# data[].attributes.body
Count Cavor made a 3 step plan for unifacation. He first made his state strong and appealing (Good economy, roads, canals), then he wanted to find allies and unify the north (He joins the Crimean war, asks napolean to help them win the war with Austria, Napolean pulls out and they barely win with peace treaty). Then Giuseppi Garibaldi and his red shirts conquered the south of Italy so the North and South joined and Victor became the King. The last step was to finish unifacation but Vennes and Rome weren't apart of the unified Italy until Vennes joins and Italy takes over Rome when France pulls the troops out of Rome to fight Prussia.

# data[].attributes.body
This site starts off with a very confusing paragraph of Pierdmont Victor Emmanuel and his parliment who didn't want a peace treaty with Austria. Then it goes on to talk about the Crimean war with Frace, England, the Ottoman Empire and Russia. He sent an army to fight with them and became one of the victors at the Congress of Paris. Cavour then achieves a diplomatic coup for Piedmont and Italy. It goes on to talk about Cavour's unifacation with the south and north as well as Vennus joining and Rome being took over by them.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
The role of Piedmont

In Piedmont Victor Emmanuel II governed with a parliament whose democratic majority refused to ratify the peace treaty with Austria. This was an exception to the general course of reaction. The skillfully worded Proclamation of Moncalieri (November 20, 1849) favourably contrasted Victor Emmanuel's policies with those of other Italian rulers and permitted elections. The victorious Liberals installed a new cabinet under Massimo d'Azeglio, a moderate trusted by the king. D'Azeglio introduced the Siccardi law, which curtailed the power of ecclesiastical courts. In October 1850 another prominent moderate, Camillo Benso di Cavour, entered the cabinet and directed a laissez-faire economic policy. He formulated international commercial treaties and drew on foreign capital to reduce the public debt, stimulate economic growth, and develop a railroad system. Cavour's dynamism alarmed conservatives and even d'Azeglio. In 1852, through an alliance with centre-left deputies that became known as the connubio ("marriage"), Cavour displaced d'Azeglio as head of the cabinet. Despite disagreements with the king (who favoured the clerical party and occasionally displayed absolutist tendencies), Cavour introduced various ecclesiastical, judicial, and fiscal reforms.

A number of events promoted Piedmont's prestige in Italy and abroad. In March 1854 France and England intervened in support of the Ottoman Empire against Russia in the Crimean War. To obtain Austrian support, they were prepared to guarantee the status quo in Italy. Only Piedmont was in a position to disrupt it at that time, and Cavour negotiated an alliance with the Western powers. In May he sent to Crimea an army that performed brilliantly. As a result, Piedmont was able to assume a place among the victors at the Congress of Paris (February 1856). From this platform Cavour, achieving a diplomatic coup for Piedmont and Italy, declared that the only threat to peace in Italy, and the root cause of subversive plots, was the burdensome Austrian overlordship. Cavour's pronouncements at the congress increased the standing of Piedmont among nationalists.

Meanwhile, Mazzini's democratic and republican movement was crumbling. In February 1853 an insurrection against the Austrians failed in Milan. The discovery and execution at Belfiore (1852-53) of the leaders of a conspiracy in Mantua, as well as abortive insurrections in Cadore and Lunigiana, discredited the democratic movement and discouraged its most dedicated adherents. Mazzini faced complete isolation for his support of an expedition to the southern mainland to incite insurrection, known as the Sapri expedition (June-July 1857), in which the Neapolitan republican and socialist Carlo Pisacane and some 300 companions lost their lives. The democrats were divided and unable to carry on the revolutionary struggle; nothing was to be expected from the restored governments. In Lombardy-Venetia, Austria carried out stern repressive measures. Pius IX, now under the influence of the reactionary Giacomo Cardinal Antonelli, refused to grant any reforms in Rome. Liberal Catholicism could not remain viable without reforms in the Papal States. In Naples and the duchies, reaction became pervasive, although the grand duke of Tuscany sought to make his subjects forget that he owed his throne to Austrian military intervention. Only in Piedmont was there any hope left for the reformers.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Italy - Unification, Risorgimento, Nation-State

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Italy - Unification, Risorgimento, Nation-State: In Piedmont Victor Emmanuel II governed with a parliament whose democratic majority refused to ratify the peace treaty with Austria. This was an exception to the general course of reaction. The skillfully worded Proclamation of Moncalieri (November 20, 1849) favourably contrasted Victor Emmanuel's policies with those of other Italian rulers and permitted elections.

# data[].attributes.body
Victor Paz was having trouble getting elected due to not many votes so they chose to put a powerful military group in charge. The people were unhappy because they had no benifits, reluctent to raise taxes, and lower clasemen were suffering, industries declined, and land management went out of control. The group MNR fought for democratic government, open decsent, factionalism, ideological differences and benifits for the people which made all the clases join together. MNR attack the hunta governement and overthrew them. The miners created the COB which gave them better work, higher salerys, rehired workers and better stores whiched failed so they relied on US income from industies. Then this new president ruined everything with his plants and got tooken over by a dictator named Rene Barrientos.

# data[].attributes.body
Napoleon is deafeated and Sutria is in charge of the German confederation. With Germany divided, conquering was not needed because they still held influence on German states. Revolutions started happening arounf Germany which pushed nation-states and unifacation on Germany. Prussia wanted to unite them and work on a constitution. Prussia gave up  due to them wanting Prussian king to be emporor and the Erfurt Union. Otto von bismark was conservative but sympathised with unifying Germany, he got over political drama and made enemies to friends. Than Germany unifacation under Prussian rule became the new goal but Austria was in the way so Prussia went to war with them and won. Northern Germany became federalized and in which Otto bacame chancellor. Useing a fake letter to anger Napoleon to attack, they scared southern Germany into joining the war against him. They win and Otto becomes Emperor of unified Germany

# data[].attributes.body
This site first starts off talking about Otto von Bismarck and how he wanted unifacation through "Blood and Iron". Than talks about Prussia and Austria struggle for power and how they divided Denmark. So it goes on to talk about the war between Prussia and Austria and the useage of Napoleon to help unify Germany.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Summary

Whereas Camillo di Cavour directed Italian unification, a Junker (the Prussian name for an aristocratic landowner from old Prussia in the east) named Otto von Bismarck pushed German unification through "blood and iron" and skillful understanding of realpolitik. As the map of central Europe stood in 1850, Prussia competed with Austria for dominance over a series of small principalities fiercely keen on maintaining their independence and distinctive characteristics. Prussia proper stretched from modern-day Lithuania to central Germany. Prussia also controlled the German lands around the Rhine River in the west. In between, from Denmark to Switzerland, lay small provinces that Bismarck needed to incorporate under the Prussian crown to create a viable German Empire.

In 1862, Bismarck reorganized the Prussian army and improved training in preparation for war. In 1864, he constructed an alliance with Austria to fight Denmark over Denmark's southern provinces of Schleiswig and Holstein. Prussia received Schleiswig while Austria administered Holstein. That situation, however, could not stand for long, as Austrian Holstein was now surrounded by Prussian lands. Bismarck provoked a conflict with Austria over an unrelated border dispute and in the subsequent Seven Weeks' War--named for its brevity--Prussia crushed the collapsing Austrian army. The peace settlement transferred Holstein to Prussia and forced Austria to officially remove itself from all German affairs.

With Austria out of Bismarck's way, his next obstacle was the skepticism of the southern provinces. Overwhelmingly Catholic and anti-militaristic, the southern provinces doubted Prussia's commitment to a united Germany of all provinces. Prussia's Protestantism and historic militarism made the gulf between north and south quite serious. Therefore, Bismarck turned to realpolitik to unite the Germanic provinces by constructing a war against a common enemy. In 1870, Bismarck forged a note from the French ambassador, implying that the ambassador had insulted the Prussian king. After he leaked this letter to both populations, the people of France and Prussia, roused by nationalist sentiment, rose up in favor of war. As Bismarck hoped, the southern provinces rallied to Prussia's side without any hesitation. In July 1870, France declared war on Prussia. Within a matter of weeks of fighting in Alsace-Lorraine, France lost this Franco-Prussian War. Alsace-Lorraine was transferred to Germany in the peace settlement, allowing Prussia to declare the German Empire, or Second Reich, on January 21, 1871.

Like Italy, Germany had quite a few serious issues to resolve once unification took place. Regional differences, developing since the first settlement of the Germanic tribes during the Roman Empire, were distinct, and local princes refused to give up substantial power to the central government. The Berlin assembly, therefore, was kept weak. Germany, like the United States under the Articles of the Confederation, seemed merely a loose of confederation of autonomous states. In Germany's case, one state, Prussia, was absolutely dominant due to its size, power, and military strength. This, combined with Bismarck's skillful conduct in international and national affairs as chancellor, kept the empire together until 1914.

However, the creation of a unified Germany in central Europe marked one of the greatest revolutions in the history of international relations. Since the establishment of nation-states in Europe, France, under the Valois-Bourbon royal line, dedicated its foreign policy to the weakening of Habsburg (Austrian and Spanish royal families) and the continued disunity of the Germanic provinces. Now that central Europe was united into two major powers--Germany and Italy--Europe was quite a different place. What would now become of the traditional balance of power in place since the defeat of Napoleon? The whole point had been that no one nation should gain excessive power and strength on the Continent. With the unification of Germany in central Europe--an essential economic and strategic region--was the balance of power doomed?

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Europe (1848-1871) quizzes about important details and events in every section of the book.

# data[].attributes.body
This site first talks about Victor Paz Estenssoro's presidency. Then it goes into great detail about the lowerclase's sufferage. As well as continues with the Revolution and the MNR.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
The Bolivian National Revolution 1952-1964

Victor Paz Estenssoro

High inflation, primarily caused by social spending, also hurt the economy. The value of the peso, Bolivia's former currency, fell from 60 to 12,000 to the United
States dollar between 1952 and 1956, affecting primarily the urban middle class, which began to support the opposition.

During the presidency of Siles Zuazo (1956-60 and 1982-85), who won the election with 84 percent of the vote, United States aid reached its highest level. In 1957
the United States subsidized more than 30 percent of the Bolivian government's central budget. Advised by the United States government and the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the Siles Zuazo regime then in power reduced inflation with a number of politically dangerous measures, such as the freezing of wages and
the ending of the government-subsidized miners' stores.

During the Siles Zuazo administration, the strength of the armed forces grew as a result of a new concern for professionalism and training, technical assistance from
the United States, and an increase in the size and budget of the military. In addition, the military's role in containing unrest gave it increasing influence within the MNR
government.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The Bolivian National Revolution 1952-1964 Victor Paz Estenssoro High inflation, primarily caused by social spending, also hurt the economy. The value of the peso, Bolivia's former currency, fell from 60 to 12,000 to the United States dollar between 1952 and 1956, affecting primarily the urban middle class, which began to support the opposition.