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How is atmospheric ozone layer depleted?

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How is atmospheric ozone layer depleted?

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CFCs are used for AC and refrigerators, but are toxic in the air. They are not toxic at sea level. In the air, they photodissociate, where Cl finds a molecule of O2- and it repeats itself. THIS IS BAD AND CAUSES DEPLETION.

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Why is there antarctic ice growth if there is global warming?

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Why is there antarctic ice growth if there is global warming?

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The extra warmth melts the ice into a body of salt water. The melted ice freezes first because it is fresh water - so there is more ice forming across the surface of the water.

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4. Heat cannot escape, so there is a rise in temps

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3. Because of this, the heat is trapped and there is an increase of radiation sent to the Earth

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2. Small particles are sent back to the Earth normally, but increase in number because of pollutants in the air (nitrogen, carbon.. etc)

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1. Sunlight penetrates gas layer, so it is partly absorbed and reflected

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Amount of added nutrient that can be absorbed without damage

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top level carnivores are severely affected by toxins

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using organisms to add essential materials to a degraded ecosystem
- nitrogen-fixing plants

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using organisms to break down pollutants in area
- use prokaryotes, fungi, or plants
-ex- oil spills

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greater chance for disease

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promote dispersal and reduce inbreeding

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-narrow strip or series of small clumps of habitat connecting otherwise isolated patches

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moving animals of different populations to breed to prevent vortex

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Small population shrink caused by inbreeding and genetic drift
-loss of genetic variation drives it
-unless spiral is reversed, then go extinct

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- can kill fish and other lake-dwelling organisms

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harvesting of organisms at rates exceeding ability of their populations to rebound
-large organisms and restricted habitats with low reproductive rates are especially vulnerable
-DNA analysis used to find illegal harvested animals

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humans move from original location to new locations, either intentionally or not
- causes possible extinction, competition of resources, and displaces other species

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GREATEST threat
- fragmentation, deforestation, coral reefs damaged by us
-leads to small, isolated areas and possible extinction

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Human activity is reducing this.

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IN DANGER of extinction

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LIKELY to become endangered

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-less species diversity = closer to threatening and endangerment

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comprises genetic variation within a population and between populations
-extinction of population reduces genetic diversity and ability for microevolution.
-Loss of it reduces adaptive potential

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natural phenomenon, but high rate of extinction is causing a biodiversity crisis

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Humans' impact on Earth

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Intermediate species that help spread zoonotic pathogens

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have been transferred from other animals to humans

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disease-causing microorganisms, viruses, viroids, prions

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Smaller islands have fewer resources and less diverse habitats

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Smaller islands have fewer resources and less diverse habitats

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bigger species and closer to mainland

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evolutionary history and climate

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evaporation of water from soil plus transpiration of water from plants

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Species are more abundant and diverse near equator

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where soil remained after a disturbance

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no soil exists when succession begins

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sequence of community changes after a disturbance (humans have greatest impact)

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Not necessarily abundant, but still exert strong control

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most abundant or have the highest biomass
- invasive species may become dominant because lack predators and diseases

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Each food chain in a food web is usually only a few links long because energy (10%) is lost along the way 

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Each food chain in a food web is usually only a few links long because energy (10%) is lost along the way 

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complex branching food chain

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link trophic levels from producers to top carnivores

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feeding relationships between organisms in a community

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-more productive
- produce more biomass
-better able to recover from environmental stress
-more resistant to invasive species

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proportion each species represents of all individuals in the community

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number of different species in the community

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the variety of organisms hat make up the community

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O- one species cannot survive without the other
F- where both species can survive alone

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relationship where two or more species live in direct and intimate contact with another

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two or more harmful species resemble each other

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palatable or harmless species mimics an unpalatable, or harmful one.

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benefits ones species, but the other is not harmed or benefited

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benefits both species. Bees pollinate flowers and bees get nutrients for themselves.

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parasites thrive off of host, harming it. Tapeworms in humans.

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organism eats plants

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hiding, fleeing, forming herds, self-defense, alarm calls, claws (mechanical) poison (chemical)
Aposematic Coloration- bright warning colors
Cyrptic Coloration- camouflage

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N- active at night
D- active during day

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niche ACTUALLY occupied by that species

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niche POTENTIALLY occupied by that species

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Resource Partitioning= differentiation of ecological niches

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Resource Partitioning= differentiation of ecological niches

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sum of species' use of biotic and abiotic resources
- need to have DIFF EN to coexist

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local elimination of competing species
- two species competing for same limiting resources cannot coexist

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-members of same species compete for resources in short supply

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-BTWN  DIFF species
-biotic factors: competition, predation(+/-) herbivory, parasitism, mutualism

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populations living in the same area and interact

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Communities

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Italy = small base or no growth. Decrease in population

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Italy = small base or no growth. Decrease in population

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United States= roughly even until older age. slowed future growth because smaller youth pop

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United States= roughly even until older age. slowed future growth because smaller youth pop

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Afghanistan and Kenya= bottom- heavy with a lot of young individuals. will sustain growth and size of pop

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Afghanistan and Kenya= bottom- heavy with a lot of young individuals. will sustain growth and size of pop

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-relative number of individuals at each age
-can predict pop growth future trends
-illuminate social conditions and help us plan for future

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- birth and death rate do not change with population density
EXPONENTIAL

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1. Farmers minimize competition for wheat using fertilizers
2. Cheetahs use urine to mark their place
3. Disease spreads quickly in dense areas
4. Humans eat fish
5. Ethanol is toxic to yeast
6. happened to white-footed-mice in a field enclosure

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1. Competition
2. Territoriality
3. Disease
4. Predation
5. Toxic Wastes
6. Intrinsic or physiological factors

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- birth rates fall and death rates rise
- negative feedback

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Density- dependent Successful reproduction in HIGH DENSITIES. Competition is stronger

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Density- independent maximize reproductive success in LOW DENSITIES

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REPEATED

"I" can do this

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BIG BANG
reproduce once and die

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1. age at which reproductive begins
2. how often the organism reproduces
3. how many offspring are produced per reproductive episode

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3. When N EQUALS K, (K-N)/K = GROWTH STOPS

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3. When N EQUALS K, (K-N)/K = GROWTH STOPS

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2. When N is LARGE compared to K, (K-N)/K = 0

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2. When N is LARGE compared to K, (K-N)/K = 0

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(Fraction of carrying capacity still available for growth, so large number leaves room for growth!)

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1. When N is SMALL compared to K, (K-N)/K = 1

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1. When N is SMALL compared to K, (K-N)/K = 1

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What will happen if per capita birth rate and death rate demonstrate zero pop growth?

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What will happen if per capita birth rate and death rate demonstrate zero pop growth?

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EQUAL to one another!

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- REALISTIC
- has a carrying capacity (k)
-GR approaches 0 as CC is reached
- limiting resources and space
- S SHAPED

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- increase in pop under IDEAL conditions: abundance of resources, space, and ability to reproduce
-J SHAPED
dN/dt= rmax^N
*rmax= (b-d)

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-allows for a simpler equation instead of using raw numbers
-POP SIZE = B+I-D-E

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High death rates for young and lower death rates for survivors
OYSTERS

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constant death rate over life span
CHIPMUNKS/RODENTS

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Early and middle life- low death rates
old age groups - increase in death rates
HUMANS

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GRAPH of life table data

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age-specific summary of survival pattern of a population
BEST MADE BY A COHORT- individuals of same age

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study of vital statistics of a population and how they change over time

MAINLY INTERESTED IN FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE RATES, SURVIVAL RATES

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- position independent of other individuals
- absence of strong attractions or repulsions
-PLANTS

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- EVENLY distributed
- Territoriality: competition amongst individuals in a population

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-MOST COMMON: humans and mammals
- usually where resources are located and breeding can be done successfully

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Decreases pop size, so decrease in density. Ex: Move for the winter

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Increases pop size, so increase in density!

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How to determine population size? MARK RECAPTURE!!

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How to determine population size? MARK RECAPTURE!!

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Pop size = (number marked and captured first time) (number captured second time) / number marked second time