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List of Earth's Endangered Creatures (Worldwide Endangered Plants List)

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List of Earth's Endangered Creatures (Worldwide Endangered Plants List)

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http://www.earthsendangered.com/plant_list.asp

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Mt Parnitha is located in Sterea Ellas (Central Greece) and is the highest mountain in the vicinity of Athens. It extends in a large area, presenting variable topography with several summits, gorges, streams and plateaus. In 1961 the entire mountain (~25,000 hectares) was declared a National Park.

Parnitha lies only 30 km NW of central Athens and can be easily accessed. The beauty of the scening in addition with the location of the Park makes it a great destination for turists.
The exceptional flora attracts the people and lures them to... sadly, cut many of the flowers in their path.
The unknowllege about the rarity of some speies brings them closer to extinction.

So, in order to prevent those actiions my suggestion is the following:
A volunteer organisation can act by informing not only the turists but the local people too, about the importance of the biodiversity. This could happen by open to the public speeches, or using online methods such as creating a website which will be user friendly and accessable in many languages. Also another idea in that the website would incude information about the endagered species that people might find in the area, including descriptive texts and illustration together with photos of the plants. There should be a communication system through which people would inform the volunteers about the location where they found the mightly endangered plant and then the volunteers would be ready to take actions to protect it. These action could include the restricon of the area with fences so that people can observe the plants but not step on them or cut them. Also the fences will keep wild animals too away fron the vulnerable species.

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Rare and endangered Species from Parnitha

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Rare and endangered Species from Parnitha

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(Links lead to images of the plants)

Paeonia mascula (L.) Miller ssp. hellenica Tzanoud.

Lilium chalcedonicum L.

Tulipa hageri  Boiss. ex Heldr. – Red Tulip

Tulipa undulatifolia Boiss. (Syn: T. boeotica)

Ebenus sibthorpii DC.

Lomelosia hymettia (Boiss. & Spruner) Greuter & Burdet [Syn: Scabiosa hymettia]

Fritillaria graeca  Boiss. & Spruner

Fritillaria obliqua  Ker-Gawler ssp. οbliqua

X Malosorbus florentina  (Zuccagni) Browicz

Asperula baenitzii Heldr. ex Boiss.

Amelanchier chelmea (Halacsy) Browicz

Source:
http://www.parnitha-np.gr/spania_apeiloumena_eidi.htm 31/03/2019
http://www.parnitha-np.gr/welcome.htm 31/03/2019

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The Rutaceae are a family, commonly known as the rue or citrus family, of flowering plants, usually placed in the order Sapindales.
Species of the family generally have flowers that divide into four or five parts, usually with strong scents. They range in form and size from herbs to shrubs and large trees.
A number of these plants, notably members of the genus Citrus, are important food crops, Citrus, is the most economically important genus in the family and includes the orange, lemon,  grapefruit, and lime .
The following is a list of some of the major genera and species in Rutaceae, arranged alphabetically by common name.

bael fruit (Aegle marmelos)

genus Citrus

bergamot orange (C. ×aurantium)

citrange (C. sinensis Poncirus trifoliata)

citron (C. medica)

grapefruit (C. ×paradisi)

lemon (C. ×limon)

lime (C. ×aurantifolia and other species)

orange (C. ×sinensis and other species)

shaddock (C. maxima)

tangerine (C. reticulata)

gas plant (Dictamnus albus)

kumquat (genus Fortunella)

prickly ash (genus Zanthoxylum)

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A legume is a plant in the family Fabaceae (or Leguminosae), or the fruit or seed of such a plant (also called a pulse). Legumes are grown agriculturally, primarily for human consumption, for livestock forage and silage, and as soil-enhancing green manure. Well-known legumes include alfalfa, clover, peas, chickpeas, lentils, lupin bean, mesquite, carob, soybeans, peanuts and tamarind. Legumes produce a botanically unique type of fruit – a simple dry fruit that develops from a simple carpel and usually dehisces (opens along a seam) on two sides. A common name for this type of fruit is a pod, although the term "pod" is also applied to a number of other fruit types, such as that of vanilla (a capsule) and of the radish (a silique).

Grain legumes, also known as pulses, are cultivated for their seeds. The seeds are used for human and animal consumption or for the production of oils for industrial uses. Grain legumes include beans, lentils, lupins, peas, and peanuts. Legumes are a significant source of

protein, dietary fiber, carbohydrates and dietary minerals

They are also an excellent source of resistant starch which is broken down by bacteria in the large intestine to produce short-chain fatty acids (such as butyrate) used by intestinal cells for food energy. Preliminary studies in humans include the potential for regular consumption of legumes in a

plant-based diet to reduce the prevalence or risk of developing metabolic syndrome. There is evidence that a portion of pulses (roughly one cup daily) in a diet may help lower blood pressure and reduce LDL cholesterol levels, though there is a concern about the quality of the supporting data.

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The books of Theophrastus contain information that are about both anatomy and morphology of many plants. They also contain information concerning the uses of each of the plants, as the author knew them at that time. The "Enquiry into platnts" contain 10 books (of which 9 have survived) and "On the causes of plants" contain 8 books (of which 6 have survived). Thus it is a very detailed work, and it provides ususeful information about the use of plants and their distribution in the past.

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https://www.news-medical.net/health/The-Genetics-of-Corianders-Soapy-Taste.aspx 31/03/2019

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Kingdom:  | Plantae
| Clade:  | Angiosperms
| Clade:  | Eudicots
| Clade:  | Asterids
| Order:  | Apiales
| Family:  | Apiaceae
| Genus:  | Coriandrum
| Species:  | C. sativum
Coriander (Coriandrum sativum), also known as Chinese parsley is an annual herb in the family Apiaceae. All parts of the plant are edible, but the fresh leaves and the dried seeds (as a spice) are the parts most traditionally used in cooking.
The dry fruits are known as coriander seeds. The word "coriander" in food preparation may refer solely to these seeds (as a spice), rather than to the plant. The seeds have a lemony citrus flavour when crushed, due to terpenes linalool and pinene. It is described as warm, nutty, spicy, and orange-flavoured.

Coriander is commonly found both as whole dried seeds and in ground form. Roasting or heating the seeds in a dry pan heightens the flavour, aroma, and pungency. Ground coriander seed loses flavour quickly in storage and is best ground fresh.

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| Kingdom:  | Plantae
| Clade:  | Angiosperms
| Clade:  | Eudicots
| Clade:  | Asterids
| Order:  | Lamiales
| Family:  | Lamiaceae
| Genus:  | Origanum
| Species:  | O. vulgare
Oregano ( Origanum vulgare) is a flowering plant in the mint family (Lamiaceae). It is native to temperate Western and Southwestern Eurasia and the Mediterranean region.

Oregano is a perennial herb, growing from 20–80 cm tall, with opposite leaves 1–4 cm long. The flowers are purple, 3–4 mm long, produced in erect spikes
Oregano is a culinary herb, used for the flavor of its leaves, which can be more flavorful when dried than fresh. It has an aromatic, warm, and slightly bitter taste, which can vary in intensity. Good-quality oregano may be strong enough almost to numb the tongue, but cultivars adapted to colder climates may have a lesser flavor. Factors such as climate, season, and soil composition may affect the aromatic oils present, and this effect may be greater than the differences between the various species of plants. Among the chemical compounds contributing to the flavour are carvacrol, thymol, limonene, pinene, ocimene, and caryophyllene.

The dried and ground leaves are most often used in Greece to add flavor to Greek salad, and is usually added to the lemon-olive oil sauce that accompanies fish or meat grills and casseroles.

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| Kingdom:  | Plantae
| Division:  | Pinophyta
| Class:  | Pinopsida
| Order:  | Pinales
| Family:  | Pinaceae
| Subfamily:  | Pinoideae
| Genus:  | Pinus
Pine trees are evergreen, coniferous resinous trees (or, rarely, shrubs) growing 3–80 m tall, with the majority of species reaching 15–45 m tall.  Many pine species make attractive ornamental plantings for parks and larger gardens with a variety of dwarf cultivars being suitable for smaller spaces. Pines are also commercially grown and harvested for Christmas trees.  In Greece they are not as widely used for Christmas trees as the tree but their pine cones make great decorations that appear in every house in those winter days.

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| Kingdom:  | Plantae
| Division:  | Pinophyta
| Class:  | Pinopsida
| Order:  | Pinales
| Family:  | Pinaceae
| Subfamily:  | Abietoideae
| Genus:  | Abies
Firs (Abies) are evergreen coniferous trees in the family Pinaceae.

They are large trees, reaching heights of 10–80 m tall with trunk diameters of 0.5–4 m when mature. Firs can be distinguished from other members of the pine family by the way in which their needle-like leaves are attached singly to the branches with a base resembling a suction cup, and by their cones, which, like those of true cedars (Cedrus), stand upright on the branches like candles and disintegrate at maturity.

Nordmann fir, noble fir, Fraser fir and balsam fir are popular Christmas trees, generally considered to be the best for this purpose, with aromatic foliage that does not shed many needles on drying out.

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Wine is an alcoholic drink made from fermented grapes. Yeast consumes the sugar in the grapes and converts it to ethanol, carbon dioxide, and heat. Different varieties of grapes and strains of yeasts produce different styles of wine. These variations result from the complex interactions between the biochemical development of the grape. Greece is one of the oldest wine-producing regions in the world and among the first wine-producing territories in Europe. The earliest evidence of Greek wine has been dated to 6,500 years ago where wine was produced on a household or communal basis. In ancient times, as trade in wine became extensive, it was transported from end to end of the Mediterranean; Greek wine had especially high prestige in Italy under the Roman Empire.

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Tsipouro (Greek: τσίπουρο) is a pomace brandy from Greece and in particular Thessaly, Epirus, Macedonia, and the island of Crete (where Cretans call it tsikoudia). Tsipouro is a strong distilled spirit containing 40-45% alcohol by volume and is produced from the pomace (the residue of the wine press). It comes in two types: pure and anise-flavoured.
Tsipouro with anise has a distinguish white colour when mixed with water while the pure retains its transparent form.

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The threat of climate change and the knowledge that it is related to CO2 emissions from fossil fuels has led scientists to look for alternatives for our energy needs, that is in the cultivation of biofuel crops.

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The threat of climate change and the knowledge that it is related to CO2 emissions from fossil fuels has led scientists to look for alternatives for our energy needs, that is in the cultivation of biofuel crops.

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Replacing fossil fuels with biofuels in highly controversial since it solves one problem but creates knew ones

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 In the Andes, the longest continental mountain range in the world, located in south America, tree species are ‘on the run’, trying to move to ground of higher altitude. They are shifting roughly 2.5 to 3.5 vertical meters a year on average, but in fact they need to migrate more than 20 vertical feet a year! »   

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 In the Andes, the longest continental mountain range in the world, located in south America, tree species are ‘on the run’, trying to move to ground of higher altitude. They are shifting roughly 2.5 to 3.5 vertical meters a year on average, but in fact they need to migrate more than 20 vertical feet a year! »   

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Tropical Andean trees migrate to higher altitudes where the air is cool enough to support their existence. Due to the fast climatic change they have to move faster in order to remain in equilibrium with their preferred temperatures.

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Changing in climatic conditions, associated with increased minimum temperatures (about 1.3 ° C) and reduced winter rainfall by an average of 15%, suggest that the risk of forest fires is increasing in the future. It is estimated that the number of days with extreme fire risk will increase by 10-15 days a year, from 2021 to 2050. This means that the effects of climate change are expected to put the National Parks to a test as well, since days with high risk of fire in all the country's forests become more. Simply put, Greece faces a serious problem of forest fires with direct consequences (soil erosion, floods, etc.).

As far as the agricultural sector is concerned, there will be significant effects, as, key elements of the Mediterranean diet which have difficulty adapting to new climatic conditions, will get in danger. Changes in the number of days at risk of fire are also an important parameter for areas growing olive, orange, peduncula and more. The most significant increases are estimated in the agricultural areas of central Greece with up to 20 additional days of fire risk per year. As far as rainfall is concerned, winter rainfall is generally reduced by up to 15% in the regions of Serres, Pella and Heraklion. On the contrary, in most agricultural areas there is an increase in autumn rainfall. Specifically, the regions of Larissa and South Evia will increase by up to 20%, while Pella and Heraklion will increase by about 15%.

Undoubtedly, climate change has already had far-reaching effects in our country, ranging from rising temperatures to rising sea levels and more frequent storms and floods. The severity of the expected impacts of climate change varies with the region, but tackling it requires measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and adapt to global and regional levels.

Source:
http://athinodromio.gr/%CE%B7-%CE%BA%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE-%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%AE-%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BD-%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%AC%CE%B4%CE%B1/#.XKEQ5KRS9PY
Last accessed: 31/03/2019

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Alexander von Humboldt: the importance of his work, Cosmos (or Kosmos) and a brief biography

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Alexander von Humboldt: the importance of his work, Cosmos (or Kosmos) and a brief biography

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Alexander von Humboldt (1769–1859), the most famous German of his time, was celebrated as a geographer, explorer, and naturalist; he was less well known for his valuable contributions to the development of the social sciences.  Humboldt's quantitative work on botanical geography laid the foundation for the field of biogeography. Humboldt's advocacy of long-term systematic geophysical measurement laid the foundation for modern geomagnetic and meteorological monitoring. Between 1799 and 1804, he travelled extensively in the Americas, exploring and describing it for the first time from a modern scientific point of view. His description of the journey was written up and published in an enormous set of volumes over 21 years. Humboldt was one of the first people to propose that the lands bordering the Atlantic Ocean were once joined (South America and Africa in particular). He resurrected the use of the word cosmos from the ancient Greek and assigned it to his multi-volume treatise, Kosmos, in which he sought to unify diverse branches of scientific knowledge and culture. Humboldt’s old age was devoted to completion of his Cosmos (1845–1858). . He was the first person to describe the phenomenon and cause of human-induced climate change, in 1800 and again in 1831, based on observations generated during his travels.

In his treatise his geographical thinking was expanded into a more general “description of the world in physical terms.”  This important work motivated a holistic perception of the universe as one interacting entity.

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Drought stress is the most prevalent environmental factor limiting crop productivity, and global climate change is increasing the frequency of severe drought conditions. The sheer diversity of plant species grown across climatic regions that include extreme dry conditions suggests that, in nature, plants have evolved to endure drought stress with an array of morphological, physiological, and biochemical adaptations. Thereby, plants do not experience drought stress, as they are able to modulate their vegetative and reproductive growth according to water availability, essentially through two different mechanisms: A) rapid phenological development and B) developmental plasticity.
A)Rapid phenological development involves rapid plant growth, producing a minimal number of seeds before the soil water depletes, and these plants are considered not to have any special morphological, physiological, or biochemical adaptations.
B)Plants with mechanisms of developmental plasticity show little growth during the dry season, with very few flowers and seeds, but in wet seasons they grow indeterminately, producing a large amount of seed. ‘Drought avoidance’ is the ability of plants to maintain (relatively) higher tissue water content despite reduced water content in the soil. This is achieved through a variety of adaptive traits involving the minimization of water loss (water savers) and optimization of water uptake (water spenders). Water spenders achieve higher tissue water status by maintaining the water uptake through increased rooting, hydraulic conductance, etc. under drought stress. In contrast, water savers use water effectively through reduced loss of water by reducing transpiration, transpiration area, radiation absorption, etc. under drought stress.
Although not all plants can use efficiently (or use at all) those mechanisms, especially when environmental conditions change frequently, suddenly end tend to be extreme.

Source:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4937719/
Last accessed: 31/03/2019

Rise in the price of olive oil due to less production of olive caused by drough:
https://www.ekirikas.com/%CE%BE%CE%B7%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%B1-%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BD-%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%AC%CE%B4%CE%B1-%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%B4%CE%BF%CF%82-%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BD-%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BC%CE%AE-%CE%B5/

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https://olympusfd.gr/en/vegetation-zones/
Last accessed: 31/03/2019

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Bosnian pines (Pinus heldreichii) at 2000m elevation

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Coniferous woodland along the Enipeas gorge

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Tropical and subtropical coniferous forests

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Above 2500 meters, which is also the highest treeline in the Balkans, there are the non-forested high mountain meadows and grasslands (Astragalo-Acantholimonetalia). On Mount Olympus, these meadows display a great diversity and their floral composition includes many rare wildflowers, most of which are endemic to Greece and the Balkan Peninsula.

Alpine grasslands in front of the Throne of Zeus:

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At elevations between 1400 and 2500 m, the zone of cold-hardy conifers (Vaccinio-Picetalia) emerges. The predominant species of pine is the rare Bosnian pine (Pinus heldreichii), which makes its first appearance at 1100 m, gradually replacing black pine (Pinus nigra) and forming unmixed forests up to 2000 meters. Areas with Bosnian pine are usually dry with rocky slopes. The vegetation that grows in this region is adapted to specific local conditions and is represented by characteristic shrubs, grasses, chasmophytes, while the flora includes many endemic species of the Balkans.

Pinus heldreichii:

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Olympus is considered one of the richest flora regions in Greece with more than 1,700 plants, representing 25 percent of all Greek flora. Olympus National Park is the first National Park in Greece, declared in 1938.

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The Mediterranean biogeographical region 

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The Mediterranean biogeographical region 

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The Mediterranean biogeographical region is characterised by a hilly mountaneous landscapes with inland plateaus between low mountain ranges. The coasts are rocky, interspersed with sandy beaches and sand coves. The region is located at the meeting point

between the two vast continental plates of Africa and Eurasia, which have given rise to the very complex morphology and geology. Volcanic fields, sulfataras, old and more recent calderas are found. There is still tectonic activity and this constitutes a hazard especially in

the central and eastern parts of the region. The region is also characterised by its broken form with numerous large (Italy, Iberian Peninsula, Greece) and smaller peninsulas, several large mountainous islands (Cyprus, Crete, Malta, Sicily, Corsica, Sardinia) as well as a multitude of smaller islands

The Mediterranean climate isunpredictable, with diurnal temperature fluctuations, significant influences of winds, short lived but powerful deluges and occasional prolonged droughts. At the local scale, the Mediterranean region is known for pronounced climatic differences over very short distances because of factors such as slope, exposition, distance from sea, steepness, and parent rock type. Temperatures are generally highest in the east, but annually protracted periods with temperatures over 30°C occur in all parts of the region.

https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/report_2002_0524_154909/biogeographical-regions-in-europe/mediterranean_biogeografical_region.pdf/view 31/03/2019

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Greece belongs in the Mediterranean biogeographical region.

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http://herbsfromdistantlands.blogspot.com/2014/06/sideritis-scardica-mursalsky-tea.html

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The plant is recommended in the form of herbal tea made from the leaves as anti-inflammatory, antithrombotic, antihypertensive, antispasmodic, antibacterial, sedative and antioxidant. Also, it is administered to prevent anemia and osteoporosis. A lot of studies are conducted for the possible action of plant's infusion against the proliferation of cancer cells. In traditional medicine the plant is used as sedative, hypnotic, for warming-up patients with colds, and also for the treatment of dyspepsia.

Against Alzheimer disease:
https://www.fee.org.gr/health-news-blog/319-greek-mountain-tea-alzheimer-disease.html

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https://www.thespruceeats.com/greek-mountain-tea-1706000
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sideritis
http://mediplantepirus.med.uoi.gr/pharmacology_en/plant_details.php?id=151

Last accessed: 31/03/2019

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Sideritis raeseri is a perennial, herbaceous plant growing from 10 to 50cm, with opposite, oblong, fleshy leaves, spherical, brown fruits and light yellow flowers in inflorescences. The flowering and the harvesting take place from July to August.

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Very popular in Greece, Turkey, Albania, Kosovo, Bulgaria and North Macedonia, Sideritis scardica is used as a herb either for the preparation of herbal teas, or for its aromatic properties in local cuisines.

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In Greek "sideritis" can be literally translated as 'he who is made of iron'. In ancient times "sideritis" was a generic reference for plants capable of healing wounds caused by iron weapons during battles. However, others hold that the name stems from the shape of the sepal, which resembles the tip of a spear.

Greek Mountain Tea is made using the dried leaves and flowers of Sideritis plants (ironwort). The tea is called "Mountain tea" in Greece, since the plant used to make it is found on rocky slopes at elevations over 3,200 feet. Almost every region of Greece has its own name for the brew, such as Olympus tea and Parnassos tea, reflecting the name of the mountain where it grows. The most common English name other than Mountain Tea is Shepherd's Tea because Greek shepherds use the plants to make a brewed tea while tending their flocks high in the hills.

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https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jphs/102/1/102_1_47/_pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK92750/

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A major constituent chemical, hyperforin, may be useful for treatment of alcoholism and has also displayed antibacterial properties against Gram-positive bacteria although dosage, safety and efficacy have not been studied. Hyperforin Herbal medicine has also employed lipophilic extracts from St John's wort as a topical remedy for wounds, abrasions, burns, and muscle pain.
Galen and Dioscorides claimed that the plant has diuretic, emmenagogue and hemostatic properties. In USA, St John's-wort is probably the most popular medicinal plant, which is used against mild and moderate depression, instead of 'Prozac' (Fluoxetine). In Europe, it is commercially available as 'Ladose'. Also, the plant has anticonvulsant and hypnotic actions, improving the quality of sleep in patients suffering from insomnia. In 1994 in Germany, were prescribed prescriptions for 20 million patients. The whole plant is used as anti-inflammatory, astringent, healing, analgesic, antidiarrheal and diuretic. Finally, plant's infusion is used to treat dyspepsia, liver diseases, runny nose, neuralgia, anxiety and tension.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypericum_perforatum
https://www.delta-intkey.com/angio/www/guttifer.htm
http://mediplantepirus.med.uoi.gr/pharmacology_en/plant_details.php?id=128
Last accessed: 31/03/2019

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Comparison of two species of the Hypericum genus

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Comparison of two species of the Hypericum genus

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Translucent dots of glandular tissue on the leaves

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Translucent dots of glandular tissue on the leaves

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The yellow flowers with the visible black dots

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The yellow flowers with the visible black dots

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Hypericum perforatum, is also known, in English bibliography, as perforate St John's-wort or common Saint John's wort. It is named as such because it commonly flowers, blossoms and is harvested in late June, around St John's Feast Day on 24 June. The herb would be hung on house and stall doors on St John's Feast day to ward off evil spirits and to safeguard against harm and sickness to man and live-stock.

The genus name Hypericum is possibly derived from the Greek words hyper (above) and eikon (picture), in reference to the tradition of hanging plants over religious icons in the home during St John's Day.

The greek vernacular names are βάλσαμο (valsamo) and σπαθόχορτο (spathochorto). The last name comes from the greek words of “sword” and “plant”. It is called that way because in antiquity it was used to heal the wounds made by the swords.

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Hypericum perforatum is a perennial, herbaceous plant growing from 30 cm up to 1 m  high. It has opposite and stalkless leaves that are narrow and oblong in shape and 1–2 cm long. The leaves are yellow-green in color, with scattered translucent dots of glandular tissue. The dots are clearly visible when held up to the light, giving the leaves the "perforated" appearance to which the plant's Latin name refers. The flowers have gold-yellow colour with conspicuous black dots, they measure up to 2.5 cm across and have five petals and sepals. The flowering lasts from June to September and the harvesting takes place from July to August.

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| Kingdom:  | Plantae
| (unranked):  | Angiosperms
| (unranked):  | Eudicots
| (unranked):  | Asterids
| Order:  | Lamiales
| Family:  | Lamiaceae
| Genus:  | Sideritis
|Species:| S. raeseri

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| Kingdom:  | Plantae

| Clade:  | Angiosperms
| Clade:  | Eudicots
| Clade:  | Rosids
| Order:  | Malpighiales
| Family:  | Hypericaceae
| Genus:  | Hypericum
| Section:  | Hypericum sect. Hypericum
| Species:  | H. perforatum

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Forest of beech-fir and mountain conifers (Fagetalia) stretch from 600 to 1400 meters, wherein black pines (Pinus nigra) dominate in pure stands. In smaller clusters and stands, one can encounter Bulgarian fir (Abies borissi-regis), European beech (Fagus sylvatica), wych elm (Ulmus glabra), yew (Taxus baccata), hazel (Coryllus avellana), Cornelian cherry (Cornus mas), cherry plum (Prunus cerasifera) and a variety of herbaceous plants.

Beech forest (Fagus sylvatica)

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Azonal forests can be found along the canyons and gorges of Mount Olympus. In the presence of continuous water flow, oriental plane trees (Platanus orientalis) and willows (Salix alba, Salix cinerea) dominate. Similarly, temperate deciduous broad-leaved forests (Quercetalia pubescentis) are fragmented and scattered at altitudes of 400 to 600 meters. Different species of oak such as Hungarian oak (Quercus frainetto), sessile oak (Q. petraea), and downy oak (Q. pubescens) can be found at these localities.

Riparian vegetation with Salix eleagnos along the Enipeas river: