 years ago, spread across the island. There are several popular festivals taking place in the capital Cagliari where you can see traditional Sardinian clothes and hear music unique for the island, produced by launeddas, a three-pipe wooden instruments invented in Sardinia.

Fun fact: There is a lagoon in Cagliari where you can see several colonies of flamingos.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Reading Comprehension Text and Exercises

Five Wonders of Nature

Islands are pieces of land surrounded by water. Some are really small and uninhabited by people, whereas others were once homes to early civilizations, and are now independent cities or countries. Since many islands are not so industrialized, and have managed to preserve wildlife and nature, they offer a perfect escape from busy and noisy cities for millions of people.
Click Here for English Short Stories for English Learners: 500 Pages of Stories, Exercises, and Fun Activities

Bora Bora, French Polynesia

French Polynesia is a French overseas territory in the South Pacific Ocean. It includes around 120 islands. Its capital is located on the island of Tahiti. Bora Bora is situated approximately 140 miles (225km) northwest of Tahiti.

A major tourist destination, Bora Bora is a group of islands in the Pacific Ocean. These wonders of nature got their name from the local Tahitian expression which means "created by the gods" ( pora pora mai te pora).

The main Bora Bora island hosts remnants of an extinct volcano which is also the highest peak. The true beauty of this island lies in the lagoon and the barrier reef which surround it. A lagoon is an area of sea water that is separated from the ocean by rocks or sand.

Many resorts are located on smaller islands around the lagoon. Because of the amazing and diverse ocean life the lagoon shelters, snorkeling and scuba diving are some of the most popular activities, where tourists can also see sharks and rays (a ray is a sea fish with a largeflat body and a long tai)l.

Fun fact: There is no public transportation on the islands, so tourists need to either know how to drive or ride a bicycle.

Bali, Indonesia

Indonesia a country consisting of a group of islands in South East Asia. Bali is the most popular island holiday destination in Indonesia.

Unlike most other islands, Bali is a crowded place, with its 4 million inhabitants and many thousands of tourists coming in daily. It is also home to the most diverse coral reef population, with more than 500 species found.

Known as the Land of the Gods among the locals, Bali hosts active volcanoes, rice fields and white sand beaches. It is visited by many adventurers, as it is possible to surf and dive in the ocean, raft in white river waters, go bungee-jumping on one of the cliffs, as well as mountain climb.

Fun fact: Bali is ruled by a unified confederation of kingdoms. There are 10 traditional royal houses on Bali, each having control over one area of the island.

Seychelles

This African country is in fact an archipelago of 115 islands. Aarchipelago means a group of islands and the sea surrounding them.

The main island, Victoria, is where tourists can learn about the culture of the country, and visit the main Hindu temple and Natural History Museum.

Many Seychelles' beaches are untamed and not crowded at all, which is why many turtles feel safe there, so they come ashore to lay their eggs.

Nearly 90% of the country is covered in forest, so the islands are a top destination for all lovers of wildlife and nature. You can observe some of the 275 species of birds which live on the island, or simply enjoy locally-grown exotic fruit.

Fun fact: Due to their favorable location, the Seychelles were used by pirates until the French took over the islands in 1756.

Santorini, Greece

Greece has over 200 inhabited islands, yet Santorini is one of the most popular ones, due to its unique white cubical houses and churches with blue roofs.

Located in the Aegean Sea, Santorini was named after Saint Irene (a contraction of the name Santa Irini) during the Latin Empire.

The current island is what remained after a great volcanic eruption destroyed earlier settlements of the Minoan civilization. This is why very high, steep cliffs are found on three sides of the island.

Besides amazing views and architecture, tourists are also drawn to Santorini for its wines and traditional cuisine. Santorinio Sfougato, a vegetable dish served with local milk cheese and herbs, is highly recommended.

Fun fact: Before it was renamed Santorini, the island was known as Kalliste, which in Greek means "the most beautiful one".

Sardinia, Italy

One of the largest islands in the Mediterranean Sea, Sardinia was also home to one of the earliest human settlements in the region, named after Sardo, a legendary woman who was born in the ancient Kingdom of Lydia (modern western Turkey).

With nearly 2,000 km of coastline, Sardinia is filled with spacious sand beaches such as Costa Smeralda, having both remnants of ancient traditions and a vivid nightlight.

For those interested in history, the Nuragic complex includes monuments dating from more than 3,500 years ago, spread across the island. There are several popular festivals taking place in the capital Cagliari where you can see traditional Sardinian clothes and hear music unique for the island, produced by launeddas, a three-pipe wooden instruments invented in Sardinia.

Fun fact: There is a lagoon in Cagliari where you can see several colonies of flamingos.

Comprehension Exercises

Vocabulary Questions

1. What does "confederation" mean?

2. What does "inhabit" mean?

3. What does "extinct" mean?

4. What does "untamed" mean?

5. What does "eruption" mean?

1. ejection of lava, ash or steam

2. sudden earthquake

3. birth of a civilization

Collocation Questions

1. There are many __________ cliffs on Santorini.

2. In the Cagliari lagoon, you can see flamingo __________.

3. Some __________ civilizations lived on islands.

4. Bali hosts many __________ volcanoes.

On the Seychelles, turtles come __________ to lay their eggs.

Sardo was a __________ woman from the Kingdom of Lydia.

1. The Bora Bora islands got their name from a local Tahitian __________.

2. Delicious traditional cuisine draws tourists __________ Santorini.

3. You can enjoy some of the locally-grown __________ fruits.

4. Costa Smerlada is known for its __________ nightlife.

Wh Questions

1. What surrounds the main Bora Bora island?

2. How was the Minoan settlement on Santorini destroyed?

3. Why do turtles feel safe on the beaches of the Seychelles?

4. Where on Sardinia can you see ancient monuments?

1. Who has control over the island of Bali?

1. pirates

2. a union of priests

3. a confederation of kingdoms

Evaluating Statements

1. Based on the information in this lesson, which statement is true?

1. In Bali, you can both surf on the sea and raft on the river.

2. You cannot raft in Bali because there are no rivers.

2. Based on the information in this lesson, which statement is false?

1. In Greek, Santorini's current name means "the most beautiful one".

2. In Greek, Santorini's previous name means "the most beautiful one".

True or False?

1. Based on the information in this lesson, is the following statement true or false?

"Santorini is surrounded by beaches from all sides of the island."

2. Based on the information in this lesson, is the following statement true or false?

"There is no danger that the Bora Bora volcano can erupt."

Answer Key

1. C | 2. B | 3. C | 4. A | 5. A | 6. A | 7. B | 8. C | 9. A | 10. A | 11. B | 12. C | 13. A | 14. B | 15. C | 16. C | 17. A | 18. B | 19. A | 20. C |21. A | 22. A | 23. B | 24. A

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Comprehension Text and Exercises: The World's Most Beautiful Islands - Five Wonders of Nature

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
English Reading Comprehension Text and Exercises for English Learners and School Students. This reading text is about: The World's Most Beautiful Islands - Five Wonders of Nature. Exercises include a reading passage, vocabulary questions, collocation questions, wh Questions, evaluating statements, and true or false questions.

# data[].attributes.body
( 14 Nov 19 )

Santorini, Greece
.......

Greece has over 200 inhabited islands, yet Santorini is one of the most popular ones, due to its unique white cubical houses and churches with blue roofs.

Located in the Aegean Sea, Santorini was named after Saint Irene (a contraction of the name Santa Irini) during the Latin Empire.

The current island is what remained after a great volcanic eruption destroyed earlier settlements of the Minoan civilization. This is why very high, steep cliffs are found on three sides of the island.

Fun fact: Before it was renamed Santorini, the island was known as Kalliste, which in Greek means "the most beautiful one".

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Reading Comprehension Text and Exercises

Five Wonders of Nature

Islands are pieces of land surrounded by water. Some are really small and uninhabited by people, whereas others were once homes to early civilizations, and are now independent cities or countries. Since many islands are not so industrialized, and have managed to preserve wildlife and nature, they offer a perfect escape from busy and noisy cities for millions of people.
Click Here for English Short Stories for English Learners: 500 Pages of Stories, Exercises, and Fun Activities

Bora Bora, French Polynesia

French Polynesia is a French overseas territory in the South Pacific Ocean. It includes around 120 islands. Its capital is located on the island of Tahiti. Bora Bora is situated approximately 140 miles (225km) northwest of Tahiti.

A major tourist destination, Bora Bora is a group of islands in the Pacific Ocean. These wonders of nature got their name from the local Tahitian expression which means "created by the gods" ( pora pora mai te pora).

The main Bora Bora island hosts remnants of an extinct volcano which is also the highest peak. The true beauty of this island lies in the lagoon and the barrier reef which surround it. A lagoon is an area of sea water that is separated from the ocean by rocks or sand.

Many resorts are located on smaller islands around the lagoon. Because of the amazing and diverse ocean life the lagoon shelters, snorkeling and scuba diving are some of the most popular activities, where tourists can also see sharks and rays (a ray is a sea fish with a largeflat body and a long tai)l.

Fun fact: There is no public transportation on the islands, so tourists need to either know how to drive or ride a bicycle.

Bali, Indonesia

Indonesia a country consisting of a group of islands in South East Asia. Bali is the most popular island holiday destination in Indonesia.

Unlike most other islands, Bali is a crowded place, with its 4 million inhabitants and many thousands of tourists coming in daily. It is also home to the most diverse coral reef population, with more than 500 species found.

Known as the Land of the Gods among the locals, Bali hosts active volcanoes, rice fields and white sand beaches. It is visited by many adventurers, as it is possible to surf and dive in the ocean, raft in white river waters, go bungee-jumping on one of the cliffs, as well as mountain climb.

Fun fact: Bali is ruled by a unified confederation of kingdoms. There are 10 traditional royal houses on Bali, each having control over one area of the island.

Seychelles

This African country is in fact an archipelago of 115 islands. Aarchipelago means a group of islands and the sea surrounding them.

The main island, Victoria, is where tourists can learn about the culture of the country, and visit the main Hindu temple and Natural History Museum.

Many Seychelles' beaches are untamed and not crowded at all, which is why many turtles feel safe there, so they come ashore to lay their eggs.

Nearly 90% of the country is covered in forest, so the islands are a top destination for all lovers of wildlife and nature. You can observe some of the 275 species of birds which live on the island, or simply enjoy locally-grown exotic fruit.

Fun fact: Due to their favorable location, the Seychelles were used by pirates until the French took over the islands in 1756.

Santorini, Greece

Greece has over 200 inhabited islands, yet Santorini is one of the most popular ones, due to its unique white cubical houses and churches with blue roofs.

Located in the Aegean Sea, Santorini was named after Saint Irene (a contraction of the name Santa Irini) during the Latin Empire.

The current island is what remained after a great volcanic eruption destroyed earlier settlements of the Minoan civilization. This is why very high, steep cliffs are found on three sides of the island.

Besides amazing views and architecture, tourists are also drawn to Santorini for its wines and traditional cuisine. Santorinio Sfougato, a vegetable dish served with local milk cheese and herbs, is highly recommended.

Fun fact: Before it was renamed Santorini, the island was known as Kalliste, which in Greek means "the most beautiful one".

Sardinia, Italy

One of the largest islands in the Mediterranean Sea, Sardinia was also home to one of the earliest human settlements in the region, named after Sardo, a legendary woman who was born in the ancient Kingdom of Lydia (modern western Turkey).

With nearly 2,000 km of coastline, Sardinia is filled with spacious sand beaches such as Costa Smeralda, having both remnants of ancient traditions and a vivid nightlight.

For those interested in history, the Nuragic complex includes monuments dating from more than 3,500 years ago, spread across the island. There are several popular festivals taking place in the capital Cagliari where you can see traditional Sardinian clothes and hear music unique for the island, produced by launeddas, a three-pipe wooden instruments invented in Sardinia.

Fun fact: There is a lagoon in Cagliari where you can see several colonies of flamingos.

Comprehension Exercises

Vocabulary Questions

1. What does "confederation" mean?

2. What does "inhabit" mean?

3. What does "extinct" mean?

4. What does "untamed" mean?

5. What does "eruption" mean?

1. ejection of lava, ash or steam

2. sudden earthquake

3. birth of a civilization

Collocation Questions

1. There are many __________ cliffs on Santorini.

2. In the Cagliari lagoon, you can see flamingo __________.

3. Some __________ civilizations lived on islands.

4. Bali hosts many __________ volcanoes.

On the Seychelles, turtles come __________ to lay their eggs.

Sardo was a __________ woman from the Kingdom of Lydia.

1. The Bora Bora islands got their name from a local Tahitian __________.

2. Delicious traditional cuisine draws tourists __________ Santorini.

3. You can enjoy some of the locally-grown __________ fruits.

4. Costa Smerlada is known for its __________ nightlife.

Wh Questions

1. What surrounds the main Bora Bora island?

2. How was the Minoan settlement on Santorini destroyed?

3. Why do turtles feel safe on the beaches of the Seychelles?

4. Where on Sardinia can you see ancient monuments?

1. Who has control over the island of Bali?

1. pirates

2. a union of priests

3. a confederation of kingdoms

Evaluating Statements

1. Based on the information in this lesson, which statement is true?

1. In Bali, you can both surf on the sea and raft on the river.

2. You cannot raft in Bali because there are no rivers.

2. Based on the information in this lesson, which statement is false?

1. In Greek, Santorini's current name means "the most beautiful one".

2. In Greek, Santorini's previous name means "the most beautiful one".

True or False?

1. Based on the information in this lesson, is the following statement true or false?

"Santorini is surrounded by beaches from all sides of the island."

2. Based on the information in this lesson, is the following statement true or false?

"There is no danger that the Bora Bora volcano can erupt."

Answer Key

1. C | 2. B | 3. C | 4. A | 5. A | 6. A | 7. B | 8. C | 9. A | 10. A | 11. B | 12. C | 13. A | 14. B | 15. C | 16. C | 17. A | 18. B | 19. A | 20. C |21. A | 22. A | 23. B | 24. A

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Comprehension Text and Exercises: The World's Most Beautiful Islands - Five Wonders of Nature

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
English Reading Comprehension Text and Exercises for English Learners and School Students. This reading text is about: The World's Most Beautiful Islands - Five Wonders of Nature. Exercises include a reading passage, vocabulary questions, collocation questions, wh Questions, evaluating statements, and true or false questions.

# data[].attributes.body
( 13 Nov 19 )

Seychelles
.....

This African country is in fact an archipelago of 115 islands. Aarchipelago means a group of islands and the sea surrounding them.

The main island, Victoria, is where tourists can learn about the culture of the country, and visit the main Hindu temple and Natural History Museum.

Fun fact: Due to their favorable location, the Seychelles were used by pirates until the French took over the islands in 1756.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Reading Comprehension Text and Exercises

Five Wonders of Nature

Islands are pieces of land surrounded by water. Some are really small and uninhabited by people, whereas others were once homes to early civilizations, and are now independent cities or countries. Since many islands are not so industrialized, and have managed to preserve wildlife and nature, they offer a perfect escape from busy and noisy cities for millions of people.
Click Here for English Short Stories for English Learners: 500 Pages of Stories, Exercises, and Fun Activities

Bora Bora, French Polynesia

French Polynesia is a French overseas territory in the South Pacific Ocean. It includes around 120 islands. Its capital is located on the island of Tahiti. Bora Bora is situated approximately 140 miles (225km) northwest of Tahiti.

A major tourist destination, Bora Bora is a group of islands in the Pacific Ocean. These wonders of nature got their name from the local Tahitian expression which means "created by the gods" ( pora pora mai te pora).

The main Bora Bora island hosts remnants of an extinct volcano which is also the highest peak. The true beauty of this island lies in the lagoon and the barrier reef which surround it. A lagoon is an area of sea water that is separated from the ocean by rocks or sand.

Many resorts are located on smaller islands around the lagoon. Because of the amazing and diverse ocean life the lagoon shelters, snorkeling and scuba diving are some of the most popular activities, where tourists can also see sharks and rays (a ray is a sea fish with a largeflat body and a long tai)l.

Fun fact: There is no public transportation on the islands, so tourists need to either know how to drive or ride a bicycle.

Bali, Indonesia

Indonesia a country consisting of a group of islands in South East Asia. Bali is the most popular island holiday destination in Indonesia.

Unlike most other islands, Bali is a crowded place, with its 4 million inhabitants and many thousands of tourists coming in daily. It is also home to the most diverse coral reef population, with more than 500 species found.

Known as the Land of the Gods among the locals, Bali hosts active volcanoes, rice fields and white sand beaches. It is visited by many adventurers, as it is possible to surf and dive in the ocean, raft in white river waters, go bungee-jumping on one of the cliffs, as well as mountain climb.

Fun fact: Bali is ruled by a unified confederation of kingdoms. There are 10 traditional royal houses on Bali, each having control over one area of the island.

Seychelles

This African country is in fact an archipelago of 115 islands. Aarchipelago means a group of islands and the sea surrounding them.

The main island, Victoria, is where tourists can learn about the culture of the country, and visit the main Hindu temple and Natural History Museum.

Many Seychelles' beaches are untamed and not crowded at all, which is why many turtles feel safe there, so they come ashore to lay their eggs.

Nearly 90% of the country is covered in forest, so the islands are a top destination for all lovers of wildlife and nature. You can observe some of the 275 species of birds which live on the island, or simply enjoy locally-grown exotic fruit.

Fun fact: Due to their favorable location, the Seychelles were used by pirates until the French took over the islands in 1756.

Santorini, Greece

Greece has over 200 inhabited islands, yet Santorini is one of the most popular ones, due to its unique white cubical houses and churches with blue roofs.

Located in the Aegean Sea, Santorini was named after Saint Irene (a contraction of the name Santa Irini) during the Latin Empire.

The current island is what remained after a great volcanic eruption destroyed earlier settlements of the Minoan civilization. This is why very high, steep cliffs are found on three sides of the island.

Besides amazing views and architecture, tourists are also drawn to Santorini for its wines and traditional cuisine. Santorinio Sfougato, a vegetable dish served with local milk cheese and herbs, is highly recommended.

Fun fact: Before it was renamed Santorini, the island was known as Kalliste, which in Greek means "the most beautiful one".

Sardinia, Italy

One of the largest islands in the Mediterranean Sea, Sardinia was also home to one of the earliest human settlements in the region, named after Sardo, a legendary woman who was born in the ancient Kingdom of Lydia (modern western Turkey).

With nearly 2,000 km of coastline, Sardinia is filled with spacious sand beaches such as Costa Smeralda, having both remnants of ancient traditions and a vivid nightlight.

For those interested in history, the Nuragic complex includes monuments dating from more than 3,500 years ago, spread across the island. There are several popular festivals taking place in the capital Cagliari where you can see traditional Sardinian clothes and hear music unique for the island, produced by launeddas, a three-pipe wooden instruments invented in Sardinia.

Fun fact: There is a lagoon in Cagliari where you can see several colonies of flamingos.

Comprehension Exercises

Vocabulary Questions

1. What does "confederation" mean?

2. What does "inhabit" mean?

3. What does "extinct" mean?

4. What does "untamed" mean?

5. What does "eruption" mean?

1. ejection of lava, ash or steam

2. sudden earthquake

3. birth of a civilization

Collocation Questions

1. There are many __________ cliffs on Santorini.

2. In the Cagliari lagoon, you can see flamingo __________.

3. Some __________ civilizations lived on islands.

4. Bali hosts many __________ volcanoes.

On the Seychelles, turtles come __________ to lay their eggs.

Sardo was a __________ woman from the Kingdom of Lydia.

1. The Bora Bora islands got their name from a local Tahitian __________.

2. Delicious traditional cuisine draws tourists __________ Santorini.

3. You can enjoy some of the locally-grown __________ fruits.

4. Costa Smerlada is known for its __________ nightlife.

Wh Questions

1. What surrounds the main Bora Bora island?

2. How was the Minoan settlement on Santorini destroyed?

3. Why do turtles feel safe on the beaches of the Seychelles?

4. Where on Sardinia can you see ancient monuments?

1. Who has control over the island of Bali?

1. pirates

2. a union of priests

3. a confederation of kingdoms

Evaluating Statements

1. Based on the information in this lesson, which statement is true?

1. In Bali, you can both surf on the sea and raft on the river.

2. You cannot raft in Bali because there are no rivers.

2. Based on the information in this lesson, which statement is false?

1. In Greek, Santorini's current name means "the most beautiful one".

2. In Greek, Santorini's previous name means "the most beautiful one".

True or False?

1. Based on the information in this lesson, is the following statement true or false?

"Santorini is surrounded by beaches from all sides of the island."

2. Based on the information in this lesson, is the following statement true or false?

"There is no danger that the Bora Bora volcano can erupt."

Answer Key

1. C | 2. B | 3. C | 4. A | 5. A | 6. A | 7. B | 8. C | 9. A | 10. A | 11. B | 12. C | 13. A | 14. B | 15. C | 16. C | 17. A | 18. B | 19. A | 20. C |21. A | 22. A | 23. B | 24. A

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Comprehension Text and Exercises: The World's Most Beautiful Islands - Five Wonders of Nature

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
English Reading Comprehension Text and Exercises for English Learners and School Students. This reading text is about: The World's Most Beautiful Islands - Five Wonders of Nature. Exercises include a reading passage, vocabulary questions, collocation questions, wh Questions, evaluating statements, and true or false questions.

# data[].attributes.body
( 12 Nov 19 )

Bali, Indonesia
.......

Indonesia a country consisting of a group of islands in South East Asia. Bali is the most popular island holiday destination in Indonesia.

Unlike most other islands, Bali is a crowded place, with its 4 million inhabitants and many thousands of tourists coming in daily. It is also home to the most diverse coral reef population, with more than 500 species found.

Fun fact: Bali is ruled by a unified confederation of kingdoms. There are 10 traditional royal houses on Bali, each having control over one area of the island.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Reading Comprehension Text and Exercises

Five Wonders of Nature

Islands are pieces of land surrounded by water. Some are really small and uninhabited by people, whereas others were once homes to early civilizations, and are now independent cities or countries. Since many islands are not so industrialized, and have managed to preserve wildlife and nature, they offer a perfect escape from busy and noisy cities for millions of people.
Click Here for English Short Stories for English Learners: 500 Pages of Stories, Exercises, and Fun Activities

Bora Bora, French Polynesia

French Polynesia is a French overseas territory in the South Pacific Ocean. It includes around 120 islands. Its capital is located on the island of Tahiti. Bora Bora is situated approximately 140 miles (225km) northwest of Tahiti.

A major tourist destination, Bora Bora is a group of islands in the Pacific Ocean. These wonders of nature got their name from the local Tahitian expression which means "created by the gods" ( pora pora mai te pora).

The main Bora Bora island hosts remnants of an extinct volcano which is also the highest peak. The true beauty of this island lies in the lagoon and the barrier reef which surround it. A lagoon is an area of sea water that is separated from the ocean by rocks or sand.

Many resorts are located on smaller islands around the lagoon. Because of the amazing and diverse ocean life the lagoon shelters, snorkeling and scuba diving are some of the most popular activities, where tourists can also see sharks and rays (a ray is a sea fish with a largeflat body and a long tai)l.

Fun fact: There is no public transportation on the islands, so tourists need to either know how to drive or ride a bicycle.

Bali, Indonesia

Indonesia a country consisting of a group of islands in South East Asia. Bali is the most popular island holiday destination in Indonesia.

Unlike most other islands, Bali is a crowded place, with its 4 million inhabitants and many thousands of tourists coming in daily. It is also home to the most diverse coral reef population, with more than 500 species found.

Known as the Land of the Gods among the locals, Bali hosts active volcanoes, rice fields and white sand beaches. It is visited by many adventurers, as it is possible to surf and dive in the ocean, raft in white river waters, go bungee-jumping on one of the cliffs, as well as mountain climb.

Fun fact: Bali is ruled by a unified confederation of kingdoms. There are 10 traditional royal houses on Bali, each having control over one area of the island.

Seychelles

This African country is in fact an archipelago of 115 islands. Aarchipelago means a group of islands and the sea surrounding them.

The main island, Victoria, is where tourists can learn about the culture of the country, and visit the main Hindu temple and Natural History Museum.

Many Seychelles' beaches are untamed and not crowded at all, which is why many turtles feel safe there, so they come ashore to lay their eggs.

Nearly 90% of the country is covered in forest, so the islands are a top destination for all lovers of wildlife and nature. You can observe some of the 275 species of birds which live on the island, or simply enjoy locally-grown exotic fruit.

Fun fact: Due to their favorable location, the Seychelles were used by pirates until the French took over the islands in 1756.

Santorini, Greece

Greece has over 200 inhabited islands, yet Santorini is one of the most popular ones, due to its unique white cubical houses and churches with blue roofs.

Located in the Aegean Sea, Santorini was named after Saint Irene (a contraction of the name Santa Irini) during the Latin Empire.

The current island is what remained after a great volcanic eruption destroyed earlier settlements of the Minoan civilization. This is why very high, steep cliffs are found on three sides of the island.

Besides amazing views and architecture, tourists are also drawn to Santorini for its wines and traditional cuisine. Santorinio Sfougato, a vegetable dish served with local milk cheese and herbs, is highly recommended.

Fun fact: Before it was renamed Santorini, the island was known as Kalliste, which in Greek means "the most beautiful one".

Sardinia, Italy

One of the largest islands in the Mediterranean Sea, Sardinia was also home to one of the earliest human settlements in the region, named after Sardo, a legendary woman who was born in the ancient Kingdom of Lydia (modern western Turkey).

With nearly 2,000 km of coastline, Sardinia is filled with spacious sand beaches such as Costa Smeralda, having both remnants of ancient traditions and a vivid nightlight.

For those interested in history, the Nuragic complex includes monuments dating from more than 3,500 years ago, spread across the island. There are several popular festivals taking place in the capital Cagliari where you can see traditional Sardinian clothes and hear music unique for the island, produced by launeddas, a three-pipe wooden instruments invented in Sardinia.

Fun fact: There is a lagoon in Cagliari where you can see several colonies of flamingos.

Comprehension Exercises

Vocabulary Questions

1. What does "confederation" mean?

2. What does "inhabit" mean?

3. What does "extinct" mean?

4. What does "untamed" mean?

5. What does "eruption" mean?

1. ejection of lava, ash or steam

2. sudden earthquake

3. birth of a civilization

Collocation Questions

1. There are many __________ cliffs on Santorini.

2. In the Cagliari lagoon, you can see flamingo __________.

3. Some __________ civilizations lived on islands.

4. Bali hosts many __________ volcanoes.

On the Seychelles, turtles come __________ to lay their eggs.

Sardo was a __________ woman from the Kingdom of Lydia.

1. The Bora Bora islands got their name from a local Tahitian __________.

2. Delicious traditional cuisine draws tourists __________ Santorini.

3. You can enjoy some of the locally-grown __________ fruits.

4. Costa Smerlada is known for its __________ nightlife.

Wh Questions

1. What surrounds the main Bora Bora island?

2. How was the Minoan settlement on Santorini destroyed?

3. Why do turtles feel safe on the beaches of the Seychelles?

4. Where on Sardinia can you see ancient monuments?

1. Who has control over the island of Bali?

1. pirates

2. a union of priests

3. a confederation of kingdoms

Evaluating Statements

1. Based on the information in this lesson, which statement is true?

1. In Bali, you can both surf on the sea and raft on the river.

2. You cannot raft in Bali because there are no rivers.

2. Based on the information in this lesson, which statement is false?

1. In Greek, Santorini's current name means "the most beautiful one".

2. In Greek, Santorini's previous name means "the most beautiful one".

True or False?

1. Based on the information in this lesson, is the following statement true or false?

"Santorini is surrounded by beaches from all sides of the island."

2. Based on the information in this lesson, is the following statement true or false?

"There is no danger that the Bora Bora volcano can erupt."

Answer Key

1. C | 2. B | 3. C | 4. A | 5. A | 6. A | 7. B | 8. C | 9. A | 10. A | 11. B | 12. C | 13. A | 14. B | 15. C | 16. C | 17. A | 18. B | 19. A | 20. C |21. A | 22. A | 23. B | 24. A

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Comprehension Text and Exercises: The World's Most Beautiful Islands - Five Wonders of Nature

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
English Reading Comprehension Text and Exercises for English Learners and School Students. This reading text is about: The World's Most Beautiful Islands - Five Wonders of Nature. Exercises include a reading passage, vocabulary questions, collocation questions, wh Questions, evaluating statements, and true or false questions.

# data[].attributes.body
[ 11 Nov 19 ]

Bora Bora, French Polynesia
......
French Polynesia is a French overseas territory in the South Pacific Ocean. It includes around 120 islands. Its capital is located on the island of Tahiti. Bora Bora is situated approximately 140 miles (225km) northwest of Tahiti.

A major tourist destination, Bora Bora is a group of islands in the Pacific Ocean. These wonders of nature got their name from the local Tahitian expression which means "created by the gods" (pora pora mai te pora).

Fun fact: There is no public transportation on the islands, so tourists need to either know how to drive or ride a bicycle.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Reading Comprehension Text and Exercises

Five Wonders of Nature

Islands are pieces of land surrounded by water. Some are really small and uninhabited by people, whereas others were once homes to early civilizations, and are now independent cities or countries. Since many islands are not so industrialized, and have managed to preserve wildlife and nature, they offer a perfect escape from busy and noisy cities for millions of people.
Click Here for English Short Stories for English Learners: 500 Pages of Stories, Exercises, and Fun Activities

Bora Bora, French Polynesia

French Polynesia is a French overseas territory in the South Pacific Ocean. It includes around 120 islands. Its capital is located on the island of Tahiti. Bora Bora is situated approximately 140 miles (225km) northwest of Tahiti.

A major tourist destination, Bora Bora is a group of islands in the Pacific Ocean. These wonders of nature got their name from the local Tahitian expression which means "created by the gods" ( pora pora mai te pora).

The main Bora Bora island hosts remnants of an extinct volcano which is also the highest peak. The true beauty of this island lies in the lagoon and the barrier reef which surround it. A lagoon is an area of sea water that is separated from the ocean by rocks or sand.

Many resorts are located on smaller islands around the lagoon. Because of the amazing and diverse ocean life the lagoon shelters, snorkeling and scuba diving are some of the most popular activities, where tourists can also see sharks and rays (a ray is a sea fish with a largeflat body and a long tai)l.

Fun fact: There is no public transportation on the islands, so tourists need to either know how to drive or ride a bicycle.

Bali, Indonesia

Indonesia a country consisting of a group of islands in South East Asia. Bali is the most popular island holiday destination in Indonesia.

Unlike most other islands, Bali is a crowded place, with its 4 million inhabitants and many thousands of tourists coming in daily. It is also home to the most diverse coral reef population, with more than 500 species found.

Known as the Land of the Gods among the locals, Bali hosts active volcanoes, rice fields and white sand beaches. It is visited by many adventurers, as it is possible to surf and dive in the ocean, raft in white river waters, go bungee-jumping on one of the cliffs, as well as mountain climb.

Fun fact: Bali is ruled by a unified confederation of kingdoms. There are 10 traditional royal houses on Bali, each having control over one area of the island.

Seychelles

This African country is in fact an archipelago of 115 islands. Aarchipelago means a group of islands and the sea surrounding them.

The main island, Victoria, is where tourists can learn about the culture of the country, and visit the main Hindu temple and Natural History Museum.

Many Seychelles' beaches are untamed and not crowded at all, which is why many turtles feel safe there, so they come ashore to lay their eggs.

Nearly 90% of the country is covered in forest, so the islands are a top destination for all lovers of wildlife and nature. You can observe some of the 275 species of birds which live on the island, or simply enjoy locally-grown exotic fruit.

Fun fact: Due to their favorable location, the Seychelles were used by pirates until the French took over the islands in 1756.

Santorini, Greece

Greece has over 200 inhabited islands, yet Santorini is one of the most popular ones, due to its unique white cubical houses and churches with blue roofs.

Located in the Aegean Sea, Santorini was named after Saint Irene (a contraction of the name Santa Irini) during the Latin Empire.

The current island is what remained after a great volcanic eruption destroyed earlier settlements of the Minoan civilization. This is why very high, steep cliffs are found on three sides of the island.

Besides amazing views and architecture, tourists are also drawn to Santorini for its wines and traditional cuisine. Santorinio Sfougato, a vegetable dish served with local milk cheese and herbs, is highly recommended.

Fun fact: Before it was renamed Santorini, the island was known as Kalliste, which in Greek means "the most beautiful one".

Sardinia, Italy

One of the largest islands in the Mediterranean Sea, Sardinia was also home to one of the earliest human settlements in the region, named after Sardo, a legendary woman who was born in the ancient Kingdom of Lydia (modern western Turkey).

With nearly 2,000 km of coastline, Sardinia is filled with spacious sand beaches such as Costa Smeralda, having both remnants of ancient traditions and a vivid nightlight.

For those interested in history, the Nuragic complex includes monuments dating from more than 3,500 years ago, spread across the island. There are several popular festivals taking place in the capital Cagliari where you can see traditional Sardinian clothes and hear music unique for the island, produced by launeddas, a three-pipe wooden instruments invented in Sardinia.

Fun fact: There is a lagoon in Cagliari where you can see several colonies of flamingos.

Comprehension Exercises

Vocabulary Questions

1. What does "confederation" mean?

2. What does "inhabit" mean?

3. What does "extinct" mean?

4. What does "untamed" mean?

5. What does "eruption" mean?

1. ejection of lava, ash or steam

2. sudden earthquake

3. birth of a civilization

Collocation Questions

1. There are many __________ cliffs on Santorini.

2. In the Cagliari lagoon, you can see flamingo __________.

3. Some __________ civilizations lived on islands.

4. Bali hosts many __________ volcanoes.

On the Seychelles, turtles come __________ to lay their eggs.

Sardo was a __________ woman from the Kingdom of Lydia.

1. The Bora Bora islands got their name from a local Tahitian __________.

2. Delicious traditional cuisine draws tourists __________ Santorini.

3. You can enjoy some of the locally-grown __________ fruits.

4. Costa Smerlada is known for its __________ nightlife.

Wh Questions

1. What surrounds the main Bora Bora island?

2. How was the Minoan settlement on Santorini destroyed?

3. Why do turtles feel safe on the beaches of the Seychelles?

4. Where on Sardinia can you see ancient monuments?

1. Who has control over the island of Bali?

1. pirates

2. a union of priests

3. a confederation of kingdoms

Evaluating Statements

1. Based on the information in this lesson, which statement is true?

1. In Bali, you can both surf on the sea and raft on the river.

2. You cannot raft in Bali because there are no rivers.

2. Based on the information in this lesson, which statement is false?

1. In Greek, Santorini's current name means "the most beautiful one".

2. In Greek, Santorini's previous name means "the most beautiful one".

True or False?

1. Based on the information in this lesson, is the following statement true or false?

"Santorini is surrounded by beaches from all sides of the island."

2. Based on the information in this lesson, is the following statement true or false?

"There is no danger that the Bora Bora volcano can erupt."

Answer Key

1. C | 2. B | 3. C | 4. A | 5. A | 6. A | 7. B | 8. C | 9. A | 10. A | 11. B | 12. C | 13. A | 14. B | 15. C | 16. C | 17. A | 18. B | 19. A | 20. C |21. A | 22. A | 23. B | 24. A

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Comprehension Text and Exercises: The World's Most Beautiful Islands - Five Wonders of Nature

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
English Reading Comprehension Text and Exercises for English Learners and School Students. This reading text is about: The World's Most Beautiful Islands - Five Wonders of Nature. Exercises include a reading passage, vocabulary questions, collocation questions, wh Questions, evaluating statements, and true or false questions.

# data[].attributes.body
[ 10 Nov 2019 ]

Best independent schools in the UK: Compare league table results for A-levels

..........
Some independent schools decline to release their results in this fashion so it may be possible that there is a better performing school out there. However, Oxford International College is the best among the roughly 294 schools who entered at least 10 candidates and agreed to have their results published.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Oxford International College is at the top of the tree when it comes to A-level performance among independent schools, according to the latest available data.

The private college achieved a 91.8 per cent A-A* rate or equivalent, one of only two schools to surpass 85 per cent when it comes to this measure according to data released by the Independent Schools Council (ISC).

Our interactive league table allows you to search these results by specific school and compare private schools of your choice against one another.

Some independent schools decline to release their results in this fashion so it may be possible that there is a better performing school out there. However, Oxford International College is the best among the roughly 294 schools who entered at least 10 candidates and agreed to have their results published.

Search for your school or town to find out where it ranks

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Best independent schools in the UK: Compare league table results for A-levels

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Oxford International College is at the top of the tree when it comes to A-level performance among independent schools, according to the latest available data. The private college achieved a 91.8 per cent A-A* rate or equivalent, one of only two schools to surpass 85 per cent when it comes to this measure according to data released by the Independent Schools Council (ISC).

# data[].attributes.body
[ 09 Nov 2019 ]

Best independent schools in the UK: Compare league table results for GCSEs

........

Westminster School is at the top of the tree when it comes to GCSE performance among independent schools, according to the latest available data.

The private boys' school achieved a 98.61 per cent A*-C/9-7 rate - one of four schools to surpass 95 per cent for the top grades, according to the Independent Schools Council (ISC).

Our interactive league table allows you to search these results by school and compare private schools of your choice against one another.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Westminster School is at the top of the tree when it comes to GCSE performance among independent schools, according to the latest available data.

The private boys' school achieved a 98.61 per cent A*-C/9-7 rate - one of four schools to surpass 95 per cent for the top grades, according to the Independent Schools Council (ISC).

Our interactive league table allows you to search these results by school and compare private schools of your choice against one another.

Some independent schools decline to release their results in this fashion, so it may be possible that there is a better performing school out there. However, Westminster School is the best among the roughly 300 schools who entered at least 25 candidates and agreed to have their results published.

Search for your school or town to find out where it ranks

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Best independent schools in the UK: Compare league table results for GCSEs

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Westminster School is at the top of the tree when it comes to GCSE performance among independent schools, according to the latest available data. The private boys' school achieved a 98.61 per cent A*-C/9-7 rate - one of four schools to surpass 95 per cent for the top grades, according to the Independent Schools Council (ISC).

# data[].attributes.body
[ 08 Nov 2019 ]

An ancient way of doing business in Japan
........

When we think of a Japanese tea ceremony (sadō), it invokes thoughts of a refined woman in a kimono, sitting on a tatami mat making matcha, carefully following detailed instructions of old. According to a 2016 census taken by the Statistics Bureau of Japan, 80% of tea ceremony participants are women. However, this idea of the tea ceremony being attributed to females is actually a recent development. Eight hundred years ago, when the matcha drinking culture was first imported via China, tea ceremonies were conducted by warriors and monks: in short, men.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
When we think of a Japanese tea ceremony ( sadō), it invokes thoughts of a refined woman in a kimono, sitting on a tatami mat making matcha, carefully following detailed instructions of old. According to a 2016 census taken by the Statistics Bureau of Japan, 80% of tea ceremony participants are women. However, this idea of the tea ceremony being attributed to females is actually a recent development. Eight hundred years ago, when the matcha drinking culture was first imported via China, tea ceremonies were conducted by warriors and monks: in short, men.
You might also like these stories from Japan 2020:
Inside Japan's astounding bento boxes
The hunt for Japan's 'ghost' wolves
A car-crash crisis in ageing Japan?
Etsuko Kato, a cultural anthropologist who has written on the topic, explains how women came to perceive the tea ceremony as a skill that elevated their own social status.

Kato explains that after the Meiji Restoration in 1868, educated women turned to "the way of tea" in the hope of improving their femininity and refinement before marriage. Students train endlessly to obtain perfection in otemae: the process of making tea and conducting the tea ceremony. When guests are invited to a tea ceremony, the host's expertise in the art is on display. At a time when women's responsibilities were strictly limited to household affairs, conducting an elegant tea ceremony was an important way for cultured women to be socially acknowledged.

As women's social standing in the workspace progressed, there has been a marked decline in tea ceremony participation. According to the same census, the majority of women learning now are 50 years old and older. A cultural tradition without a young generation to pass it onto is yet another troubling omen of the ageing demographic in Japan.

But there has been a recent revival of this ancient art. A new wave, updated to reflect modern society, has quietly been established in the last ten years.
Sword-wielding warriors and the modern-day businesspeople
Kyūtō-Ryū is a new type of tea ceremony established in 2010. Kyūtō can refer to either a kitchenette or a hot water pot and reflects their chosen venue - the office canteen. Its concept is simply "the way of tea for the busy office worker." Heading the movement is Hankyu Tanida, who has been working in an office for over 20 years. Her first encounter with the tea ceremony was through the comic book series " Hyougemono " (a silly person, or, an object with an interesting shape) by Yoshihiro Yamada. Set during the war-torn Sengoku era, this acclaimed manga comic depicts warriors who are passionate about the "ways of tea".

"Before I read the manga, I always thought of [the] tea ceremony to be a boring event in which fancy ladies drank tea," Tanida reflects. "But even during the harrowing period of samurai warfare, where one could face death on any day, the warriors aimed to relieve stress and regain mental strength by committing to tea ceremony. In their way of life, I saw the businessperson of today, fighting against the stresses of work."

As he began to study tea ceremonies, Tanida decided to visit the famous tea room " Taian " in Kyoto, thought to be the creation of the acclaimed historical figure and tea master, Sen no Rikyū, who had a profound influence on the Japanese "way of tea" during the Azuchi-Momoyama Period.

"I had heard it was a small, two-tatami mat room," Tanida recalls. "Yet somehow, it extended beyond its physical boundaries and into space. Naturally, I had high expectations. But when I actually saw it, I thought it small. Much too small. It was the same size as our office kitchenette. When I imagined myself making matcha in our kitchenette, it seemed so silly that I couldn't stop laughing."

What Tanida thought was that "the way of tea should be free." Tea rooms are required to be four tatami mats in size (about 6sqm); however, the warriors of the period were happy to be crammed into a space half that size. "That is when I realised that [the] tea ceremony isn't solely about strict adherence to the rules. That its charm manifests when you break some of them." When she went back to work, Tanida invited two of her colleagues to participate in a tea ceremony held in the office break room. It was the same kitchenette where she would make tea for her boss or heat up her bentō box for lunch in the microwave. Yet once sitting Japanese-style on the floor, the room seemed transformed, and it transported the host and his guests to another world. That was the beginning of the Kyūtō-Ryū tea ceremony.
A new-wave of office gatherings
The Kyūtō-Ryū, kitchenette-style tea ceremony, is conducted during lunch breaks, and Tanida believes there are three major benefits to his new-wave of tea ceremony.

Firstly, in two grams of powder for a so-called "light tea" matcha there is about 64mg of caffeine, which is comparable to a cup of coffee (10g of beans includes about 60mg of caffeine). Its stimulating effect is often used to help stave off the office afternoon lull. "The warriors would drink maccha before battle to psych themselves up," Tanida explains.

Another reason is its social aspect. During a tea ceremony, participants intermingle regardless of job title. One of the rules in Kyūtō-Ryū is to take off any office ID cards from around the neck and set them aside before gathering. According to Tanida, this reflects the custom of the historical ceremonies, in which the samurai lay aside their swords - a symbol of their identity, before partaking in tea. "Through these tea gatherings," Tanida says, "the samurai warriors would openly discuss weaponry and strategy, regardless of class and title. Many used these ceremonies as networking opportunities to further their careers."

And lastly, at their own Kyūtō-Ryū gatherings, the participants use unusual tools that are perhaps not the "right" ones, according to tradition. Instead, they use anything that is around them to create an ambience, unique to their office.

Traditionally, the tea-bowl into which the matcha is poured is a tool that draws much attention. Oftentimes the host would bring out bowls priced at hundreds of thousands yen (above £1,000). But at the Kyūtō-Ryū gatherings, participants use old coffee cups with their own charm. The expense report receipts pinned to the refrigerator serves as the kakejiku, a scroll that expresses the sentiment of that day's ceremony.

Tanida says, "through Rikyū's philosophy of Wabi Tea, we seek the beauty in the used and simple, rather than the gorgeous. What is important is to express what the tool we use for tea stands for in its heart. In a cracked and stained coffee cup, I see the efforts of my colleagues. Once you share that story with your guests, you become one with them through the story."
A light-hearted game
At the beginning, only three participants practised Kyūtō-Ryū tea ceremonies. And now through mutual friends and interest, this new style of tea ceremony has spread to other office kitchenettes. In the past there were tea parties conducted thousands of miles away in New York and London. Today, the group uses abandoned stations in the countryside, or dilapidated clubs near old onsen (hot springs) towns to meet for their tea ceremonies. Roughly 120 tea ceremonies have been held, with over 2400 participants.

Professor Hiroshi Yamaguchi, the head of global media studies at Komazawa University in Tokyo, believes that "by ignoring the traditional ways, Kyūtō-Ryū has succeeded in turning the essence of the tea gathering into a fun parody, something light-hearted like a game." Yamaguchi himself participated as a guest in 2013, and has since become a managing member of the group.

"The environment surrounding the way of tea has changed drastically in the past few decades," Yamaguchi explains. "After the post-war bubble of Japan, the 'suppliers' of tea, its teachers, and cup-makers had the upper hand, as there was demand for expensive lessons and tea bowls. However, as the perceived value of tea tools declines, the power dynamic shifts from supplier to consumer, i.e: the participants. The way of tea must evolve such that the participants enjoy the ceremony, otherwise there will be less and less demand for the tradition."

At Kyūtō-Ryū gatherings, novices and traditionalists mingle together as guests, and share their own ways of enjoying tea.

"Through our tea parties, I hope that more and more people become interested in the way of tea. In Japan, matcha is considered an exquisite tea. I hope one day it [will] become another option to coffee in the workplace," says Tanida.
To read this article in Japanese click here

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.authors[].name
Yuko Komura (translated by Johanna Airth)

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
An ancient way of doing business in Japan

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
When we think of a Japanese tea ceremony ( sadō), it invokes thoughts of a refined woman in a kimono, sitting on a tatami mat making matcha, carefully following detailed instructions of old. According to a 2016 census taken by the Statistics Bureau of Japan, 80% of tea ceremony participants are women.

# data[].attributes.body
[ 07 Nov 2019]

More students apply to study medicine

........

A record number of 23,710 students have applied to study medicine at UK universities next September.

New figures from the admissions service Ucas show a 6% increase in the number of people applying for a degree in medicine, compared to last year.

The deadline for applications to begin medicine, as well as dentistry and veterinary science courses, next autumn, was 15 October.

Ucas chief executive, Clare Marchant, said: "I'm inspired by the record number of students who are ready to take on the challenge of demonstrating they have the knowledge, skills, and potential to succeed on these ever-competitive courses.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
A record number of 23,710 students have applied to study medicine at UK universities next September.

New figures from the admissions service Ucas show a 6% increase in the number of people applying for a degree in medicine, compared to last year.

The deadline for applications to begin medicine, as well as dentistry and veterinary science courses, next autumn, was 15 October.

This was also the deadline for students to apply to Oxford and Cambridge.

Ucas figures show that 18,500 applicants are from the four countries of the UK - up 5% on last year.

'Relax A-level grades for some medics'

'How I got to medical school via A&E and the chicken shop'

Applications from EU students for medicine degrees are up 1% to 1,680, while applications from students outside the EU have risen 10% to 3,530.

There has been an expansion in the number of medical school places available at English universities for the third year in a row, Ucas said.

Overall, 68,680 students have applied for all degree courses with an October 15 deadline, up 4% on last year, the admissions service added.

Ucas chief executive, Clare Marchant, said: "I'm inspired by the record number of students who are ready to take on the challenge of demonstrating they have the knowledge, skills, and potential to succeed on these ever-competitive courses.

"It's encouraging to see so many students aim high with their applications."

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
A record number of 23,710 students have applied to study medicine at UK universities next September. New figures from the admissions service Ucas show a 6% increase in the number of people applying for a degree in medicine, compared to last year.

# data[].attributes.body
[ 06 Nov 2019 ]

New Education Policy will establish India as knowledge superpower, get global recognition: President Kovind

............
Over 10,000 students, including 350 gold medallists who passed out in 2017 and 2018, were awarded degrees and diplomas. Out of 350 gold medallists, 183 are women.

The Centre’s New Education Policy (NEP) will help establish the country as a “knowledge superpower” and get global recognition for talents of students, President Ram Nath Kovind said on Wednesday. The HRD Ministry is in process of giving final shape to the NEP and the final draft is likely to be placed before the cabinet soon.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
The Centre's New Education Policy (NEP) will help establish the country as a "knowledge superpower" and get global recognition for talents of students, President Ram Nath Kovind said on Wednesday. The HRD Ministry is in process of giving final shape to the NEP and the final draft is likely to be placed before the cabinet soon.

"The New Education Policy is to establish India as a 'knowledge super power' so the whole world recognizes the immense talent of the students of the country," Kovind said in his convocation address at the Jamia Millia Islamia. Echoing his view, Union HRD Minister Ramesh Pokhriyal 'Nishank' said, "The policy will lay the formation stone of new India and will provide technical, scientific and job-oriented education to girls, minorities and under-privileged sections of the society."

A new education policy was part of the Bharatiya Janata Party's manifesto ahead of the 2014 general election. The existing NEP was framed in 1986 and revised in 1992.

The President said special contributions are expected from Jamia in respect to proper use of students' talents. He urged the varsity administration to explore the possibility of adopting more villages and guiding students to undertake development initiatives.

"Jamia has already adopted four villages as per the HRD Ministry's scheme and the students contribute to these villages. I want you to explore the possibility of adopting more villages and guide students to take development initiatives there," Kovind said.

"The students should visit these villages and if possible, stay there for some time, talk to villagers, see the problems, explain to them important things like cleanliness and vaccination," he added.

Over 10,000 students, including 350 gold medallists who passed out in 2017 and 2018, were awarded degrees and diplomas. Out of 350 gold medallists, 183 are women.

Noting that the women gold medallists outnumbered men for the second consecutive year, the President lauded the university's efforts towards women's education, with the chancellor and the vice-chancellor, both women, being at the helm of the affairs.

The convocation ceremony was held as a part of three-day celebrations of the university's 99th Foundation Day. During the three-day celebrations, the university will host several competitions such as street theatre, business idea generation and cultural programmes.

Get live Stock Prices from BSE and NSE and latest NAV, portfolio of Mutual Funds, calculate your tax by Income Tax Calculator, know market's Top Gainers, Top Losers & Best Equity Funds. Like us on Facebook and follow us on Twitter.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
New Education Policy will establish India as knowledge superpower, get global recognition: President Kovind

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The Centre's New Education Policy (NEP) will help establish the country as a "knowledge superpower" and get global recognition for talents of students, President Ram Nath Kovind said on Wednesday. The HRD Ministry is in process of giving final shape to the NEP and the final draft is likely to be placed before the cabinet soon.

# data[].attributes.body
[ 05 Nov 2019 ]

Assessment in school education to be transformed by 2022, NCERT to develop guidelines soon: HRD

...........
The NCERT, which is set to review the National Curriculum Framework (NCF) after over 14 years, will also develop assessment guidelines in sync with the new framework.

Noting that the current assessment system in school education has “harmful effects”, the National Council for Educational Research and Training (NCERT) will prepare guidelines for transformation in assessment by 2022, according to the HRD Ministry

The HRD Ministry, which is in the process of giving final shape to the new National Education Policy (NEP), has proposed in the final draft that to eliminate the “high stakes” aspect of board exams, all students will be allowed to take board exams on up to two occasions during any given school year and the examination be made “easier”.

NEXT

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Noting that the current assessment system in school education has "harmful effects", the National Council for Educational Research and Training (NCERT) will prepare guidelines for transformation in assessment by 2022, according to the HRD Ministry.

The HRD Ministry, which is in the process of giving final shape to the new National Education Policy (NEP), has proposed in the final draft that to eliminate the "high stakes" aspect of board exams, all students will be allowed to take board exams on up to two occasions during any given school year and the examination be made "easier".

The NCERT, which is set to review the National Curriculum Framework (NCF) after over 14 years, will also develop assessment guidelines in sync with the new framework.

"To reverse the harmful effects of the current assessment system, board exams will encourage holistic development, students will be able to choose many of the subjects in which they take board exams, depending on their individualised interests," the draft proposes.

Mooting for board exams twice a year, the HRD Ministry has decided that, "in this regard, guidelines will be prepared by NCERT, for a transformation in the assessment system by 2022, to align with the NCF 2020".

The new policy has also recommended formation of a new regulatory body for all recognised school boards of India, for regulating assessment and evaluation norms and standards and for ensuring that the assessment patterns of different boards meet the skill requirements of the 21st century and are in consonance with stated objectives of the policy.

The draft, given a final shape by the HRD Ministry, will now be placed before the Union Cabinet for approval. But, according to ministry officials, there could be "minor last-minute edits".

A panel led by former Indian Space Research Organisation chief K Kasturirangan had submitted the draft of the new NEP to Union Human Resource Development Minister Ramesh Pokhriyal 'Nishank' when he took charge.

The draft was then put in public domain to seek feedback from various stakeholders and over two lakh suggestions were received by the HRD Ministry about the same.

The existing NEP was framed in 1986 and revised in 1992. A new education policy was part of the Bharatiya Janata Party's manifesto ahead of the 2014 general election.

Drafting experts also took into account the report of a panel headed by former cabinet secretary TSR Subramanian and formed by the HRD Ministry when it was being headed by Union minister Smriti Irani.

Get live Stock Prices from BSE and NSE and latest NAV, portfolio of Mutual Funds, calculate your tax by Income Tax Calculator, know market's Top Gainers, Top Losers & Best Equity Funds. Like us on Facebook and follow us on Twitter.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Assessment in school education to be transformed by 2022, NCERT to develop guidelines soon: HRD

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Noting that the current assessment system in school education has "harmful effects", the National Council for Educational Research and Training (NCERT) will prepare guidelines for transformation in assessment by 2022, according to the HRD Ministry.

# data[].attributes.body
[ 04 Nov 2019 ]

Girls are just as good as boys when it comes to Maths: Study
............
Research shows no gender difference in brain function or math ability. Girls and boys are equally good at maths, says a study.

Researchers have found similar patterns of brain activity in both boys and girls as they engage in basic math problems.

For the study, published in the journal Science of Learning, the research team from Carnegie Mellon University comprehensively examined the brain development of young boys and girls.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Girls and boys are equally good at math, says a study.

Researchers have found similar patterns of brain activity in both boys and girls as they engage in basic math problems.

For the study, published in the journal Science of Learning, the research team from Carnegie Mellon University comprehensively examined the brain development of young boys and girls.

No gender difference in brain function

Through brain imaging, their research shows no gender difference in brain function or math ability.

"We see that children's brains function similarly regardless of their gender. So hopefully we can recalibrate expectations of what children can achieve in mathematics," said study researcher Jessica Cantlon from Carnegie Mellon University in the US.

For the findings, Cantlon and her team conducted the first neuroimaging study to evaluate biological gender differences in the math aptitude of young children.

Her team used functional MRI to measure the brain activity in 104 young children (3-to 10-years-old; 55 girls) while watching an educational video covering early math topics, like counting and addition.

The researchers compared scans from the boys and girls to evaluate brain similarity.

In addition, the team examined brain maturity by comparing the children's scans to those taken from a group of adults (63 adults; 25 women), who watched the same math videos.

After numerous statistical comparisons, they found no difference in the brain development of girls and boys.
In addition, the researchers found no difference in how boys and girls processed math skills and were equally engaged while watching educational videos.
Finally, boys' and girls' brain maturity were statistically equivalent when compared to either men or women in the adult group.

The researchers also compared the results of the 'Test of Early Mathematics Ability', a standardised test for 3- to 8-year-old children, from 97 participants (50 girls) to gauge the rate of math development.

They found that math ability was equivalent among the children and did not show a difference in gender or age.
Read | 9 ways e-learning maths can do away with any math phobia and make you an expert

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Girls are just as good as boys when it comes to Maths: Study

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Girls and boys are equally good at math, says a study. Researchers have found similar patterns of brain activity in both boys and girls as they engage in basic math problems. For the study, published in the journal Science of Learning, the research team from Carnegie Mellon University comprehensively examined the brain development of young boys and girls.

# data[].attributes.body
[ 03 Nov 2019 ]

More Adults & College Students Learning Civics in Election Season

.......
Civics includes the study of the theoretical, political and practical aspects of citizenship, including the rights and duties of each citizen.  While the 2016 Presidential Election in the U.S. was contentious, the outcome was that more people have become engaged in the electoral process, including young adults. Experts forecast high voter turnout in the 2020 election. This being the case, socially engaged voters would do well to learn about civics, in order to develop informed positions when taking part in the upcoming election.

Citizenship

The US Constitution is meant to enforce the natural rights of all U.S. citizens, regardless of their race, religion, gender, or other characteristics. A first-year political science course would introduce students to these and other concepts. The essential values of Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness were first codified into the Declaration of Independence in 1776, and the Bill of Rights expanded on these concepts.

Civics and civic education

‘Civics’ comes from the French word ‘civique’ which means ‘citizen.’ Essential components of a curriculum in civics include a number of best-practices, often referred to as the Six Proven Practices for Effective Civic Learning framework.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Civics includes the study of the theoretical, political and practical aspects of citizenship, including the rights and duties of each citizen. While the 2016 Presidential Election in the U.S. was contentious, the outcome was that more people have become engaged in the electoral process, including young adults. Experts forecast high voter turnout in the 2020 election. This being the case, socially engaged voters would do well to learn about civics, in order to develop informed positions when taking part in the upcoming election.
Citizenship
The US Constitution is meant to enforce the natural rights of all U.S. citizens, regardless of their race, religion, gender, or other characteristics. A first-year political science course would introduce students to these and other concepts. The essential values of Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness were first codified into the Declaration of Independence in 1776, and the Bill of Rights expanded on these concepts.

At the federal level, the United States is a Democratic Republic, where citizens elect representatives who make decisions for them. Every citizen is not only free to take part in elections, but it is also in his or her best interest to do so from an informed position. This may be especially true for immigrants who may have come from more authoritarian homelands.
Civics and civic education
'Civics' comes from the French word 'civique' which means 'citizen.' Essential components of a curriculum in civics include a number of best-practices, often referred to as the Six Proven Practices for Effective Civic Learning framework. These include:

1. Provide instruction in government, history, law, and democracy

2. Incorporate discussion of current local, national, and international issues and events in the classroom, particularly those that young people view as important to their lives

3. Design and implement programs that provide students with opportunities to apply what they learn through performing community service that is linked to the formal curriculum and classroom instruction.

4. Offer extracurricular activities that provide opportunities for young people to get involved in their schools or communities

5. Encourage student participation in school governance.

6. Encourage students' participation in simulations of democratic processes and procedures.

Whereas some people believe that values, social justice, and democracy are at their best when they are learned actively through experience, it's commonly believed that schools must be able to encourage ethical behavior and personal responsibility consisting of the freedom of choice and action, and consequently bearing the results of one's action. Civic education empowers citizens to be well-informed, active and conscious about their rights and duties. Often, the goal of such courses in civics is to empower students to feel responsible for shaping the world around them.
Democracy
Democracy is a political system that is based on participation in group decision-making. The United States is not actually a democracy at the federal level. In the case of the President, representatives are elected in every state, and the Electoral College determines the outcome, rather than the national popular vote. Civic education equips people with the knowledge to understand the basics of the electoral process. People learn how to protect and support this system of governance and its constant implementation.

Civic education is also used to teach people the most important aspects of the US Constitution. Such an education generally begins with the Bill of Rights but may extend into other areas of the Constitution. The Preamble establishes the purpose of the Constitution, with no force in law. Other sections of the Constitution go on to describe the three branches of government: the Legislative branch, the Judicial branch, and the Executive branch.
Rights and duties of US citizens
All citizens should be aware of their civil rights,so as not to be deprived of their freedom. Among these rights are free expression and a right to a prompt, fair trial by jury. Citizens may vote in elections for public officials, to apply for federal employment requiring U.S. citizenship, and to run for elected office.

As well as rights, every citizen has his/her duties. They are commonly also referred to as responsibilities or obligations. Among the most crucial is a duty to support and defend the Constitution, to participate in the voting process, to stay informed of the issues affecting one's community and to participate in it, and to respect the rights, beliefs, and opinions of others. Moreover, every citizen is obliged to obey federal, state, and local laws, which includes taxation, and serving on a jury when called upon.
The Importance of an Education in Civics and Political Science
Civics knowledge is used to better every citizen's life. It's an essential component of political science, which is applicable to practice. Interest in Civics arises as an urge to keep the US a free and prosperous nation. In 2020, there will be a battle of ideas to determine the direction of the United States over the next four years. While politicians call every election "the most important election in history," it may actually be true this time around.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
More Adults & College Students Learning Civics in Election Season

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Civics includes the study of the theoretical, political and practical aspects of citizenship, including the rights and duties of each citizen. While the 2016 Presidential Election in the U.S. was contentious, the outcome was that more people have become engaged in the electoral process, including young adults.

# data[].attributes.body
[ 02 Nov 2019 ]

Empowering the education sector

.......

The education sector remains under pressure and faces both new and long-standing challenges. Funding remains tight, inspection frameworks are changing, rates of disadvantage and high needs are increasing, all of which places more work on teachers and school staff.

But there is opportunity too, with more solutions, providers, talent and expertise within the sector than ever before. There is also a new Secretary of State, with a background as a Governor and a TA as a wife, promising extra money and support in the coming months.

Funding and income generation; Wellbeing & mental health, for both learners and teachers; SEND and the Curriculum will be central to the agenda of sessions across the expanded two days.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
The education sector remains under pressure and faces both new and long-standing challenges. Funding remains tight, inspection frameworks are changing, rates of disadvantage and high needs are increasing, all of which places more work on teachers and school staff.

But there is opportunity too, with more solutions, providers, talent and expertise within the sector than ever before. There is also a new Secretary of State, with a background as a Governor and a TA as a wife, promising extra money and support in the coming months.

To address these challenges and make the most of the opportunities, the Schools & Academies Show returns to Birmingham's NEC on , with a renewed focus on the key things that are important to the sector.

Funding and income generation; Wellbeing & mental health, for both learners and teachers; SEND and the Curriculum will be central to the agenda of sessions across the expanded two days.

Supporting staff is more crucial than ever, with the extra burdens on their time and greater demands being made of many. To reflect this, we have several case studies on the subject, as well as bringing the Wellbeing Demo Area to Birmingham. This dedicated area on the exhibition floor will showcase a range of classes, mini-presentations, demonstrations and talks aimed at senior school and education leaders with the purpose of tackling the growing mental health crisis and wider pupil health issues within the education sector. Stonewall, Food for Life, and The Teen Yoga Foundation, among other organisations, will all provide practical, free workshops for staff on things that they can implement day to day.

With policymakers continuing to drive change across the sector, we are proud to host the Government Education Village, returning once more in partnership with the DfE and ESFA, which will include as a new offer for Birmingham, demo sessions running throughout both days. This means that you will be able to explore in detail specific policies and make the most of their expertise and advice, with representatives from Schools Resource Management, Academies Funding, Finance, Educate Against Hate and The Apprenticeship Service.

Sharing best practice and innovation is important to you, as it is to us, so we have arranged case study seminars in the main agenda on topics such as Opportunity Areas, Private/Maintained School Partnerships, EdTech Implementation and many more. Minister for the School System, Lord Agnew, will be delivering a speech to open the Show and a representation of the political opposition with education With policymakers continuing to drive change across the sector, we are proud to host the Government Education Village, returning once more in partnership with the DfE and ESFA, which will include as a new offer for Birmingham, demo sessions running throughout both days. This means that you will be able to explore in detail specific policies and make the most of their expertise and advice, with representatives from Schools Resource Management, Academies Funding, Finance, Educate Against Hate and The Apprenticeship Service.

Panels will debate Ofsted, the future of work, the curriculum, technology in schools and the sad rise of youth violence. We have brought together Public Health England, the Chief Constable of West Midlands Police, a former young offender and parents to discuss this life-changing issue.

New this year is the Charity Village. We recognise the huge contribution charities are making and the good work they are conducting within education. This interactive village of key organisations will provide the perfect opportunity for third sector organisations to showcase their work to you and foster collaboration between the two sectors.

As ever, we are solutions-focussed, with expert providers such as Sage's finance software, CENTURY Tech's ground-breaking AI-powered tools which can improve student performance by 30% and cut teacher workload by 6 hours per week. For schools struggling with staffing, Randstad and Smile Education will be on hand with their specialised recruitment systems designed to give top class support both inside and outside of the classroom. If your school is looking to expand, look no further than Maun Funding and Arcadis, experts in securing funding and delivering high quality facilities. Classroom resources abound too, with such successes as Mighty Writer: a brand new, innovative and multisensory resource that transforms children's literacy almost overnight.

Join us for this and more at the Schools & Academies Show Birmingham on 13 th-14 th November at the NEC.
Click here for full agenda and speakers list Click here for 5 brand new features onsite You can register for free to attend by clicking here

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The education sector remains under pressure and faces both new and long-standing challenges. Funding remains tight, inspection frameworks are changing, rates of disadvantage and high needs are increasing, all of which places more work on teachers and school staff. But there is opportunity too, with more solutions, providers, talent and expertise within the sector than ever before.

# data[].attributes.body
[ 01 Nov 2019 ]

Educators and innovators convene at IB Global Conference 2019 for the first time in Middle East

........
Opening the Conference, Her Excellency Jameela AlMuhairi, Minister of State for General Education, gave a welcome address to the audience. Her Excellency stressed the importance of diversity in school curricula in the UAE. Diversity highlights the UAE’s multinational community and the value of tolerance. She affirmed that it is essential that both the public and the private school system must work together to ensure that all students in the UAE are provided with the skills they need to become the best version of themselves and to be the future citizens we aspire them to be.

Announcements at this year’s Conference included the launch of a partnership with Apex2100 and HIVE Learning to create a mobile app dedicated to supporting IB educators, parents and students with comprehensive, yet easily-consumable athletic performance and wellness content.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
The International Baccalaureate (IB) hosted its Global Conference for the first time in the Middle East in United Arab Emirates. More than 1,600 teachers and school leaders shared big ideas, exchanged best practices from the classroom and reflected on the roles they play in preparing students for the rapidly changing global economy of the 21 st century.

The largest annual gathering of IB educators and innovators in the Africa, Europe and Middle East (AEM) region, the Global Conference provided a launch pad for new initiatives, partnerships and new developments.

Opening the Conference, Her Excellency Jameela AlMuhairi, Minister of State for General Education, gave a welcome address to the audience. Her Excellency stressed the importance of diversity in school curricula in the UAE. Diversity highlights the UAE's multinational community and the value of tolerance. She affirmed that it is essential that both the public and the private school system must work together to ensure that all students in the UAE are provided with the skills they need to become the best version of themselves and to be the future citizens we aspire them to be.

Announcements at this year's Conference included the launch of a partnership with Apex2100 and HIVE Learning to create a mobile app dedicated to supporting IB educators, parents and students with comprehensive, yet easily-consumable athletic performance and wellness content.

Delegates also celebrated the 25 th anniversary of the IB's Middle Years Programme (MYP) with the announcement of a student innovators' grant for MYP students, which will create opportunity for students to build the skills they need to become leaders, innovators and entrepreneurs the world demands today.

The IB Global Conference acts as a platform for the IB to spread its vision for a world with more well-rounded, multi-lingual and open-minded future citizens, who can respond to global, national and local challenges.

Dr Siva Kumari, the IB's Director General, said: "As new global challenges emerge from an unprecedented pace of change, an IB education, based on the IB learner profile with its distinct set of attributes, is more relevant and necessary than ever to the Fourth Industrial Revolution. Under the Conference theme of "Generation IB", the IB develops the kind of critical thinkers needed for tomorrow."

Attendees heard from a line-up of high-profile keynote speakers, including Sir Clive Woodward who addressed the conference on the topic of Peak performance: For learners and athletes; Tina Blythe, Director of Learning and Outreach at Harvard Project Zero, who shared strategies for integrating new practices into day-to-day teaching; Rosan Bosch, founder of Rosan Bosch Studio, who discussed the significant impact of design on behaviour in learning spaces; and Michael Furdyk, co-founder & Director of Innovation, TakingITGlobal, who explained his journey to supporting millions of students to understand and act on the world's greatest challenges.

Internationally-renowned representatives of higher education institutions also shared insights into the university admissions process and their views on the future of education, in the Conference's higher education institute panel. Delegates heard about the progress of IB graduates within their universities and what makes an IB student stand out in the application process.

Alongside the keynote presentations, teachers and school leaders attended over 100 professional development sessions, to learn about key programme updates and innovative pedagogical practice to take back to their classrooms, with topics including: International-mindedness, academic honesty, inclusion and co-teaching

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Educators and innovators convene at IB Global Conference 2019 for the first time in Middle East

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The International Baccalaureate (IB) hosted its Global Conference for the first time in the Middle East in United Arab Emirates. More than 1,600 teachers and school leaders shared big ideas, exchanged best practices from the classroom and reflected on the roles they play in preparing students for the rapidly changing global economy of the 21 st century.

# data[].attributes.body
[ 31 Okt 2019 ]

The 20 Most Bike-Friendly Cities on the Planet, Ranked

........
If weather in indonesia don't hot , I will chose bike for the main transportation. but unfortunatally weather in indonesia very hot . so if we use bike when the midday will make headache.

there is 20 cities who used bike seriously :
1.Chopenhagen
2.Amsterdam
3.Utrecht
And so on ( you can read in link below )

One of the reasons why the people is those cities use bike is because the weather not hot like in indonesia , and the goverment provide the facility for the bike , like , track, free bike , and so on .

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
As trends come and go, simple design stands the test of time. And nowhere is that more evident these days than in urban mobility. With everything from autonomous cars to dockless pogosticks vying to be the next big thing, the bicycle continues to shine as the most efficient, practical, and reliable solution to urban mobility. Many cities are taking note, building infrastructure and expanding facilities to accommodate the bicycle as an everyday mode of transportation while improving urban livability.

Some more so than others.

To track the pro-cycling efforts and initiatives taken by cities around the world, we present the Copenhagenize Index, a comprehensive and holistic ranking of the world's most bicycle-friendly cities. For this fifth edition of the Index, published biennially since 2011, we have evaluated and ranked over 115 cities from around the world using 14 parameters that focus on ambition, culture, and streetscape design. ( Read about our methodology here.)

Copenhagenize Design Co. is a Danish urban planning and design firm that works with cities and private developers to implement bike-friendly cycling infrastructure.

The three-horse race at the top is as close as ever, and while Copenhagen retains the top spot, Amsterdam has knocked Utrecht out of second place with recent bold steps. All three remain role models for all of the friendly competition below. And it's no longer only the Danish and Dutch cities that are really taking the bicycle seriously. The second pack sees a tightening gap between Antwerp, Strasbourg, and Bordeaux. Behind them, Oslo has shot up in the ranking over the last four years, and Index newcomers like Bogotá, Bremen, Taipei, and Vancouver are showing other cities how possible it is to make urban centers better for the bicycle. Just outside the Top 20 sit a number of cities all on the cusp of breaking through, each requiring sustained investment and implementation of bicycle innovations to see better rankings in 2021.

Until then, though, these are the world's 20 most bicycle-friendly cities.

The Lowdown: The numbers make things easy: 62 percent of inhabitants' trips to work or school are by bike. Copenhageners cycle 894,000 miles every day. More than $45 per capita in bicycle infrastructure investments. Four bicycle bridges built or under construction. One hundred and four miles of new regional cycle highways. And as we saw in the 2018 municipal elections, parties running on a pro-car platform don't stand a chance. Now we just need someone to remind the Lord Mayor.

The Fixes: A series of political decisions, at all scales, have put the future of Copenhagen's cycling reputation in question. Municipal spending limits imposed by the national government have impacted infrastructure expansion, and will continue to do so. Meanwhile, strong political leadership on sustainable mobility has been absent since the latest election, resulting in a lower priority to invest in cycling. Lower in priority, even, than car parking. The city will need to find a way out of this mess if it wants to serve as a global inspiration in years to come.

The Fixes: It's time for the political parties of Antwerp to finally acknowledge the role of cycling as a modern and efficient mode of transportation, prioritizing it over single-occupant vehicles. A continued and expedited push to upgrade the cycling network as laid out in the recent bike plan is much needed. This is made obvious by a number of tragic crashes involving trucks or cars severely injuring or killing bicycle riders, and making headlines, in recent years.

The Lowdown: Strasbourg has long been recognized as France's premier bicycle city. And as other French metropolises have taken note, it has maintained its top-ranking status by setting its sights beyond a centralized urban cycling network. The city's new bicycle strategy focuses efforts on encouraging new riders, modernizing the existing network, expanding the Vélostras cycle highways into the surrounding suburbs, and tapping into the potential of cargo bikes.

The Fixes: The problem with that new strategy? It's underfunded and contentious. Politicians need to recognize the importance of the bicycle and the needed investments to increase cycling throughout the city.

The Lowdown: Bordeaux remains in sixth place on this year's Index, as it continues to innovate and maintain the bicycle as a high priority for transportation planning in the city. The last two years saw the banning of cars from the historic Pont de Pierre bridge, allowing for a 20 percent increase in bicycle traffic along the corridor. Strong political will has kept Bordeaux a city to watch in France, as the administration continues to remove car space in the core for sustainable transport options.

The Fixes: Bordeaux's bicycle facilities do not follow a uniform consistency, which can confuse users. There is a need for more protected facilities as well, since only 22 miles of cycle tracks exist in contrast to the 60+ miles of painted lanes. In the near future, cycling must remain a high priority on the political agenda if things are to continue to improve, with higher-quality cycling links to farther-off communities within the metropolitan area.

The Lowdown: Norway's capital jumped into the Top 20 in 2017 and surged into seventh position this time around. Oslo sets an example for all cities that have ever said they are too hilly or snowy to take bicycles seriously. With a concerted focus on the inner city, officials made the bold move in 2017 to ban cars from a chunk of the urban core, and significantly invest in traffic calming throughout the city while removing over 1,000 car parking spots between 2017 and 2018 for better biking and walking.

The Fixes: Although the city is constantly adding its signature red bicycle lanes, there are still far too many unprotected corridors, which is reflected in a poor perception of safety for new users. Oslo must continue full steam ahead with its commitments and investments if it is going to become a truly bicycle-friendly city in the coming years.

The Lowdown: After years of relying on shared bus and bike lanes to make up a significant part of its network, Paris is finally getting into gear and building out dedicated cycle tracks-including protected facilities on the Champs-Elysées. This new shift has bumped Paris up five spots from our 2017 Index. Against fierce opposition, local politicians have stood firm as they have opened new cycling facilities and seen impressive results, like cyclists representing 30 percent of traffic on the Rue Rivoli, and more children riding their bikes than ever before.

The Fixes: Although new infrastructure is key, more attention needs to be paid to the details of the facilities-how they connect at intersections, and how they cater to users of all ages and abilities. And enough with the confusing bidirectional cycle tracks. Additional funding should be put towards clear communication of the benefits of cycling for Parisians, supported by a strong brand identity for this amazing city. This goes hand in hand with helping to educate street users of all types on how to enjoy these new facilities.

The Lowdown: Vienna rocks into the Top 10 this time around by building upon its strengths. While the city continues with modest investments in on-street cycling infrastructure, the Austrian capital really stands out from the pack through innovative and constructive communication efforts and policy. Its 2018 campaign, #warumfährstDUnicht? (#whydontYOUcycle?) featured relatable people and clean graphic design to flip common excuses on their head. Even Vienna's contemporaries in the Index could learn a thing or two about communications from this work.

The Fixes: It's hard to see how Vienna could rank any higher without significant investments in safe and reliable cycling infrastructure. Expecting bicycle riders to share the lane with buses and taxis is outdated and unrealistic. You wouldn't ask a pedestrian to walk down the middle of Neustiftgasse at rush hour, why should bicycle riders?

The Lowdown:
With the ambitious goal of being the world's best metropolis of sustainable transport, the Finnish capital, much like Paris, had set its sights set on a bicycle modal share target of 15 percent by 2020. Now at 11 percent with nearly equal gender split, it's well on its way to becoming a northern leader. With over 800 miles of bicycle infrastructure and 12 miles of cycle highways (another 87 miles planned!), the city is targeting important corridors in the central core for a bicycle-oriented facelift like Hämeentie, a major boulevard to be reconstructed by 2020.

The Fixes: Despite the positive developments, Helsinki lacks a strong advocacy voice pushing the administration yet further and holding them to account. Inadequacies in funding could spell problems for all of Helsinki's bold planning to meet 2025 goals, as a recent proposal to increase annual bicycle funding from 10 to 20 million euros was not achieved. Helmet usage is also very high, with messaging from the national government focusing on finger-wagging over increased funding for infrastructure. Additionally, the hugely popular bike share shuts down in the winter months, even though people continue to cycle.

The Lowdown: Bremen slides into the number 11 spot this year, boasting the highest bicycle modal share in Germany (25 percent), an expanding network of physically separated cycle tracks, and an innovative "bicycle district concept." And we're not alone in recognizing Bremen, as a recent national survey found the North German city to rank at the top of its class among cities of its size. With 418 miles of physically separated cycle tracks, residents can count on the bicycle as a convenient mode of transportation for everyday trips. The latest Green Mobility Plan passed in 2018 calls for continued growth, with eight premium cross-city cycle routes planned for 2025.

The Fixes: Despite the well-connected and far-reaching network of cycling infrastructure, many of the lanes still leave something to be desired. At just about 5 feet wide, they hardly accommodate passing, and can quickly become uncomfortable, even unsafe.

The Fixes: Outside of the city centre, protected infrastructure on major corridors is practically nonexistent. Riders must rely mainly on a network of bicycle boulevards and cut-throughs. These are generally comfortable routes and some improvements are being made outside of the downtown, but many major corridors remain unprotected from high vehicle volumes.

The Lowdown: As the only North American city to feature in our Index every year since 2011, the economic and cultural hub of French Canada has teetered on the edge of the Top 20 for a number of years now due to a lack of innovation. In 2017, Montreal went through a political upheaval with Mayor Valérie Plante winning a sweeping election on positive messaging surrounding bicycle infrastructure and new public transport investment.The new administration has put forward the boldest bicycle-focused project that Montreal has ever seen. The Réseau Express Vélo, would lay a network of 114 miles of protected uni-directional cycle tracks across the island, on top of the 50 or so miles of protected facilities today.

The Fixes: A majority of Montreal's current facilities follow a design standard unchanged since the 1980s. Other parts of the network are also significantly lacking, with poorly painted bike lanes that have faded, protected facilities that evade important corridors for bicycle users, and the ongoing saga of Montreal's terrible road surface conditions. How the new administration follows through in the coming years with its big vision will be the real test.

The Lowdown: Hamburg falls three spots this year, not necessarily by lack of effort, but by being beaten out by the competition. Germany's northern metropolis is showing signs that it's tired of the status quo and ready to take everyday cycling to the next level. At first glance, Hamburg's inner city neighborhood's give the impression of a true cycling city. With traffic calmed neighborhoods and a high concentration of bike share stations, one would be forgiven for thinking they were in a Dutch or Danish city. But look beyond, and the city struggles with sprawl, inconsistent infrastructure design, and the characteristic car-centric planning so familiar to German cities.

The Fixes: New bicycle parking, air pumps, bike share fleets, and off-street regional routes are all worthwhile investments. But when residents are polled, more than half respond saying that poor bicycle lanes keep them from riding. Sooner or later Hamburg will have to take space from automobiles for an expanding network of on-street bike lanes.
Visit www.copenhagenizeindex.eu to read about the methodology and past results.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
The 20 Most Bike-Friendly Cities on the Planet

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
As trends come and go, simple design stands the test of time. And nowhere is that more evident these days than in urban mobility. With everything from autonomous cars to dockless pogosticks vying to be the next big thing, the bicycle continues to shine as the most efficient, practical, and reliable solution to urban mobility.

# data[].attributes.body
[ 30 Okt 2019 ]

The Delicate Art—and Evolving Science—of Wildfire Evacuations

........
I think it's a good idea, because still less poeple who know this education. Moreover today a lot of incidents about wildfire happen

Ordering evacuations in the face of wildfire is a mix of art and science, in part because officials have only about two decades’ worth of research to rely on. Historically, perfecting evacuations for hurricanes has received a lot more attention, which makes practical sense: They tend to affect millions, not thousands.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
On the evening of October 23, in the middle of the kind of dry, windy night that has become more frequent and more terrifying in recent California autumns, a fire began outside the small unincorporated Northern California town of Geyserville. Over the next two days, as winds reached hurricane-like strength, they carried the fire south, burning some 75,000 acres and threatening some 90,000 structures as of Wednesday afternoon. So on Sunday, the sheriff of Sonoma County did something unprecedented: He ordered some 200,000 residents out of the area, as far west as the Pacific Ocean, marking it the largest wildfire-related mandatory evacuation order that anyone in his office could remember.

The sheriff, Mark Essick, knew some people would be angry about his decision, which no doubt disrupted lives and cost the local economy. "I can understand why someone in [the coastal town of] Bodega Bay is saying, 'C'mon. What are you guys doing?' I don't take these decisions lightly," he told the Santa Rosa Press-Democrat. But Essick was thinking of the Tubbs Fire, which killed 22 people in the county just two years ago, and of the Camp Fire, which ripped through the 20,000-person town of Paradise last year and killed 83 people just to Sonoma's east. In Paradise, authorities reportedly didn't order residents out until the fire had reached the town, where only one road led out of harm's way.

That's progress, says Thomas Cova, who studies wildfire evacuations at the University of Utah. "The first thing I think is, 'OK, no fatalities!' I actually feel a little bit better when I see that the headlines have to do with the number of people who left, because that means everything went well."

Ordering evacuations in the face of wildfire is a mix of art and science, in part because officials have only about two decades' worth of research to rely on. Historically, perfecting evacuations for hurricanes has received a lot more attention, which makes practical sense: They tend to affect millions, not thousands.

But hurricanes can be very different from wildfires. Officials can have days to discuss and implement plans to get people out of the way of large storms, and to communicate those plans through social media or the local news. Even with new early warning system s, fires can develop much more quickly. Residents might only have hours-or less-between a warning and flames reaching their homes.

Since the late 1990's, more deadly wildfires have swept the western US, due in part to climate change, in part to forest management practices, in part to a struggling utility company, and in part to development along the wildland-urban interface -meaning more people live in fire-prone places. "It's been really stark raving mad, a real out-of-control madhouse," says Cova, as he runs down the list of destructive fires.

Those fires have complicated everyone's understanding of how residents get out of the way of fires-and whether they choose to leave at all. People don't always evacuate the way officials think they will. One paper published last year, for example, shows that decisions to evacuate are driven by how people feel about different kinds of risk. (Are you someone who generally takes risks-who might skip the seatbelt behind the wheel, or take a skydiving class? You're slightly more likely to stay after a mandatory evacuation order and "defend" your home. Are you the sort of person who takes financial risks, a literal horse gambler? You're a bit less likely to hang around during a mandatory evacuation.) It also suggests that a lot of folks go with the "wait-and-see" approach, even in the face of a "mandatory evacuation" order. Can they see or smell the flames? What are their neighbors doing? And once they decide to go, how quickly can they get out?

"I actually feel a little bit better when I see that the headlines have to do with the number of people who left, because that means everything went well."

Thomas Cova, University of Utah

In the past, fears of mass panic have convinced local officials to skip Amber-like alerts, even where the technology exists. (During 2017 Tubbs Fire, authorities decided not to send to send an alert because they worried an alarm would hamper their rescue efforts.) But years of research suggests that disaster-induced panic is mostly a myth. In fact, social scientists observe more generous behavior-checking on neighbors to make sure they have a way out of town, for example-than anti-social behavior like trampling and looting.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
The Delicate Art-and Evolving Science-of Wildfire Evacuations

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
On the evening of October 23, in the middle of the kind of dry, windy night that has become more frequent and more terrifying in recent California autumns, a fire began outside the small unincorporated Northern California town of Geyserville.

# data[].attributes.body
[ 29 Okt 2019 ]

Scientists Now Know How Sleep Cleans Toxins From the Brain

..........
The results : published today in the journal Science, show how our bodies clear toxins out of our brains while we sleep and could open new avenues for treating and preventing neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s.

When we sleep our brains travel through several phases, from a light slumber to a deep sleep that feels like we’ve fallen unconscious, to rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, when we’re more likely to have dreams.

One important 2013 study on mice showed that while the rodents slept, toxins like beta amyloid, which can contribute to Alzheimer’s disease, got swept away.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Laura Lewis and her team of researchers have been putting in late nights in their Boston University lab. Lewis ran tests until around 3:00 in the morning, then ended up sleeping in the next day. It was like she had jet lag, she says, without changing time zones. It's not that Lewis doesn't appreciate the merits of a good night's sleep. She does. But when you're trying to map what's happening in a slumbering human's brain, you end up making some sacrifices. "It's this great irony of sleep research," she says. "You're constrained by when people sleep."

Her results, published today in the journal Science, show how our bodies clear toxins out of our brains while we sleep and could open new avenues for treating and preventing neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's.

When we sleep our brains travel through several phases, from a light slumber to a deep sleep that feels like we've fallen unconscious, to rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, when we're more likely to have dreams. Lewis' work looks at non-REM sleep, that deep phase which generally happens earlier in the night and which has already been associated with memory retention. One important 2013 study on mice showed that while the rodents slept, toxins like beta amyloid, which can contribute to Alzheimer's disease, got swept away.

Lewis was curious how those toxins were cleared out and why that process only happened during sleep. She suspected that cerebrospinal fluid, a clear, water-like liquid that flows around the brain, might be involved. But she wasn't sure what was unique about sleep. So her lab designed a study that measured several different variables at the same time.

Study participants had to lie down and fall asleep inside an MRI machine. To get realistic sleep cycles, the researchers had to run the tests at midnight, and they even asked subjects to stay up late the night before so people would be primed to drift off once the test began.

Lewis outfitted the participants with an EEG cap so she could look at the electrical currents flowing through their brains. Those currents showed her which stage of sleep the person was in. Meanwhile, the MRI measured the blood oxygen levels in their brains and showed how much cerebrospinal fluid was flowing in and out of the brain. "We had a sense each of these metrics was important, but how they change during sleep and how they relate to each other during sleep was uncharted territory for us," she says.

What she discovered was that during non-REM sleep, large, slow waves of cerebrospinal fluid were washing over the brain. The EEG readings helped show why. During non-REM sleep, neurons start to synchronize, turning on and off at the same time. "First you would see this electrical wave where all the neurons would go quiet," says Lewis. Because the neurons had all momentarily stopped firing, they didn't need as much oxygen. That meant less blood would flow to the brain. But Lewis's team also observed that cerebrospinal fluid would then rush in, filling in the space left behind.

"It's a fantastic paper," says Maiken Nedergaard, a neuroscientist at the University of Rochester who led the 2013 study that first described how sleep can clear out toxins in mice. "I don't think anybody in their wildest fantasy has really shown that the brain's electrical activity is moving fluid. So that's really exciting."

One big contribution of the paper is it helps show that the systems Nedergaard has been studying in mice are present and hugely important for humans too. "It's telling you sleep is not just to relax," says Nedergaard. "Sleep is actually a very distinct function." Neurons don't all turn off at the same time when we're awake. So brain blood levels don't drop enough to allow substantial waves of cerebrospinal fluid to circulate around the brain and clear out all the metabolic byproducts that accumulate, like beta amyloid.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Scientists Now Know How Sleep Cleans Toxins From the Brain

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Laura Lewis and her team of researchers have been putting in late nights in their Boston University lab. Lewis ran tests until around 3:00 in the morning, then ended up sleeping in the next day. It was like she had jet lag, she says, without changing time zones.

# data[].attributes.body
[ 28 OKT 2019 ]

Trying to Plant a Trillion Trees Won't Solve Anything

......
We’re not going to stop climate change with just seedlings and fancy agriculture. We also need to reduce emissions.

A lot of solutions had offer , one of the solutios is tree.

The Scientist say :
“We intended to highlight that we are aware of no other viable climate change solution that is quantitatively as large in terms of carbon drawdown. We did not suggest that tree restoration should be considered as the unique solution to climate change.”

They broadly stuck to their numbers, or said their critics had misinterpreted or misread them. But mostly, the implication was, hey, come on! We’re all in this together.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
The same thing is happening with the Terraton Initiative. The company behind it, Indigo, is a startup trying to promulgate regenerative agriculture-methods like relying on perennials instead of annually replanted species, or cover crops to reduce the need for tilling. "We're encouraging farmers to use less fertilizer, fewer chemicals, and data science and microbiology to improve yield, and get paid a premium for growing things more sustainably," says David Perry, Indigo's CEO. Terraton launched last June; sign up, and you get $15 for every ton of carbon sequestered, measured through regular tests of soil health. (Hey, wait, doesn't that mean the startup would need to pony up $15 trillion? The cash, the company says, will come from Indigo's venture money, and eventually from a carbon market that'll sell offsets or use government subsidies, should such a thing ever exist.) Perry says they expected to have 3 million acres signed up in the first year, and instead they have 10 million acres in the first 100 days. World: saved!

Except, well, math. One 2017 study of 150,000 sample points all over Earth said that since the advent of agriculture, we've lost about 133 billion tons of carbon from the ground. Several analyses of carbon sequestration efforts estimate that with current limitations and in the best case scenario, we'll only likely to recover about 50 or 60 percent of this lost carbon. "There's a community of scientists who've been working on these issues for the better part of 20 years and who've published numerous papers showing what the soil potential of the planet would be, and Indigo chose to ignore those," says Jonathan Foley, an environmental scientist and executive director of the climate change-fighting group Project Drawdown. "I just have to scratch my head and ask why they're doing that."

Indigo disagrees, of course. "His argument is based on two premises, neither of which we know to be true. The first is that you can accurately estimate how much carbon has been lost from the soil, and that's really hard," Perry says. "The second piece is, his premise is that you can't put more carbon back into the soil than was there to begin with, and I think we can say with a lot of confidence that's not true. There's no reason to think that nature was looking to maximize carbon in the soil."

It's possible to imagine agriculture as a kind of geoengineering, of improving on nature's yields and productivity. If it could also improve on nature's ability to put carbon in the ground, that would be transformative. But there's no evidence yet people can do it at a scale that it can by itself save the planet. Implying otherwise might even be its own kind of moral hazard, encouraging people to keep on coughing carbon into the atmosphere if they figure trees and cover crops will save us. Fixing climate change is going to take systematic, nation-scale work; these kind of solutions let countries and transnational corporations get away with business-as-usual.

"If a single company could offset a billion tons of CO ₂, they should win the Nobel Peace Prize. But a teraton? You'd need four planet Earths to do it," Foley says. "It seems like a Silicon Valley hype cycle. Let's overhype the numbers, overpromise, and then in five years it'll crash." That could erode confidence in the whole idea of fighting climate change, he says.

Using land as a carbon sink is a great idea. Even the land knows it; it already absorbs 30 percent of all carbon. A recent UN report said that for a mere $300 billion, Earth could return deforested or abandoned land to pasture and sequester enough carbon to stave off the worst effects of climate change for 20 years. That's less than half the US' annual defense budget, the cost of firing 300 WeWork CEOs. And reforestation and regenerative agriculture are great climate-fighting measures to sell to the developing world, because they actually help other problems rather than inhibit industrialization.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Trying to Plant a Trillion Trees Won't Solve Anything

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The same thing is happening with the Terraton Initiative. The company behind it, Indigo, is a startup trying to promulgate regenerative agriculture-methods like relying on perennials instead of annually replanted species, or cover crops to reduce the need for tilling.

# data[].attributes.body
[ 27 Okt 2019 ]

Artificial Photosynthesis: Creating fuel from sunlight

.......
Researchers have made significant progress towards developing a process of Artificial Photosynthesis (AP) that could replace the use of fossil fuels in the future.

Artificial Photosynthesis is the industrial process of preparing fuels and chemicals from nothing more than carbon dioxide, water and sunlight. It is a vital process that would be the foundation of a world that would no longer need fossil fuels.

Methanol is directly useful as a fuel and can also be the building-block for many complex carbon compounds such as plastics and pharmaceuticals

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
November 10, 2014 , Monash University

Artificial photosynthesis could replace the use of fossil fuels

Researchers have made significant progress towards developing a process of Artificial Photosynthesis (AP) that could replace the use of fossil fuels in the future.

Artificial Photosynthesis is the industrial process of preparing fuels and chemicals from nothing more than carbon dioxide, water and sunlight. It is a vital process that would be the foundation of a world that would no longer need fossil fuels.

In the latest issue of Advanced Energy Materials, researchers at Monash University have got a step closer to developing an AP process and have discovered a new way of converting carbon dioxide to methanol. Methanol is an extremely useful liquid fuel that could be used to run cars, heat homes or generate electricity in a fuel cell.

Professor Douglas MacFarlane, leader of the Energy Program at the ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science (ACES) and ARC Laureate Fellow in the School of Chemistry at Monash University, said that research groups across the world had been tackling the challenge of AP; understanding the fundamental processes that take place in photosynthesis and mimicking them in an industrial process.

"If an artificial photosynthesis process can be developed that is significantly more efficient than plant-based photosynthesis, then it is conceivable that much of our fuel needs could be supplied from 'solar fuel' factories that would develop wherever sunshine and water are plentiful," said Professor MacFarlane.

"The key to this process in chemical terms is the development of new catalysts - one to oxidise water and another to absorb and reduce carbon dioxide. When the catalysts are coupled with materials that can absorb light energy, efficient generation of fuels such as methanol become possible."

Professor MacFarlane said the process had been achieved by the research team.

"We have created a photo-catalyst based on copper oxide, the surface of which is decorated with tiny carbon dots of about 2 nano-metres in size. This nano-composite material can directly convert carbon dioxide dissolved in water to methanol using only sunlight as the energy source," he said.

"Methanol is directly useful as a fuel and can also be the building-block for many complex carbon compounds such as plastics and pharmaceuticals."

More information: Li, H., Zhang, X. and MacFarlane, D. R. (2014), "Carbon Quantum Dots/Cu ₂O Heterostructures for Solar-Light-Driven Conversion of CO ₂ to Methanol." Adv. Energy Mater.. doi: 10.1002/aenm.201401077

Journal information: Advanced Energy Materials

Provided by Monash University

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Artificial Photosynthesis: Creating fuel from sunlight

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
November 10, 2014 , Monash University Researchers have made significant progress towards developing a process of Artificial Photosynthesis (AP) that could replace the use of fossil fuels in the future. Artificial Photosynthesis is the industrial process of preparing fuels and chemicals from nothing more than carbon dioxide, water and sunlight.

# data[].attributes.body
[ 26 Okt 2019 ]

Make like a leaf: Researchers developing method to convert carbon dioxide

.........
While the research has been conducted on a nanoscale, Professor Huang hopes the technology will be used by power stations to capture emissions from burning fossil fuels.

"Our CO₂ absorbent plates may be small, but our goal is to now create large panels, similar to solar panels, that would be used by industry to absorb and convert large volumes of CO₂ ," said Professor Huang

While plants breathe in CO₂ , a process called photosynthesis, deforestation and development has decreased their overall capacity to restore oxygen levels.

As nations attempt to curb emissions and divest from fossil fuels, Dr. Huang feels there should also be an increased focus on carbon capture and re-use to minimize the harmful impact of increased atmospheric CO₂.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
September 30, 2019 , University of Sydney

Credit: CC0 Public Domain

Professor Jun Huang from the University of Sydney's School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering is developing a carbon capture method that aims to go one step beyond storage, instead converting and recycling carbon dioxide (CO ₂) into raw materials that can be used to create fuels and chemicals.

"Drawing inspiration from leaves and plants, we have developed an artificial photosynthesis method," said Professor Huang.

"To simulate photosynthesis, we have built microplates of carbon layered with carbon quantum dots with tiny pores that absorb CO ₂ and water.

"Once carbon dioxide and water are absorbed, a chemical process occurs that combines both compounds and turns them into hydrocarbon, an organic compound that can be used for fuels, pharmaceuticals, agrichemicals, clothing, and construction.

"Following our most recent findings, the next phase of our research will focus on large-scale catalyst synthesis and the design of a reactor for large scale conversion," he said.

While the research has been conducted on a nanoscale, Professor Huang hopes the technology will be used by power stations to capture emissions from burning fossil fuels.

"Our CO ₂ absorbent plates may be small, but our goal is to now create large panels, similar to solar panels, that would be used by industry to absorb and convert large volumes of CO ₂ ," said Professor Huang.

CO ₂ emissions from the burning of fossil fuels and transport are the main cause of global warming, contributing up to 65 percent of the total global greenhouse gas emissions.

While plants breathe in CO ₂ , a process called photosynthesis, deforestation and development has decreased their overall capacity to restore oxygen levels.

As nations attempt to curb emissions and divest from fossil fuels, Dr. Huang feels there should also be an increased focus on carbon capture and re-use to minimize the harmful impact of increased atmospheric CO ₂.

"The current global commitment to cut carbon emissions by 30 percent by 2030 is an enormous challenge, and one that will be difficult to achieve given that energy needs are accelerating," said Professor Huang.

Carbon capture technologies have been around for over 10 years. However, they require carbon to being held in deep underground chambers.

"Carbon conversion could be a financially viable alternative as it would allow for the generation of industrial quantities of materials, such as methanol, which is a useful material for production of fuels and other chemicals," he concluded.

More information: Haitao Li et al. Carbon quantum dots and carbon layer double protected cuprous oxide for efficient visible light CO2 reduction, Chemical Communications (2019). DOI: 10.1039/c9cc00830f

Journal information: Chemical Communications

Provided by University of Sydney

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Make like a leaf: Researchers developing method to convert carbon dioxide

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
September 30, 2019 , University of Sydney Professor Jun Huang from the University of Sydney's School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering is developing a carbon capture method that aims to go one step beyond storage, instead converting and recycling carbon dioxide (CO 2) into raw materials that can be used to create fuels and chemicals.

# data[].attributes.body
[ 25 Okt 2019 ]

Study casts doubt on carbon capture

.......
One proposed method for reducing carbon dioxide (CO₂) levels in the atmosphere—and reducing the risk of climate change—is to capture carbon from the air or prevent it from getting there in the first place. However, research from Mark Z. Jacobson at Stanford University, published in Energy and Environmental Science, suggests that carbon capture technologies can cause more harm than good.

Jacobson argued that the best solution is to instead focus on renewable options, such as wind or solar, replacing fossil fuels.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
October 25, 2019 by Taylor Kubota, Stanford University

Credit: CC0 Public Domain

One proposed method for reducing carbon dioxide (CO ₂) levels in the atmosphere-and reducing the risk of climate change-is to capture carbon from the air or prevent it from getting there in the first place. However, research from Mark Z. Jacobson at Stanford University, published in Energy and Environmental Science, suggests that carbon capture technologies can cause more harm than good.

"All sorts of scenarios have been developed under the assumption that carbon capture actually reduces substantial amounts of carbon. However, this research finds that it reduces only a small fraction of carbon emissions, and it usually increases air pollution," said Jacobson, who is a professor of civil and environmental engineering. "Even if you have 100 percent capture from the capture equipment, it is still worse, from a social cost perspective, than replacing a coal or gas plant with a wind farm because carbon capture never reduces air pollution and always has a capture equipment cost. Wind replacing fossil fuels always reduces air pollution and never has a capture equipment cost."

Jacobson, who is also a senior fellow at the Stanford Woods Institute for the Environment, examined public data from a coal with carbon capture electric power plant and a plant that removes carbon from the air directly. In both cases, electricity to run the carbon capture came from natural gas. He calculated the net CO ₂ reduction and total cost of the carbon capture process in each case, accounting for the electricity needed to run the carbon capture equipment, the combustion and upstream emissions resulting from that electricity, and, in the case of the coal plant, its upstream emissions. (Upstream emissions are emissions, including from leaks and combustion, from mining and transporting a fuel such as coal or natural gas.)

Common estimates of carbon capture technologies-which only look at the carbon captured from energy production at a fossil fuel plant itself and not upstream emissions-say carbon capture can remediate 85-90 percent of carbon emissions. Once Jacobson calculated all the emissions associated with these plants that could contribute to global warming, he converted them to the equivalent amount of carbon dioxide in order to compare his data with the standard estimate. He found that in both cases the equipment captured the equivalent of only 10-11 percent of the emissions they produced, averaged over 20 years.

This research also looked at the social cost of carbon capture-including air pollution, potential health problems, economic costs and overall contributions to climate change-and concluded that those are always similar to or higher than operating a fossil fuel plant without carbon capture and higher than not capturing carbon from the air at all. Even when the capture equipment is powered by renewable electricity, Jacobson concluded that it is always better to use the renewable electricity instead to replace coal or natural gas electricity or to do nothing, from a social cost perspective.

Given this analysis, Jacobson argued that the best solution is to instead focus on renewable options, such as wind or solar, replacing fossil fuels.
Efficiency and upstream emissions
This research is based on data from two real carbon capture plants, which both run on natural gas. The first is a coal plant with carbon capture equipment. The second plant is not attached to any energy-producing counterpart. Instead, it pulls existing carbon dioxide from the air using a chemical process.

Jacobson examined several scenarios to determine the actual and possible efficiencies of these two kinds of plants, including what would happen if the carbon capture technologies were run with renewable electricity rather than natural gas, and if the same amount of renewable electricity required to run the equipment were instead used to replace coal plant electricity.

While the standard estimate for the efficiency of carbon capture technologies is 85-90 percent, neither of these plants met that expectation. Even without accounting for upstream emissions, the equipment associated with the coal plant was only 55.4 percent efficient over 6 months, on average. With the upstream emissions included, Jacobson found that, on average over 20 years, the equipment captured only 10-11 percent of the total carbon dioxide equivalent emissions that it and the coal plant contributed. The air capture plant was also only 10-11 percent efficient, on average over 20 years, once Jacobson took into consideration its upstream emissions and the uncaptured and upstream emissions that came from operating the plant on natural gas.

Due to the high energy needs of carbon capture equipment, Jacobson concluded that the social cost of coal with carbon capture powered by natural gas was about 24 percent higher, over 20 years, than the coal without carbon capture. If the natural gas at that same plant were replaced with wind power, the social cost would still exceed that of doing nothing. Only when wind replaced coal itself did social costs decrease.

For both types of plants this suggests that, even if carbon capture equipment is able to capture 100 percent of the carbon it is designed to offset, the cost of manufacturing and running the equipment plus the cost of the air pollution it continues to allow or increases makes it less efficient than using those same resources to create renewable energy plants replacing coal or gas directly.

"Not only does carbon capture hardly work at existing plants, but there's no way it can actually improve to be better than replacing coal or gas with wind or solar directly," said Jacobson. "The latter will always be better, no matter what, in terms of the social cost. You can't just ignore health costs or climate costs."

This study did not consider what happens to carbon dioxide after it is captured but Jacobson suggests that most applications today, which are for industrial use, result in additional leakage of carbon dioxide back into the air.
Focusing on renewables
People propose that carbon capture could be useful in the future, even after we have stopped burning fossil fuels, to lower atmospheric carbon levels. Even assuming these technologies run on renewables, Jacobson maintains that the smarter investment is in options that are currently disconnected from the fossil fuel industry, such as reforestation-a natural version of air capture-and other forms of climate change solutions focused on eliminating other sources of emissions and pollution. These include reducing biomass burning, and reducing halogen, nitrous oxide and methane emissions.

"There is a lot of reliance on carbon capture in theoretical modeling, and by focusing on that as even a possibility, that diverts resources away from real solutions," said Jacobson. "It gives people hope that you can keep fossil fuel power plants alive. It delays action. In fact, carbon capture and direct air capture are always opportunity costs."

More information: Mark Z. Jacobson, The Health and Climate Impacts of Carbon Capture and Direct Air Capture, Energy & Environmental Science (2019). DOI: 10.1039/C9EE02709B

Journal information: Energy and Environmental Science , Energy & Environmental Science

Provided by Stanford University

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
October 25, 2019 by Taylor Kubota, Stanford University One proposed method for reducing carbon dioxide (CO 2) levels in the atmosphere-and reducing the risk of climate change-is to capture carbon from the air or prevent it from getting there in the first place. However, research from Mark Z.

# data[].attributes.body
[ 24 Okt 2019 ]

Physicists simulate critical 'reheating' period that kickstarted the Big Bang

.......

Just before the Big Bang launched the universe onto its ever-expanding course, physicists believe, there was another, more explosive phase of the early universe at play: cosmic inflation, which lasted less than a trillionth of a second. During this period, matter—a cold, homogeneous goop—inflated exponentially quickly before processes of the Big Bang took over to more slowly expand and diversify the infant universe.

Recent observations have independently supported theories for both the Big Bang and cosmic inflation.

physicists at MIT, Kenyon College, and elsewhere have simulated in detail an intermediary phase of the early universe that may have bridged cosmic inflation with the Big Bang. This phase, known as "reheating," occurred at the end of cosmic inflation and involved processes that wrestled inflation's cold, uniform matter into the ultrahot, complex soup that was in place at the start of the Big Bang.

Their simulations show that the extreme energy that drove inflation could have been redistributed just as quickly, within an even smaller fraction of a second, and in a way that produced conditions that would have been required for the start of the Big Bang.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Image: Christine Daniloff, MIT, ESA/Hubble and NASA

As the Big Bang theory goes, somewhere around 13.8 billion years ago the universe exploded into being, as an infinitely small, compact fireball of matter that cooled as it expanded, triggering reactions that cooked up the first stars and galaxies, and all the forms of matter that we see (and are) today.

Just before the Big Bang launched the universe onto its ever-expanding course, physicists believe, there was another, more explosive phase of the early universe at play: cosmic inflation, which lasted less than a trillionth of a second. During this period, matter-a cold, homogeneous goop-inflated exponentially quickly before processes of the Big Bang took over to more slowly expand and diversify the infant universe.

Recent observations have independently supported theories for both the Big Bang and cosmic inflation. But the two processes are so radically different from each other that scientists have struggled to conceive of how one followed the other.

Now physicists at MIT, Kenyon College, and elsewhere have simulated in detail an intermediary phase of the early universe that may have bridged cosmic inflation with the Big Bang. This phase, known as "reheating," occurred at the end of cosmic inflation and involved processes that wrestled inflation's cold, uniform matter into the ultrahot, complex soup that was in place at the start of the Big Bang.

"The postinflation reheating period sets up the conditions for the Big Bang, and in some sense puts the 'bang' in the Big Bang," says David Kaiser, the Germeshausen Professor of the History of Science and professor of physics at MIT. "It's this bridge period where all hell breaks loose and matter behaves in anything but a simple way."

Kaiser and his colleagues simulated in detail how multiple forms of matter would have interacted during this chaotic period at the end of inflation. Their simulations show that the extreme energy that drove inflation could have been redistributed just as quickly, within an even smaller fraction of a second, and in a way that produced conditions that would have been required for the start of the Big Bang.

The team found this extreme transformation would have been even faster and more efficient if quantum effects modified the way that matter responded to gravity at very high energies, deviating from the way Einstein's theory of general relativity predicts matter and gravity should interact.

"This enables us to tell an unbroken story, from inflation to the postinflation period, to the Big Bang and beyond," Kaiser says. "We can trace a continuous set of processes, all with known physics, to say this is one plausible way in which the universe came to look the way we see it today."

The team's results appear today in Physical Review Letters. Kaiser's co-authors are lead author Rachel Nguyen, and John T. Giblin, both of Kenyon College, and former MIT graduate student Evangelos Sfakianakis and Jorinde van de Vis, both of Leiden University in the Netherlands.
"In sync with itself"
The theory of cosmic inflation, first proposed in the 1980s by MIT's Alan Guth, the V.F. Weisskopf Professor of Physics, predicts that the universe began as an extremely small speck of matter, possibly about a hundred-billionth the size of a proton. This speck was filled with ultra-high-energy matter, so energetic that the pressures within generated a repulsive gravitational force-the driving force behind inflation. Like a spark to a fuse, this gravitational force exploded the infant universe outward, at an ever-faster rate, inflating it to nearly an octillion times its original size (that's the number 1 followed by 26 zeroes), in less than a trillionth of a second.

Kaiser and his colleagues attempted to work out what the earliest phases of reheating-that bridge interval at the end of cosmic inflation and just before the Big Bang-might have looked like.

"The earliest phases of reheating should be marked by resonances. One form of high-energy matter dominates, and it's shaking back and forth in sync with itself across large expanses of space, leading to explosive production of new particles," Kaiser says. "That behavior won't last forever, and once it starts transferring energy to a second form of matter, its own swings will get more choppy and uneven across space. We wanted to measure how long it would take for that resonant effect to break up, and for the produced particles to scatter off each other and come to some sort of thermal equilibrium, reminiscent of Big Bang conditions."

The team's computer simulations represent a large lattice onto which they mapped multiple forms of matter and tracked how their energy and distribution changed in space and over time as the scientists varied certain conditions. The simulation's initial conditions were based on a particular inflationary model-a set of predictions for how the early universe's distribution of matter may have behaved during cosmic inflation.

The scientists chose this particular model of inflation over others because its predictions closely match high-precision measurements of the cosmic microwave background-a remnant glow of radiation emitted just 380,000 years after the Big Bang, which is thought to contain traces of the inflationary period.
A universal tweak
The simulation tracked the behavior of two types of matter that may have been dominant during inflation, very similar to a type of particle, the Higgs boson, that was recently observed in other experiments.

Before running their simulations, the team added a slight "tweak" to the model's description of gravity. While ordinary matter that we see today responds to gravity just as Einstein predicted in his theory of general relativity, matter at much higher energies, such as what's thought to have existed during cosmic inflation, should behave slightly differently, interacting with gravity in ways that are modified by quantum mechanics, or interactions at the atomic scale.

In Einstein's theory of general relativity, the strength of gravity is represented as a constant, with what physicists refer to as a minimal coupling, meaning that, no matter the energy of a particular particle, it will respond to gravitational effects with a strength set by a universal constant.

However, at the very high energies that are predicted in cosmic inflation, matter interacts with gravity in a slightly more complicated way. Quantum-mechanical effects predict that the strength of gravity can vary in space and time when interacting with ultra-high-energy matter-a phenomenon known as nonminimal coupling.

Kaiser and his colleagues incorporated a nonminimal coupling term to their inflationary model and observed how the distribution of matter and energy changed as they turned this quantum effect up or down.

In the end they found that the stronger the quantum-modified gravitational effect was in affecting matter, the faster the universe transitioned from the cold, homogeneous matter in inflation to the much hotter, diverse forms of matter that are characteristic of the Big Bang.

By tuning this quantum effect, they could make this crucial transition take place over 2 to 3 "e-folds," referring to the amount of time it takes for the universe to (roughly) triple in size. In this case, they managed to simulate the reheating phase within the time it takes for the universe to triple in size two to three times. By comparison, inflation itself took place over about 60 e-folds.

"Reheating was an insane time, when everything went haywire," Kaiser says. "We show that matter was interacting so strongly at that time that it could relax correspondingly quickly as well, beautifully setting the stage for the Big Bang. We didn't know that to be the case, but that's what's emerging from these simulations, all with known physics. That's what's exciting for us."

More information: Rachel Nguyen et al. Nonlinear Dynamics of Preheating after Multifield Inflation with Nonminimal Couplings, Physical Review Letters (2019). DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.123.171301

Journal information: Physical Review Letters

Provided by Massachusetts Institute of Technology

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Physicists simulate critical 'reheating' period that kickstarted the Big Bang

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
As the Big Bang theory goes, somewhere around 13.8 billion years ago the universe exploded into being, as an infinitely small, compact fireball of matter that cooled as it expanded, triggering reactions that cooked up the first stars and galaxies, and all the forms of matter that we see (and are) today.

# data[].attributes.body
[ 23 Okt 2019 ]

New research on giant radio galaxies defies conventional wisdom

...........
Conventional wisdom tells us that large objects appear smaller as they get farther from us, but this fundamental law of classical physics is reversed when we observe the distant universe.

By looking at the distant universe, it is possible to observe it in a past state, when it was still at a formative stage.

At that time, galaxies were growing and supermassive black holes were violently expelling enormous amounts of gas and energy. This matter accumulated into pairs of reservoirs, which formed the biggest objects in the universe, so-called giant radio galaxies. These giant radio galaxies stretch across a large part of the Universe. Even moving at the speed of light, it would take several million years to cross one.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
October 25, 2019 by Michelle Ulyatt, University of Kent

Credit: CC0 Public Domain

Conventional wisdom tells us that large objects appear smaller as they get farther from us, but this fundamental law of classical physics is reversed when we observe the distant universe.

Astrophysicists at the University of Kent simulated the development of the biggest objects in the universe to help explain how galaxies and other cosmic bodies were formed. By looking at the distant universe, it is possible to observe it in a past state, when it was still at a formative stage. At that time, galaxies were growing and supermassive black holes were violently expelling enormous amounts of gas and energy. This matter accumulated into pairs of reservoirs, which formed the biggest objects in the universe, so-called giant radio galaxies. These giant radio galaxies stretch across a large part of the Universe. Even moving at the speed of light, it would take several million years to cross one.

Professor Michael D. Smith of the Centre for Astrophysics and Planetary Science, and student Justin Donohoe collaborated on the research. They expected to find that as they simulated objects farther into the distant universe, they would appear smaller, but in fact they found the opposite.

Professor Smith said: "When we look far into the distant universe, we are observing objects way in the past-when they were young. We expected to find that these distant giants would appear as a comparatively small pair of vague lobes. To our surprise, we found that these giants still appear enormous even though they are so far away."

Radio galaxies have long been known to be powered by twin jets which inflate their lobes and create giant cavities. The team performed simulations using the Forge supercomputer, generating three-dimensional hydrodynamics that recreated the effects of these jets. They then compared the resulting images to observations of the distant galaxies. Differences were assessed using a new classification index, the Limb Brightening Index (LB Index), which measures changes to the orientation and size of the objects.

Professor Smith said: "We already know that once you are far enough away, the Universe acts like a magnifying glass and objects start to increase in size in the sky. Because of the distance, the objects we observed are extremely faint, which means we can only see the brightest parts of them, the hot spots. These hot spots occur at the outer edges of the radio galaxy and so they appear to be larger than ever, confounding our initial expectations."

The full research, "The Morphological Classification of distant radio galaxies explored with three-dimensional simulations," has been published in the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society.

More information: Michael D Smith et al, The morphological classification of distant radio galaxies explored with three-dimensional simulations, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society (2019). DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stz2525

Journal information: Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society

Provided by University of Kent

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
New research on giant radio galaxies defies conventional wisdom

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
October 25, 2019 by Michelle Ulyatt, University of Kent Conventional wisdom tells us that large objects appear smaller as they get farther from us, but this fundamental law of classical physics is reversed when we observe the distant universe.

# data[].attributes.body
[ 22 Okt 2019 ]

Researchers create blueprint for 'quantum battery' that doesn't lose charge

.......

A quantum battery is a tiny, nano-size battery meant to be used for applications on the nano scale.

The batteries may become an important component in many quantum devices—able to power quantum computers, for example—and in practice, they could be built using current solid-state technologies.

The batteries that we are more familiar with—like the lithium-ion battery that powers your smartphone—rely on classical electrochemical principles, whereas quantum batteries rely solely on quantum mechanics," Hanna noted.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
October 25, 2019 by Katie Willis, University of Alberta

Credit: CC0 Public Domain

Scientists from the universities of Alberta and Toronto developed a blueprint for a new quantum battery that doesn't leak charge.

"A quantum battery is a tiny, nano-size battery meant to be used for applications on the nano scale," explained U of A chemist Gabriel Hanna, who was principal investigator on the study.

He said the research provides a theoretical demonstration that creating a loss-free quantum battery is possible-offering an advantage over previously proposed quantum batteries.

"The batteries that we are more familiar with-like the lithium-ion battery that powers your smartphone-rely on classical electrochemical principles, whereas quantum batteries rely solely on quantum mechanics," Hanna noted.

He said the batteries may become an important component in many quantum devices-able to power quantum computers, for example-and in practice, they could be built using current solid-state technologies.

To realize their idea, the research team considered an open quantum network model with high structural symmetry as a platform for storing excitonic energy -energy harnessed when an electron absorbs a sufficiently energetic photon of light. Using this model, they showed it is possible to store energy without any loss, despite being open to an environment.

"The key is to prepare this quantum network in what is called a dark state," explained Hanna. "While in a dark state, the network cannot exchange energy with its environment. In essence, the system becomes immune to all environmental influences. This means that the battery is highly robust to energy losses."

Using this model, the researchers also suggested a general method of discharging the stored energy from the battery upon demand that involves breaking the structural symmetry of the network in a controlled way.

Future research will explore viable ways of charging and discharging the battery, as well as ways of scaling it up for use in practical applications.

The study, "Loss-Free Excitonic Quantum Battery," was published in the Journal of Physical Chemistry C.

More information: Junjie Liu et al. Loss-Free Excitonic Quantum Battery, The Journal of Physical Chemistry C (2019). DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.9b06373

Journal information: Journal of Physical Chemistry C

Provided by University of Alberta

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Researchers create blueprint for 'quantum battery' that doesn't lose charge

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
October 25, 2019 by Katie Willis, University of Alberta Scientists from the universities of Alberta and Toronto developed a blueprint for a new quantum battery that doesn't leak charge. "A quantum battery is a tiny, nano-size battery meant to be used for applications on the nano scale," explained U of A chemist Gabriel Hanna, who was principal investigator on the study.

# data[].attributes.body
[ 21 Okt 2019 ]

20 Everyday Products Gen Z Will Never Use in Their Lifetime

........
Honestly, Some of the products are strange for me, rolodexes, pagers, answering machines. I never see the products before, Moreover I just been know right now about the products.

I don't know why , when I look at the the products , I think it's conventional way for search something. it's not flexible in the tech era .

Even though it's not flexible again , but it's give the best education for the people.

People in the old era , they study "Adab " first then knowledge

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
View as slideshow

For some people, these pictures are a walk down memory lane, but for Generation Z, they're practically vintage.

How many of these do you remember?

Millennials, Generation X, and baby boomers remember and recognize using at least some of these everyday products from the past. Generation Z-people born after 1997 -won't find much use for these things today. Click on for a blast to the past that the next generation won't understand.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
20 Everyday Products Gen Z Will Never Use in Their Lifetime

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
View as slideshow For some people, these pictures are a walk down memory lane, but for Generation Z, they're practically vintage. Millennials, Generation X, and baby boomers remember and recognize using at least some of these everyday products from the past. Generation Z-people born after 1997 -won't find much use for these things today.

# data[].attributes.body
[ 20 OKT 2019 ]

Homelessness in Paris: The Darker Side of the City of Light

...........
The Paris of people’s imagination – a city of lights, love, and luxury labels – is an illusion. The reality, at times unbearable for visitors, is a large, often ugly, city with problems – litter, vermin, pollution – like any other.

But no issue is more pressing than homelessness.

Broadly speaking, homelessness is a middle-aged problem. Almost half of people living on the street are between the ages of 30 and 49, compared with 26% of people over 18 and 25% over 50. Women account for 38% of the homeless population and there are some 30,000 children growing up without a home.

Another INSEE study from 2016 found that 14% of French homeless people have a university education and one in ten have a high school diploma. It also concluded that educational level is no longer a guarantee of stability.

Most shocking of all, an average of 480 homeless people are reported to have died in the streets of France every year, though the exact figure is thought to be six times higher.

And How About Indonesia ?
When i was read this news , I imagin its in Europa , How Indonesia ? I Think Indonesia will more then Europa .

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
The national picture

Broadly speaking, homelessness is a middle-aged problem. Almost half of people living on the street are between the ages of 30 and 49, compared with 26% of people over 18 and 25% over 50. Women account for 38% of the homeless population and there are some 30,000 children growing up without a home.

In 2016, a broader study by the Fondation Abbé Pierre, an organization that helps people find a place to stay, found that 3.8 million people were residing in inadequate accommodation and 12.1 million had been affected by the housing crisis.

Another INSEE study from 2016 found that 14% of French homeless people have a university education and one in ten have a high school diploma. It also concluded that educational level is no longer a guarantee of stability.

The situation in the capital

So, what has caused this stark escalation in Paris? While it is not a new problem, homelessness has worsened since the financial crisis of 2008, morphing into something that can affect not just the isolated or disaffected in society. For one thing, the fact that salaries have not risen at the same rate as rental prices means that, for many people, having a job no longer guarantees housing security.

Another serious contributing factor is historical underinvestment in the housing stock, namely the building of new, affordable housing to meet the demands of a growing population.

When an asylum seeker arrives in France, they have the right to stay in a Centre d'Accueil pour Demandeurs d'Asile until their application has been processed. If no place can be found for them, they may be sent to a CHU, an emergency homeless shelter. In this second scenario, which has become more common given the stress the system is under, the competition for bed space among homeless people is heightened.

Nevertheless, the newest, most vulnerable arrivals to the country ought not to be blamed. Instead, responsibility lies with those who created the pre-existing economic and infrastructure problems.

How do the French - and Parisians - view homelessness?

Compared to their European neighbors, French people are fairly sympathetic, more often citing societal causes for homeless people's situation rather than personal ones. According to a 2009 study, 75% of French people felt some form of solidarity with rough sleepers and 56% thought they might one day be in their position.

While these statistics possibly represent the middle ground of the opinion spectrum, Parisians have demonstrated rather more extreme points of view, good and bad.

In 2011, a young lawyer, Joël Catherin, made headlines in France and abroad for his simple acts of kindness. Starting with an elderly Romanian woman, Ioana, who slept rough by his home near La Madeleine, he began crafting witty, thoughtful, and attention-grabbing placards and distributing them to the city's beggars. Unlike other European countries, begging in France has never been criminalized, another indication of widespread tolerance.

Over in the 16 th arrondissement, considered to be Paris' wealthiest, plans to open a temporary homeless shelter provoked fury from residents in March 2016. A town hall meeting, called to discuss the proposed 200-bed, three-year facility, and the first of any sort in the neighborhood, descended into anarchy, with incensed locals complaining to the media about property prices, personal safety, and aesthetics.

What is the solution?

First and foremost, Paris is working to increase the number of social housing units built each year. French law requires 20% of homes to meet these requirements and this stock is increasing by 6,000 properties annually. By 2020, an additional 1,000 chambres de bonnes (former maids' quarters) will have been converted into suitable accommodation.

Further investment in services, at the state and municipal level, is also needed. For example, there simply are not enough beds in CHUs to go around, migrant crisis or not. Worse, INSEE's 2012 study found that 48% of homeless people would rather not use these shelters given a perceived lack of hygiene and security concerns.

For visitors to and residents of Paris, the first thing to do is to remember that homeless people are part of our city, too. People who deserve to be noticed and respected, not ignored, mocked, or photographed like statues in a park.
Note: All of the above images were taken as part of the 'Prises de Rue' project organized by the organization Deuxième Marche. Carried out with the help of Wipplay.com and Olympus, it saw 15 homeless men and women photograph Paris from their own perspectives between November and December 2014. A select group of 27 images were displayed outside city hall in March 2015 and can be purchased from the charity's website.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Homelessness in Paris: The Darker Side of the City of Light

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The national picture Broadly speaking, homelessness is a middle-aged problem. Almost half of people living on the street are between the ages of 30 and 49, compared with 26% of people over 18 and 25% over 50. Women account for 38% of the homeless population and there are some 30,000 children growing up without a home.

# data[].attributes.body
[ 19 OKT 2019 ]

Global Warming
-----
If we pay attention , since 2019 people in the world talks about climate change. Thats because a lot of demage of the nature occure in our environment , for example in Indonesia , about the KARHUTLA case .
I think, one of the reasons climate change is  cutting down the trees, Geogre Monbiod said that " There is a magic mechine , the sucks carbon out of the air , costs very little and builds itself, it's called A Tree "
Tree is a solution of the Climate Change , so when the tree is cutting down . its same like we let the world demage .

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
'Global warming' is the observed century-scale rise in the average temperature of Earth's climate system. Rising of temperature of the Earth's atmosphere causes Global Warming. Since, last century temperature is increasing by 0.75 degree centigrade causing greenhouse effect.

Human activities have resulted in the increase of global warming. Some of them are deforestation, pollution, consumption of fossil fuel, burning of plastic etc. Due to global warming, polar ice caps are melting and as a result sea level is rising. Islands would be submerged. Ozone layer is becoming thinner day by day resulting in entering of harmful ray in the atmosphere causing skin diseases and many other diseases. Climate is changing day by day. There is a change in rainfall pattern and global warming also affects the agriculture.

Therefore, it is necessary for us to take prevention steps. We should practice afforestation. Government must check our deforestation. Instead of fossil fuels, we should use clean fuels such as natural gas. We should stop the burning of plastics etc. Hence, necessary steps must be taken. Earth should remain beautiful forever.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Short Essay on 'Global Warming' (180 Words)

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
'Global warming' is the observed century-scale rise in the average temperature of Earth's climate system. Rising of temperature of the Earth's atmosphere causes Global Warming. Since, last century temperature is increasing by 0.75 degree centigrade causing greenhouse effect. Human activities have resulted in the increase of global warming.

# data[].attributes.body
[ 13 Okt 2019 ]

Japan Approves Scientist's Plan to Created World's First Humanimals

-----
I can't imagine , if islam make science as a fardhu Ain , not fardhu kifayah , maybe along of our life , we used for experiment, research.

If I learned from this article, how the scientist spen their lives just for research one topic. I become remember about Rocky Gerung's cousin, who spen 15 years of his life is just for investigating seaweed.

And Moreover, this article is very crazy, actually I can't difference its genius or crazy. Maybe it's supported with technology, so the scientist can build creativity more than before

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
For the first time, a government is supporting a plan to create animal embryos with human cells and bring them to term, resulting in a type of humanimal known as a human-animal chimera.

According to , a committee from Japan's science ministry signed off on a request by researchers to grow human pancreases in either rats or mice, the first such experiment to gain approval since a government ban was reversed earlier this year.

"Finally, we are in a position to start serious studies in this field after 10 years of preparation," lead researcher Hiromitsu Nakauchi told the Japanese newspaper Asahi Shimbun.

Researchers have previously created human-animal embryos, such as sheep and pig embryos with human cells, but those pregnancies were terminated after a few days or weeks. This experiment aims to eventually bring chimera embryos to term, resulting in the birth of real, living, breathing humanimals.

But to the disappointment of some of my coworkers (and potentially many readers), this is not a step towards catgirls, nor is it a way to cross yourself with your favorite animal. Scientists perform this kind of research with the hope of one day providing a source of transplantable human organs from animals we already have the infrastructure to slaughter, such as pigs. Human organs for transplant are otherwise scarce.

For this research, Nakauchi's team will engineer rodent embryos that are unable to grow their own pancreases, then put human stem cells into them with the goal of having the embryos develop pancreases from human cells. They will then transplant the embryos into adult rodents, but Nakauchi told Nature they plan to proceed carefully, first growing them to near-term before pursuing a live birth some time in the future. Should too many human cells get into the embryos' brains, they will pause the experiment, according to Asahi Shimbun.

If you have ethical concerns with this, you're not the only one. In 2017, Carolyn Neuhaus, a medical ethicist now at The Hastings Center, told Gizmodo that scientists need to step back and have these ethical discussions as a community.

Some of the biggest ethical questions-such as what happens if human cells get into a test animal's brain-seem to be addressed by the Japanese study's design. But the rest of the story-like whether it's right to harvest human organs from a pig-isn't that much different from debates surrounding the ethics of industrial agriculture or using animals in research.

"I don't think they'd be worse morally from how we raise pigs for meat, but my hunch is that the way to raise pigs to retrieve organs would require a departure from the way pigs are raised [for research]," Neuhaus said. Another important voice to be heard in this debate is that of folks who actually need organs.

So, in short, the humanimals of 2019 probably aren't the kind that haunt will your nightmares. But the humanimals of tomorrow? Well, that's up to your imagination to dream up.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Japan Approves Scientist's Plan to Create World's First Humanimals

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
For the first time, a government is supporting a plan to create animal embryos with human cells and bring them to term, resulting in a type of humanimal known as a human-animal chimera.

# data[].attributes.body
[ 18 OKT 19 ]

Finland Shows the World How to End Chronic Homelessness

...........
Social housing

The main contributing factor to chronic homelessness – meaning people who are on the streets for a year or longer – is the lack of adequate accommodation.

Finland instead uses the ‘housing first’ model: moving people directly into quality social housing, rather than having them transition through multiple levels of temporary housing.
Between 2008 and 2015, 6000 social housing units, mostly consisting of apartments, were bought or built specifically for this purpose with support from the Salvation Army.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Social housing

The main contributing factor to chronic homelessness - meaning people who are on the streets for a year or longer - is the lack of adequate accommodation. For example, the homeless population in Sydney have been building 'camps' of tents after the city's temporary housing either filled up or proved to be too dangerous. The camps are regularly cleared out of tourist areas, with no concern for the rough sleeper's welfare.

Finland instead uses the 'housing first' model: moving people directly into quality social housing, rather than having them transition through multiple levels of temporary housing. Between 2008 and 2015, 6000 social housing units, mostly consisting of apartments, were bought or built specifically for this purpose with support from the Salvation Army.

Why this solution?

Homelessness expert Professor Eoin O'Sullivan of Trinity College, Dublin, said in a recent interview with ABC Radio that the main reason why transitional housing doesn't work is because of the effect it has on mental health. Staying in emergency accommodation with dozens of others feels unnatural, often causing a bad reaction, and resulting in a cycle of chronic homelessness that is near impossible to break.

However, when a person who has fallen on hard times lives independently in their own quality housing and has support staff visit them in their own home, it feels much more natural and ends the reactions to adverse living conditions. Once they are in stable housing, they can begin to look for work and deal with other issues, such as mental health or addiction, which are leading causes of chronic homelessness.

The right investment

The largest barrier preventing the end of chronic homelessness is the cost to the government and tax payers, even in a welfare state such as Finland. Yet the Finns realised that after the initial investment, their social housing programme actually cost tax payers less than the transitional model, as one apartment is cheaper to maintain than multiple types of housing, and it helps the tenant ease back into society much faster.

So far, the investment has paid off. In 2016, the homelessness rate in Finland dropped below 7000, with only 2050 long-term homeless people. In 1987, when the scheme began, the number was over 18,000.

It appears that the solution to the problem is not just spending money to end it, but how the money is spent. The Commonwealth countries have reportedly spent two billion dollars on ending homelessness in the past eight years, yet have still seen their rates increase.

Some countries are already adapting the model to ease their own homelessness problem, including Norway and some other European nations. However other nations that would prefer to use the Finnish model are still struggling to come up with the funds to begin it. Either way, delays to determine a solution only help exacerbate the problem. Hopefully more countries will follow Finland's example.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Finland Shows the World How to End Chronic Homelessness

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Social housing The main contributing factor to chronic homelessness - meaning people who are on the streets for a year or longer - is the lack of adequate accommodation. For example, the homeless population in Sydney have been building 'camps' of tents after the city's temporary housing either filled up or proved to be too dangerous.

# data[].attributes.body
[ 17 OKT 2019 ]

What We Can Learn From Finland's 'Forest Schools'

........

Origins of forest schools

The idea of outdoor learning has been around for centuries, particularly in Scandinavia due to the numerous rural forest communities. It wasn’t unusual for children to spend the entire day outdoors playing and learning about the natural world.

Engaged learning

How difficult it is to convince them to sit still and be quiet, as they haven’t yet adapted to the classroom environment. Being out in nature and combining learning through play is how young children learn and engage with the world around them.

- Boost children’s health
- Better for teachers
- Improved performance
- Good social skills
- Helps low-income families

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Origins of forest schools

The idea of outdoor learning has been around for centuries, particularly in Scandinavia due to the numerous rural forest communities. It wasn't unusual for children to spend the entire day outdoors playing and learning about the natural world.

Increased urbanisation cut down on the amount of open wilderness for children to play in, so the idea all but died out. During the 1950s, schools in the Nordic regions started to introduce a morning walk into the timetable and it quickly became the highlight of the children's day. In the 1970s, when the rest of the world was moving to a results-based curriculum, Scandinavian teachers saw the positive effects that the nature walks were having on young students and forest schools began to grow in popularity.

When educators from other nations visited the schools to see why they were scoring so much higher and saw the benefits for themselves, they too began to adapt them to their own curriculums. These are just some of the top benefits that both parents and teachers see from forest schools:

Engaged learning

Any parent or teacher of young children will tell you how difficult it is to convince them to sit still and be quiet, as they haven't yet adapted to the classroom environment. Being out in nature and combining learning through play is how young children learn and engage with the world around them. It is much more effective for them to pick up a rock or see a butterfly than to just hear someone talk about them. They are more likely to learn if they can count trees or identify the colours of flowers, rather than go over endless classroom drills.

Boost children's health

Many parents might be horrified about the idea of children getting dirty or being out in all weathers, but forest schools are actually much better for children's health. Not only are they getting good exercise being outdoors, but the fresh air also boosts their immunity and they are less likely to get sick as a result.

Better for teachers

Being a kindergarten teacher is a stressful job, but outdoor lessons can reduce stress levels exponentially. It is much easier for a teacher to control a class that is engaged and fascinated in the lesson, rather than trying to calm a classroom of bored and frustrated children. There is also less need for a structured lesson plan, as teachers can base the day's learning on whatever they happen to come across.

Improved performance

Forest schools have less of an emphasis on tests and scores, yet still see much better results. They have been proven to improve skills in mathematics, reading, listening, critical thinking, and writing. It is an essential starting point that helps the students when they advance to the next stage of education.

Good social skills

It may not seem like it at first, but playing outside really does improve a child's social skills. Playing together more frequently helps children learn how to socialise much more than the classroom setting does. It can even alleviate symptoms of ADHD and increase children's self-esteem and self-confidence.

Helps low-income families

It is unfair that children from wealthier backgrounds do better at school, as they have access to better teaching and resources. Forest schools even the playing field and make the same education accessible to all children, no matter what their economic background is, for a low cost.
This article is part of Culture Trip's Finland 100 campaign, celebrating everything Finnish on the country's centenary.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
What We Can Learn From Finland's 'Forest Schools'

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The idea of outdoor learning has been around for centuries, particularly in Scandinavia due to the numerous rural forest communities. It wasn't unusual for children to spend the entire day outdoors playing and learning about the natural world. Increased urbanisation cut down on the amount of open wilderness for children to play in, so the idea all but died out.

# data[].attributes.body
[ 16 OKT 2019 ]

Why Finland's Higher Education System Is the Best in the World

.........
A. A part of Finnish culture
Children in Finland don’t begin formal education until they reach seven years old, but they do still begin early education through ‘forest schools’ and outdoor play. Primary and secondary education aren’t as strict as they are in other nations.

B.Lack of classism
Free higher education is especially important in Finland since there are more jobs, such as teaching or journalism, that require a master’s degree at the entry level – as opposed to only a bachelor’s degree or no degree at all in other countries

C.Love of learning
This free access to education means that students in Finland can attend university not just to get ahead in their careers but also for the reason that universities exist in the first place – learning for learning’s sake. While picking up important life skills, students can also read up on a range of subjects at the university library or take elective classes for everything from politics to pop culture, to gain a deeper understanding of the world.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Finland's education system is regarded as one of the best in the world, and other nations are striving to emulate its structure of well-paid teachers, plenty of recess time, and less emphasis on homework and tests. The country's higher education system also sets an example, especially since Finland is one of the few nations left in the world where its own citizens receive higher education completely free (foreign students still have to pay tuition fees, but they are significantly less than those paid in other countries). The Finnish pavilion at this year's Venice Architecture Biennale paid tribute to this with an exhibition in Finland's public library buildings and their role in education.

Education is a strong part of Finnish culture from pre-school years into adulthood. Children in Finland don't begin formal education until they reach seven years old, but they do still begin early education through 'forest schools' and outdoor play. Primary and secondary education aren't as strict as they are in other nations, but getting a good early education is still viewed as an important step.

Many adults in Finland also continue their lifelong education through evening classes or regular trips to the library (Finland has a higher rate of library usage than any other country). Just as free access to information in libraries is an integral part of Finnish culture, so is developing knowledge through free higher education.

Classism is also far less prominent in Finland, which again extends to education. For many centuries Finland was a primarily arable country and education wasn't a priority for those who worked on farms in remote communities. University was viewed as something only for the upper classes or intellectuals.

Today just as people of any background, social class, and income level can gain equal access to information at libraries, they can do the same thing at universities. This takes away a barrier that many other countries face where people from working class backgrounds grow up knowing they won't be able to go to university or embark on a high-paying career, which requires a university education. Attitudes like these can lead to higher levels of crime, substance abuse, depression, and racial divides. Free higher education is especially important in Finland since there are more jobs, such as teaching or journalism, that require a master's degree at the entry level - as opposed to only a bachelor's degree or no degree at all in other countries.

This free access to education means that students in Finland can attend university not just to get ahead in their careers but also for the reason that universities exist in the first place - learning for learning's sake. While picking up important life skills, students can also read up on a range of subjects at the university library or take elective classes for everything from politics to pop culture, to gain a deeper understanding of the world. They can study what they love without the fear of entering the workforce deep in debt.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Why Finland's Higher Education System Is the Best in the World

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Finland's education system is regarded as one of the best in the world, and other nations are striving to emulate its structure of well-paid teachers, plenty of recess time, and less emphasis on homework and tests.

# data[].attributes.body
[ 15 Okt 2019 ]

Future Energy Storage Devices Made from Snake Fruit (Salacca zalacca)

...........
The benefits of zalacca are not limited to health (improve memory, increase stamina, and has benefits for treating nearsightedness and constipation.), zalacca also has a function in the energy sector as a raw material for producing activated carbon.

The superiority of the activated carbon material makes it a good compiler for capacitors. Capacitors are devices used to store energy in electric charges. The function of this capacitor is similar to a battery which also functions as an energy storage. In addition, the capacitors also have other functions of interference filtering devices on the radio transmitter, preventing an electric jump, as a link between low-level amplifiers to high levels, etc. So, the benefits of zalacca skin are the raw material for activated carbon, which is the material making up capacitors and these capacitors function to store energy.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Zalacca is one of the fruits that has various benefits. This fruit has properties as a guardian of the body's health, improve memory, increase stamina, and has benefits for treating nearsightedness and constipation. Aside from the fruit, zalacca skin also has benefits. According to research conducted by ITB students, salak skin can overcome diabetes. This is evidenced by the blood sugar of experimental rats decreased from 210 to 100 after drinking bark extract.

However, the benefits of zalacca are not limited to health, zalacca also has a function in the energy sector as a raw material for producing activated carbon. Activated carbon is a material that has a very high absorption (adsorption) ability. This material is like a sponge that is able to absorb the water around it, it's just that activated carbon is not used to absorb water but absorbs impurities and energy.

Figure 1. Example of the application of activated carbon in a methyl blue solution, the left beaker is not given activated carbon while the right beaker is given activated carbon

This ability is caused by this material having microscopic pores so that it has a very large surface area. The greater the surface area of ​​a material, the greater the ability of adsorption. The high level of adsorption means that the material is able to store something in large quantities.

The superiority of the activated carbon material makes it a good compiler for capacitors. Capacitors are devices used to store energy in electric charges. The function of this capacitor is similar to a battery which also functions as an energy storage. In addition, the capacitors also have other functions of interference filtering devices on the radio transmitter, preventing an electric jump, as a link between low-level amplifiers to high levels, etc. So, the benefits of zalacca skin are the raw material for activated carbon, which is the material making up capacitors and these capacitors function to store energy.

Figure 2. Example of a capacitor

This is consistent with the research journal chaired by Ratna Frida Susanti from Parahyangan University, Bandung. This journal discusses the manufacture of activated carbon from salak skin as a compiler for capacitors using catalized hydrothermal carbonization technology with a citric acid catalyst. This journal was released in February 2019 on Springer Link after it was previously presented at the 2017 MRS-INA C&C on October 8-12, 2018.

This research is motivated by the shortcomings of energy storage device called a Electric Double-Layer Capacitor (EDLC) devices which have high power density, recycling capacity, and life cycle, but have low energy density. And also Lithium-ion battery (LIB) devices which have high energy density, but low power density and life cycle. In order to produce a device that includes the positive properties of the two devices, a (LIC). LIC is a hybrid of supercapacitor and LIB material, with battery anodes and cathode capacitors. The cathode from LIC is based on activated carbon because activated carbon is used as an inexpensive, abundant, non-toxic electrode, good chemical stability, excellent electronic conductivity and wide operating temperatures. Lithium-ion Capacitor was developed

This research uses (CHC). The function of the catalyst is to improve the material performance of the HTC process so that hydrothermal carbonization technology (HTC), which is a thermochemical process technology that converts wet biomass waste into coal-like material with high carbon content called . HTC technology that uses catalysts in the process is called catalized hyrothermal carbonization high quality. Meanwhile, the advantages of implementing this HTC technology are environmentally friendly, operating in moderate temperatures, able to process high-humidity biomass materials without complicated and expensive processes. In addition, product size and shape can be regulated and produce less greenhouse gases. hydrochar is created

Figure 3. General concept of HTC technology, biomass is treated with subcritical water to produce

The research procedure was carried out at a pressure of 5 MPa for 5 hours in subcritical water, with citric acid as an experimental catalyst at temperatures between 200-250 ° C. After going through the HTC process, the activation process is carried out using KOH. KOH is used because KOH is the best activated carbon activator based on previous experiments. The form of and activated carbon was measured by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and the chemical changes were measured by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), while the surface and pore size were measured by nitrogen adsorption at 77.35K. The electrochemical performance of activated carbon from salak skin and commercial activated carbon from coin cells was evaluated by CV, GCD, and EIS.

The results of this study indicate that the presence of a citric acid catalyst in the HTC process creates activated carbon with a greater surface area and the intensity of oxygenated group capacitance in activated carbon catalysts is stronger. When compared, the capacitance of activated carbon is catalyst 100 cycles greater than non-catalyzed activated carbon. In addition, it was also shown that activated carbon from salak peel has better material properties and electrochemical performance than commercial activated carbon. This shows the potential of zalacca skin as a pioneer in the activated carbon industry.

1. https://doktersehat.com/ beneficial-salak/ , accessed 4 August 2019

2. https://health.detik.com/berita-detikhealth/d-3192903/mahasiswa-itb-ini-menulap-sampah-kulit-salak-jadi-obat-diabetes , accessed 4 August 2019

3. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=son8yyD-T_E , Phillips Carbon Inc., accessed August 4, 2019

4. Susanti, RF, Arie, AA, Kristianto, H. et al. (2019). Activated carbon from citric acid catalyzed hydrothermal carbonization and chemical activation of salacca peel as potential electrode for lithium ion capacitor's cathode. Ionics 25: 3915. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11581-019-02904-x

5. Putra, Herlian & Dewi, Kania & Pasek, Ari & Damanhuri, Enri. (2017). Hydrothermal carbonization of biomass waste by using a stirred reactor: an initial experimental results. Reactor. 16. 212. 10.14710 / reactor. 16.4.212-217.

Artikel Berhubungan:

Sponsor Warstek.com:

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Future Energy Storage Devices Made from Snake Fruit (Salacca zalacca)

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Zalacca is one of the fruits that has various benefits. This fruit has properties as a guardian of the body's health, improve memory, increase stamina, and has benefits for treating nearsightedness and constipation. [1] Aside from the fruit, zalacca skin also has benefits. According

# data[].attributes.body
[ 14 Okt 2019 ]

A New Era of Indonesian Space, Largest Observatory in Southeast Asia Founded

---------
The construction of a modern astronomical observatory on Timor Island, East Nusa Tenggara by the National Institute of Aviation and Space (LAPAN).

In a publication with Emanuel Sungging Mumpuni from Pussainsa LAPAN as the lead author it was explained that the construction of the modern observatory aims to answer fundamental astronomical questions and to strengthen the nation through education, research, science and technology.

Astronomy has been a part of Indonesian culture and history since time immemorial. In the past, astronomy has been used for navigation, to determine the cycle of rice cultivation, such as determining the dry season and the rainy season. Then also to direct the construction of ancient temples.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Indonesia will enter a new era of space, marked by the start of the construction of a modern astronomical observatory on Timor Island, East Nusa Tenggara by the National Institute of Aviation and Space (LAPAN). From information on the LAPAN website, the groundbreaking of the observatory construction has been carried out by LAPAN's Deputy for Space and Atmospheric Sciences, Afif Budiyono on November 29, 2018. The facility is predicted to be the largest in Southeast Asia.

Details of the construction of future astronomical facilities in Indonesia were reported in a publication in Nature Astronomy on December 3, 2018 written by researchers from the LAPAN Saint Space Center (Pussainsa) and the Department of Astronomy, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Bandung Institute of Technology (FMIPA ITB), Bandung Indonesia.

In a publication with Emanuel Sungging Mumpuni from Pussainsa LAPAN as the lead author it was explained that the construction of the modern observatory aims to answer fundamental astronomical questions and to strengthen the nation through education, research, science and technology.

Astronomy has been a part of Indonesian culture and history since time immemorial. In the past, astronomy has been used for navigation, to determine the cycle of rice cultivation, such as determining the dry season and the rainy season. Then also to direct the construction of ancient temples.

However, astrophysics, the new branch of astronomy on stellar physics emerged in Indonesia in 1920 with the establishment of the Bosscha observatory in Lembang, West Java, Indonesia, in part supported by donations from UNESCO, the UN special body for education, science and culture. Bosscha Observatory has made many important contributions to the development of astronomy and astrophysics, as well as the development of the Indonesian astronomy community.

At present the astronomy community in Indonesia is growing. In addition to the Bosscha Observatory which is part of the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences at the Bandung Institute of Technology (ITB), there are also LAPAN and the Department of Atmospheric and Planet Sciences at the Sumatra Institute of Technology (ITERA). Unfortunately, modern astronomical facilities are still lacking. The situation was made worse by the fact that the Bosscha Observatory - the only professional astronomy observatory operating in Indonesia - was affected by light pollution from the city of Bandung.

Given the rapid progress of science and technology, it is important to maintain the modernization of existing astronomical facilities and develop new facilities. Thanks to the efforts of the local astronomy community combined with political decisions, Indonesia is now committed to advancing astronomy and space science. The key development towards this goal is the passing of Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 21 of 2013 concerning Space Activities, followed by the Presidential Decree for the National Space Program, which states that Indonesia must have a national observatory. For this reason, construction of a future observatory will begin on the island of Timor.

The eastern part of Indonesia is considered the most profitable location for the construction of new astronomical observatories. Despite the challenges of cloud cover in Indonesia, which are on average quite high, meteorological research has found that the best area might be in the East Nusa Tenggara (NTT) region. Measurements show the area for development on Mount Timau which has a height of about 1,300 meters above sea level with the brightness of the night sky in the region reaching 70 percent which is an important aspect for astronomical observations and research.

The observatory is owned by LAPAN, but the project is a collaboration between LAPAN, ITB, UNDANA, NTT Government and Kupang Regency. It is hoped that the observatory will be operational by 2021 and will be open to national and international collaboration.

In addition to the area on Mount Timau, a central office and science center will also be built in Tilong, near Kupang City, NTT. The science center will provide direct benefits and reach out to the local community and provide education.

The main telescope proposed to be installed at the Timau National Observatory in Indonesia is the 3.8 meter optical telescope which is a twin brother of the Seimei Telescope at the Okayama Observatory, Kyoto University, Japan. The telescope can cover 95% of the sky. the area will also have a 1.2 meter telescope, two twin 50 cm observation telescopes and a 30 cm telescope for solar observation. Several telescopes are planned to be operated using remote control to avoid problems with difficult access to the area. Not only that, the future observatory will also be equipped with radio telescopes - still under discussion - that can provide multi-wavelength and high-resolution data.

The 3.8 m telescope will be equipped with an ultra-sensitive CCD camera and medium-resolution spectrograph that will be suitable for future research that leads to research on the formation and evolution of star clusters from chemical dynamics and perspectives and the relationship between stellar physics and interstellar medium. This telescope can also be used for other fields of astrophysics, such as the characterization of exoplanets, stars like the sun and the dynamic and chemical properties of nearby galaxies.

Then, in addition to the 3.8 m telescope, smaller telescopes can be used to observe nearby celestial bodies and solar observations that will strengthen space weather studies in Indonesia. Another consideration for the selection of the instrument is that it can provide significant results for scientific output, minimum required maintenance, suitability to train new astronomers and provide general educational opportunities.

National and international collaboration will be a key component for the success of future observatories and for the sustainability of their science programs.

With the availability of these facilities, it is considered to be very profitable because asteroid observations are lacking in the Southeast Asian region. Research collaborations with other institutions have also been made, such as plans for developing sustainable instrumentation with Kyoto University and there is also a robotic telescope development plan in collaboration with the Astrophysics Research Institute at Liverpool John Moores University.

Some additional activities are also considered in the future for the local community and the Indonesian people in general. One of them is building astro-tourism by creating dark-sky park around the location. The plan is a mutually beneficial solution to maintain the quality of the sky and improve the quality of life of the local community. Long-term sustainability of the telescope area is important to keep building awareness of the importance of the dark night sky, the values ​​of its scientific heritage and its importance for human life to environmental and ecological planning.

[1] Mumpuni, ES Puspitarini, Lucky. Priyatikanto, Rhorom. Clara, YY Putra, Mahasena. 2018. Future astronomy facilities in Indonesia. Nature Astronomy. DOI: doi.org/10.1038/s41550-018-0642-6
[2] Pussainsa Dissemination Team. 2018. Construction of the Timau National Observatory Officially Begins. Accessed from: https://www.lapan.go.id/index.php/subblog/read/2018/5347/Development-Observatorium-Nasional-Timau-Resmi-Start on December 5, 2018

Artikel Berhubungan:

Sponsor Warstek.com:

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
A New Era of Indonesian Space, Largest Observatory in Southeast Asia Founded

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Indonesia will enter a new era of space, marked by the start of the construction of a modern astronomical observatory on Timor Island, East Nusa Tenggara by the National Institute of Aviation and Space (LAPAN). From information on the LAPAN website, the groundbreaking of the observatory construction has been carried out by LAPAN's Deputy for Space and Atmospheric Sciences, Afif Budiyono on November 29, 2018.

# data[].attributes.body
Prediction Assignment
[ Monday , 14th Okt 2019 ]

~~~~~~~~
John sat in the classroom and drew pictures of the Tatakai Fighting Warriors in his notebook while his teacher lectured about biology or something. He didn't really know for sure. The last thing he remembered her saying was that there would be a test tomorrow. His heart jumped. He went home to
study for the test, but he was soon drawn to his Game Box. He played Tatakai Fighting Warriors long into the night. When his alarm clock rang the next day, he was too tired to hit the snooze button, so he let it beep for about 20 minutes before he got up and went to school. As she had promised, the teacher
has prepared a test. She reviewed the testing procedures and directions with the class and then passed out the test. John looked at his best and scratched his head...

~~~~~~
1.What event is most likely to occur next?
a.Because he not study in the night
b.He don't know what the matterial of the test exactly , and his eye is heavy to open
c.But , he success in the test

2.What evidence from the text supports your prediction?
a.Because he not study in the night = He went home to study for the test, but he was soon drawn to his Game Box. He played Tatakai Fighting Warriors long into the night.

b.He don't know what the matterial of the test exactly , and his eye is heavy to open = When his alarm clock rang the next day, he was too tired to hit the snooze button, so he let it beep for about 20 minutes before he got up and went to school

c.But , he success in the test = then passed out the test

# data[].attributes.body
[ 12 Okt 2019 ]

Everything you need to know about Neuralink

----
Its more than amazing !
the last I read the newspaper about technology , not crazy yet .

I think it give two paradigm , Good and Bad .
for the good news, neurolink , the technology could help with neurological disorders, which are rooted in the inability of the brain to connect with nerves around the body. These include epilepsy and Parkinson’s disease, but also paraplegia and quadriplegia following injuries to spinal nerves.

And for the bad news is, there aren’t just health risks, either: society will need to consider what to do with the data recorded by the N1. What are the ethics behind monitoring someone’s every thought, deed and emotion?

But if i look from the side of technology , I'm very excited to know this one . because i'm very fond of technology ~

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
With Tesla and Space X, Elon Musk made electric cars and private spaceflight ubiquitous. Now, with Neuralink, he hopes he can do the same for mind-machine interfaces.

What is Neuralink?

Elon Musk wants to control machines with just the power of thought. To that end, in July 2019 Musk and his team revealed that they had developed ultrafine 'threads' that can be woven into your brain to listen in on your neurons. The company has also built a robot that can perform the delicate surgery, under the supervision of a neurosurgeon.

When the company was first launched in 2016, Musk said he wanted to help humans compete in a world where artificial intelligence had surpassed them - to give us more 'bandwidth'. But with this new announcement the researchers have turned their attention to helping those with brain-related disorders.

How does Neuralink work?

The N1, a 4mm-square chip, is implanted into the skull. Attached to the chip are wires thinner than a human hair, which reach out into the brain. These threads are placed close to important parts of the brain and are able to detect messages as they are relayed between neurons, recording each impulse and stimulating their own. Neuralink says the N1 is able to connect with 1,000 different brain cells, and that a patient might have as many as 10 N1 chips implanted.

The chips connect wirelessly to a wearable device that hooks over the user's ear, much like a hearing aid, and contains a Bluetooth radio and a battery.

Neuralink says the first devices will be implanted via traditional neurosurgery, but eventually the chips will be inserted safely and virtually painlessly through small incisions by a robot surgeon.

What kind of conditions could be treated using Neuralink technology?

The technology could help with neurological disorders, which are rooted in the inability of the brain to connect with nerves around the body. These include epilepsy and Parkinson's disease, but also paraplegia and quadriplegia following injuries to spinal nerves.
Read more about Elon Musk's projects:
Does Neuralink have to be stuck inside my brain?

Unfortunately, the technology needs to be close to each nerve in order to pick up signals - anything further than 60 microns wouldn't be able to detect individual impulses (1 micron = 0.001mm).

What are the risks of Neuralink?

Neuralink will need to learn from the successes (and failures) of existing brain-computer interface technologies. The threads connecting electrodes to the chip need to be flexible, to minimise the damage to surrounding brain tissue. And if this technology is to be given to patients with pre-existing conditions, there are also risks associated with operating on those whose immune systems may be compromised.

Musk reassured the audience that implanting the device would be as safe as having laser eye surgery, but the company is yet to seek FDA approval, which it will need to market the device.

There aren't just health risks, either: society will need to consider what to do with the data recorded by the N1. What are the ethics behind monitoring someone's every thought, deed and emotion?

So when could Neuralink become a reality?

Musk hopes for human studies to begin as early as 2020, a date some say is wildly optimistic. At the launch, Neuralink's CEO Max Hodak stated that the first patients would be those with quadriplegia due to spinal cord injuries. These patients will have four chips implanted, connecting with up to 4,000 different neurons.

The benefits extend beyond the disabled. Musk hopes that the technology will become commonplace, turning the humans into cyborg beings that can achieve a symbiosis with artificial intelligence - something he believes will be essential to the survival of our species.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Everything you need to know about Neuralink

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
With Tesla and Space X, Elon Musk made electric cars and private spaceflight ubiquitous. Now, with Neuralink, he hopes he can do the same for mind-machine interfaces. Elon Musk wants to control machines with just the power of thought.

# data[].attributes.body
[ 11 Okt 2019 ]

Books and Reading
--------
I agree with line " Man has secured a life-long source of pleasure, instruction and inspiration by acquiring the habit of reading the books. Poor indeed is the man who does not read, and empty is his life. "

The reading habits confer the many blessings. We should choose the right kind of books exactly . I suggests that the begginer don't read the serious book , but read a fantastic book like novel or comic , to improve our motivation reading .

Base on my experience , reading book beginning with Novel , can improve my motivation for read . till right now , i like reading book .

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Ruskin calls books, "Kings' Treasures" -- treasuries filled, not with gold and silver and precious stones, but with riches much more valuable than these -- knowledge, noble thoughts and high ideals. Man has secured a life-long source of pleasure, instruction and inspiration by acquiring the habit of reading the books. Poor indeed is the man who does not read, and empty is his life.

The reading habits confer the many blessings. We should choose the right kind of books. The reading gives the highest kind of pleasure. When we are tired or the brain is weary with serious study, it is healthy recreation to lose ourselves in some absorbing story written by a master hand.

As we need plain, wholesome food for the body, so we must have serious reading for the mind. We can choose reading the books according to our taste. There are many noble books on history, biography, philosophy, religion, travel and science which we ought to read. The reading of books will give us not only pleasure but an education. Books are the most faithful of friends. Our friends may change or die, but our books are always patiently waiting to talk us. No wonder a reader becomes a "book-lover."

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Short Essay on 'Books & Reading' (200 Words)

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Ruskin calls books, "Kings' Treasures" -- treasuries filled, not with gold and silver and precious stones, but with riches much more valuable than these -- knowledge, noble thoughts and high ideals. Man has secured a life-long source of pleasure, instruction and inspiration by acquiring the habit of reading the books.

# data[].attributes.body
[ 10 Okt 2019 ]

Newspaper
----
I think that human paradigm about newspaper is too old , that people who always read newspaper in early morning is a konservativ people , and read newspaper must in concrete paper , and concrete paper now is limited.

Moreover people in Indonesia too lazy for reading -_- . Even Though, is displayed on television and radio, People in Indonesia still like watching Gossip rather than News.

Although, apart from the information newspaper provides, it can be useful in a number of ways. The puzzles given in it develop the thinking ability. The job vacancies column help the people. A regular reader can improve his knowledge of language in which language he reads the newspaper. Newspaper also tells us about the different policies introduced by the Government and makes us aware about everything happening around us.

We can conclude by saying that the newspaper broadens our outlook and is an enormous source of information. Therefore one must develop the habit of reading newspaper everyday.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
'Newspaper', as we know, is an essential part of our life. For a newspaper reader, it is the first and foremost thing that he would like to have early in the morning. It connects us with every field and every part of the world. Be it politics, entertainment, sports, films etc.

Newspaper provides information about the burning topics from all over world and keeps us well informed. Though news is also displayed on television and radio, there we don't have an option to choose. It results in wastage of time, as the news is repeated over and over again and is followed by a number of advertisements.

Apart from the information newspaper provides, it can be useful in a number of ways. The puzzles given in it develop the thinking ability. The job vacancies column help the people. A regular reader can improve his knowledge of language in which language he reads the newspaper. Newspaper also tells us about the different policies introduced by the Government and makes us aware about everything happening around us.

We can conclude by saying that the newspaper broadens our outlook and is an enormous source of information. Therefore one must develop the habit of reading newspaper everyday.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
'Newspaper', as we know, is an essential part of our life. For a newspaper reader, it is the first and foremost thing that he would like to have early in the morning. It connects us with every field and every part of the world. Be it politics, entertainment, sports, films etc.

# data[].attributes.body
[ 09 Okt 2019 ]

Library
----
I believe in this era is very hard for people to go to the library , because technology have been provide all the people needs .
Books , article , result of the riset and so on . Technology has provided.

But I also believe that there is people who like go the the library , whether reading book , study , search material riset or just stay because library is quite and cozy place

My opinion is , although technology has been providing all of that , but library must still build because it's good for make human become human.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
It is one thing to own a 'library', it is quite another to use it wisely. I have often been astonished how little care people devote to the selection of what they read.

Books, we know, are almost innumerable: our hours of reading are alas! very few. And yet many people read almost by hazard. They will take any book they chance to find in a room at a friend's house; they will buy a novel at a railway stall if it has an attractive title; indeed. I believe in some cases even the binding affects that choice.

The selection is, no doubt, far from easy. I have often wished someone would recommend a list of hundred good books. If we had such lists drawn up by a few good guides, they would be most useful. I have indeed sometimes heard it said that in reading everyone must choose for himself, but this reminds me of the recommendation not to go into the water till you can swim.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
It is one thing to own a 'library', it is quite another to use it wisely. I have often been astonished how little care people devote to the selection of what they read. Books, we know, are almost innumerable: our hours of reading are alas! very few.

# data[].attributes.body
[ 08 OKT 2019 ]

Here's What Finns Really Feel About Finland Being Voted Happiest Country in the World

...........

Daily life and happiness

The reason why Finland reached first place on the list is because they scored highly on all of the categories used to rank it – economic strength, social support, life expectancy and health, freedom of choice, lack of corruption and well-being of immigrants.

Arguments against the Happiness Report

Finland has problems just like any other country.Most of the Finnish people’s stoic, pessimistic and introverted attitudes are due to natural causes, rather than human factors. The cold and dark Finnish winter leads to winter depression, with the high suicide rate being a great concern. The 24-hour days caused by the Midnight Sun in the summer can disrupt sleep patterns and also contribute to depression and suicide.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Daily life and happiness

The reason why Finland reached first place on the list is because they scored highly on all of the categories used to rank it - economic strength, social support, life expectancy and health, freedom of choice, lack of corruption and well-being of immigrants.

These can be seen in daily life in Finland. An example that the BBC uses is the scenario of accidentally leaving your purse behind on a bench. In most nations this would be a cause for panic and anxiety and a mad rush to cancel all your credit cards and replace everything in the purse. In Finland, chances are you would simply return to the bench and find your purse as you left it. This means that most people in Finland feel safe most of the time.

Arguments against the Happiness Report

With other countries experiencing war, corruption and health crises, people in those countries might look at Finland and say 'but what do you have to complain about?' Are those complaining about the Happiness Report just being too grumpy?

The truth is that news stories such as the Happiness Report have painted the picture of Finland being a utopia, which is far from the truth. Finland has problems just like any other country.

Most of the Finnish people's stoic, pessimistic and introverted attitudes are due to natural causes, rather than human factors. The cold and dark Finnish winter leads to winter depression, with the high suicide rate being a great concern. The 24-hour days caused by the Midnight Sun in the summer can disrupt sleep patterns and also contribute to depression and suicide. Even more worrying is that there appears to be little that Finnish health care professionals can do to reduce these statistics. It is just a part of life in Finland that the weather makes people depressed.

Issues such as these can make Finland a highly contradictory country. The health care and education systems are some of the best in the world yet they have to be paid for through higher taxes. Finland is considered one of the best countries in the world to be a mother, yet birth rates are dropping at alarming rates. The country ranks highly in immigrant happiness yet receives some of the lowest immigration figures in the European Union.

Is Finland really happy?

Perhaps the confusion comes from the misleading name of the report. It doesn't actually record the emotion of happiness, which is different and subjective for each individual, but rather quality of life.

Depression is sometimes the result of stress, and the modern world often puts unnecessary stress on people, even those who otherwise have the highest quality of life. This means that people in Finland can still feel depressed even when they know other people around the world have things much worse than they do.

Finns frequently express happiness differently than others. Some people prefer to express their happiness through large and obvious emotional gestures, while a Finn will probably prefer to express theirs through more reserved actions. This is why they could claim to be feeling happy on the report without their facial expressions and body language reflecting it.

So even if a Finn doesn't always appear happy on the outside, it doesn't mean they aren't feeling it on the inside. Finland may not really be the happiest country in the world, but in terms of life satisfaction and quality, they certainly are one of the best.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Here's What Finns Really Feel About Finland Being Voted Happiest Country in the World

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Daily life and happiness The reason why Finland reached first place on the list is because they scored highly on all of the categories used to rank it - economic strength, social support, life expectancy and health, freedom of choice, lack of corruption and well-being of immigrants.

# data[].attributes.body
[ 07 Okt 2019 ]

National Doctor's Day

------

Actually i just found out that 1 july is a doctor day in India. Im very interested about it, because am very like anything about world of health, although i have a phobia with anything in the hospital , i know its sounds strange, but its fact ! Oke, ignore about that .

Ya , I'm very respect about it , i know India same like Indonesia , Poor country . But for some of the things are different , India have idealism . And Doctor day is a form of loyalty from idealism . its interesting

maybe Indonesia have another national day for celebration :p

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
'National Doctor's Day' in India is celebrated on 1st July every year. It is the birthday of Dr Bidhan Chandra Roy. Dr Bidhan Chandra Roy was born on July 1, 1882.

The Doctor's Day is celebrated on July 1 all across India to honour the legendary physician and the second Chief Minister of West Bengal, Dr Bidhan Chandra Roy. He was honoured with the country's highest civilian award, 'Bharat Ratna'.

A doctor dedicates his life to the service of the patients. He or she relieves the sufferings and pain of mankind. He cures them from disease and illness. He strives to make the life of others better and healthier. The observance of National Doctor's Day fulfills a need to show the doctors and physicians in our lives.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
'National Doctor's Day: 1 July' in India (130 Words)

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
'National Doctor's Day' in India is celebrated on 1st July every year. It is the birthday of Dr Bidhan Chandra Roy. Dr Bidhan Chandra Roy was born on July 1, 1882. The Doctor's Day is celebrated on July 1 all across India to honour the legendary physician and the second Chief Minister of West Bengal, Dr Bidhan Chandra Roy.