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A category of artistic composition, as in music or literature, characterized by similarities in form, style, or subject matter.

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The standard photographic film format for analog single lens reflex (SLR) still cameras and motion picture cameras.

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A camera fitted with two lenses optically corrected to make them identical in their application

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The term 'large format' refers to a camera which records images in a format larger than 4 x 5 inches.

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It is a  monochrome imaging process based on the light sensitivity of silver halides.

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Photo curators collect, exhibit, research and maintain the photo collection at a museum. They are also responsible for the storage and presentation of photographical collections.

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A public display of works of art or items of interest, held in an art gallery or museum or at a trade fair.

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Framing is the presentation of visual elements in an image, especially the placement of the subject in relation to other objects. Framing can make an image more aesthetically pleasing and keep the viewer's focus on the framed object(s).

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A room or building for the display or sale of works of art.

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The exclusive legal right, given to an originator or an assignee to print, publish, perform, film, or record literary, artistic, or musical material, and to authorize others to do the same.

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A line in a photo is a point that moves, leading towards something. Some lines are obvious, and some are implied. The viewer's eyes are naturally drawn along lines. This can be vertical lines, parallel lines, curved lines, diagonal lines, and even strong horizontal lines.

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Shape describes a flat, enclosed area of space. Shapes can be constructed with colors and lines, but all shapes are limited to two dimensions – width and length. Curves and other irregular, flowy shapes are known as organic shapes, while angular shapes like squares and triangles are geometric shapes.

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A component of light which is separated when it is reflected off of an object. Hues have a natural value where they look the purest and some colors, like yellow, are naturally light. ... While other colors, like violet, are darker.

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The visual quality of the surface of an object, revealed through variances in shape, tone and color depth. Texture brings life and vibrance to images that would otherwise appear flat and uninspiring.

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Value defines how light or dark a given color or hue can be. Values are best understood when visualized as a scale or gradient, from dark to light. The more tonal variants in an image, the lower the contrast. When shades of similar value are used together, they also create a low contrast image.

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Form refers to when shape takes on three dimensions. Form is created by shadows and highlights on an object in the photograph. You can see in these two photos how shape becomes form when light hits the subject. But, when they come to the surface, the light creates shadows and highlights, giving them form.

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The rule of space in photography is simply the act of adding visual space in front of the direction that an object is moving, looking or pointing to imply motion and direction and to lead the eye of the viewer. ... This rule tells where to place the visual space, or in other words, where to place our subject in the image.

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Balance in photography is observed when an image has subject areas that look balanced throughout the composition. It is achieved by shifting the frame and juxtaposing subjects within it so objects, tones, and colors are of equal visual weight.

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Variety is about varying elements and objects in your image, to avoid making them boring. Variety can also be varying your angles, exposure, composition, etc., to get a few different looks to the same image.

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Pattern photography utilizes elements that are repeated. The repetition of lines, shapes, tones, or colour can create interesting images.

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Proportion in photography is usually comparing size of objects, or the amount of one thing to the whole. We generally think of comparing size when talking about proportion. By comparing the size of one object to another, it can give more or less importance to it.

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Movement in photography is related to the way the gear is set and also how it is manipulated. Long exposures convey movement by capturing everything in the sensor, when shutter speeds are less than 1/60 of a second.

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Unity describes the visual relationship between elements in a photograph. It helps create a cohesive image. Using similar colors or tones, concepts or elements cultivates a sense of unity.

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Emphasis​is defined as an area or object within the artwork that draws attention and becomes a ​focal point. Focal point ​refers to an area in the composition that has the most significance - an area that the artist wants to draw attention to as the most important aspect.

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Radial balance is a form of symmetrical balance where elements within an image radiate outwards from a central point. This way, they create an even pattern, adding depth and visual movement to the picture. It can help bring the viewer's eyes to a subject placed in the centre.

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Symmetry (also known as formal balance) is achieved when both sides of the image hold equal weight

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When a photo is asymmetrical, it has unequal visual weight on either side. But those visual elements balance out each other. This means that an asymmetrical photo still follows the rules of composition.

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The definition of juxtaposition is placing two things together to show contrast or similarities. In photography, we use composition, forced perspectives or props to convey the contrasts in the picture. Photographs can also rely on cultural ideas and identities of the viewers.

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Abstract photography, sometimes called non-objective, experimental or conceptual photography, is a means of depicting a visual image that does not have an immediate association with the object world and that has been created through the use of photographic equipment, processes or materials.

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The definition of monochrome is an image displaying a single colour or different shades of a single color. Monochrome photography is photography in which the entire image is recorded and represented by differing amounts of light instead of different hues.

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The phrase cool color is used to describe any color that is calm or soothing in nature. Cool Colors are not overpowering and tend to recede in space. Examples of cool colorsinclude green, blue and violet (think calming blue waters).

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Warm colors include red, orange, and yellow, while cool colors include green, blue, and violet. In general, warm colors are rarer than cool colors, so an image which has even a small splash of warmth can stand out. This is one reason why photos at sunset and sunrise, as well as fall colors, are as popular as they are.

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Neutral tones are often earth-colored tones that relate to the natural elements of an outdoor environment. Neutral tones can be the color of sand, the color of water, or the color of dust, for example.

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Complementary colors—that is, colors opposite one another on the color wheel—can be used very effectively in visual art, including photography. When juxtaposed, complementary colors make each seem brighter and more vivid, creating a powerful visual effect.

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A triadic color scheme uses three colors that are evenly spaced around the color wheel. A triadic color scheme uses every fourth color, leaving three colors between each. You can use all three colors in a photo but also a combination of two will work.

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The Rule of Thirds is the process of dividing an image into thirds, using two horizontal and two vertical lines. When you position the most important elements of your image at these intersection points, you produce a much more natural image.

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Leading lines are lines that appear in a photograph that have been framed and positioned by the photographer to draw the viewer's eye towards a specific point of interest.

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The golden ratio is a composition guide. Some people call it the Fibonacci spiral, golden spiral, phi grid, divine proportion, or the golden mean. It helps to lead the viewer through the entire photo. The composition will be more pleasing and balanced for the human eye.

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Simply put, positive space is the actual subject while negative space (also called white space) is the area surrounding the subject. The latter acts as breathing room for your eyes.

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Positive space is any part of the photo that jumps out from its surroundings. That includes your subject, for example, along with other noteworthy areas of detail. Negative space is just the opposite parts of an image that don't attract as much attention, surrounding the positive space and giving it a buffer.

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Ultraviolet or infrared radiation, invisible to the eye.

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Diffused light is light that is essentially going through a filter that spreads the light out and makes it fall on your subjects evenly and without very much contrast.

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Ambient light means the light that is already present in a scene, before any additional lighting is added. It usually refers to natural light, either outdoors or coming through windows etc.

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Chiaroscuro is a photography technique and style often referred to as “clair obscur” or “extreme low key”. This style of photography is often well-suited for portraits, still life, and boudoir, or simply to give a scene the illusion of being three- dimensional.

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Silhouette photography is a wonderful way to convey drama, mystery, emotion and mood in a picture. A silhouette is defined as a view of an object or a scene consisting of the outline and a featureless interior, with the silhouetted object usually being black.

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The difference between these two styles is that objective photography tries to show the world as it really is, while subjective photography tries to show the world as the photographer herself sees it. Specific aspects of a picture that can make it objective or subjective are angle, tone, color and intent.

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Constructive criticism is a helpful way of giving feedback that provides specific, actionable suggestions. Rather than providing general advice, constructive criticism gives specific recommendations on how to make positive improvements. Constructive criticism is clear, to the point and easy to put into action.

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Using someone else's work without giving credit is considered plagiarism, or a breach of academic integrity. Any images that you use in your assignments must be cited. The articles and videos below are about visual plagiarism and image appropriation.

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A symbol, word, or words legally registered or established by use as representing a company or product.

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Photography ethics are the principles that guide how we take and share photographs. Photography ethics are subjective, contextual, and fluid, meaning that every person's ethics will be different, because ethics are based on a person's life experience and values.

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The diptych—two images combined into a single frame or presented together—originated in art as a drawing or painting in two parts. In photography, the diptych has become a popular format where pairs of portraits, images or themed pictures are used together to complement one another.

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Triptych Photography Triptych photography is when you take 3 photos that are related somehow, usually they are of the same object, place or thing. And then you enhance them equally and arrange them into a presentation where all three photos are showing.

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In digital imaging, a pixel(or picture element) is the smallest item of information in an image. Pixels are arranged in a 2-dimensional grid, represented using squares. Each pixel is a sample of an original image, where more samples typically provide more-accurate representations of the original.

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The golden hour is a short window, after which the sun will slip below the horizon or level off into harsher light after sunrise. “It heightens the need to plan ahead,” says landscape photographer Steve Schwindt.

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Blue hour is simply the time of day before sunrise and after sunset when the atmosphere has a deep, dark blue color. Like the famous “golden hour,” blue hour is not really an hour.

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Boats and boating--Equipment and supplies

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A file format defines the structure and type of data stored in a file. Some files, such as XML files, are used to store lists of items, while others, such as JPEG image files simply contain a block of data. A file format also defines whether the data is stored in a plain text or binary format.

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A format for compressing image files.

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A camera RAW image is an unprocessed photograph captured with a digital camera. Instead of applying lossy JPEG compression, which reduces the image quality, RAW mode saves files in a losslessly compressed format. Because Camera RAW files are uncompressed, they take up more space than typical JPEG images.

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Stands for "Tagged Image File Format." It is a graphics file format created in the 1980s to be the standard image format across multiple computer platforms. The TIFF format can handle color depths ranging from 1-bit to 24-bit.

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What is a PSD File? PSD (Photoshop Document) is an image file format native to Adobe's popular Photoshop Application. It's an image editing friendly format that supports multiple image layers and various imaging options. PSD files are commonly used for containing high quality graphics data.

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When talking about photography the term 'shadow' is used to describe the darkest parts of an image. Manipulation of the lighting and exposure of shadow within an image can be used to add or remove darkness from a scene, dramatically altering the overall feel and depth of a photograph.

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Midtones – These are neither shadows or highlights but rather a middle value of luminance.

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Highlights are usually defined as the brightest area in a photo. With that in mind, I would like to redefine highlights as the brightest area in a photo in which one can still see detail. The same is true of a great shadow. A shadow is defined as the darkest area of a photo in which you can still see detail.

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Sepia toning is a chemical process used in photography which changes the appearance of black-and-white prints to brown. The color is now often associated with antique photographs. Most photo graphics software programs and many digital cameras include a sepia tone filter to mimic the appearance of sepia-toned prints.

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Post processing is the process of editing the data captured by a camera while taking the photo taken to enhance the image. The better the data captured from a camera to create the photo the better the enhancement possibility is.

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Auto Mode. Automatic Exposure is when the camera chooses the optimum shutter speed, aperture, ISO and flash settings for your shot. All you need to do is point and shoot. This can be good if you have no idea of what settings to choose and also when you need to shoot quickly.

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The "program" in Program mode refers to the fact that you can fiddle with the shutter speed and aperture combo. Whether you choose Auto or Program, the camera chooses an aperture and shutter speed combination that will give you a good exposure.

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Aperture Priority mode is a semi-automatic shooting mode in cameras. It allows the user to select aperture (f-stop) while the camera automatically adjusts the shutter speed to get the correct exposure. In Canon cameras, it is labeled as Av (Aperture value) or in Nikon as A (Aperture).

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Shutter priority (usually denoted as S on the mode dial), also called time value (abbreviated as Tv), refers to a setting on some cameras that allows the user to choose a specific shutter speed while the camera adjusts the aperture to ensure correct exposure.

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Manual mode requires the photographer to make all the decisions that determine an image's exposure, as opposed to an automatic or semi-automatic mode that makes at least some of the calls for the photography. Manual exposure gives the maximum amount of control to the photographer.

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The exposure index or speed rating of a film which denotes the film's sensitivity. Film speed is the measure of a photographic film's sensitivity to light, determined by sensitometry and measured on various numerical scales, the most recent being the ISO system.

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For digital photography, ISO refers to the sensitivity—the signal gain—of the camera's sensor. The ISO setting is one of three elements used to control exposure.

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Film grain or granularity is the random optical texture of processed photographic film due to the presence of small particles of a metallic silver, or dye clouds, developed from silver halide that have received enough photons. While film grain is a function of such particles it is not the same thing as such.

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In digital photographs, “noise” is the commonly-used term to describe visual distortion. It looks similar to grain found in film photographs, but can also look like splotches of discoloration when it's really bad, and can ruin a photograph. Noise tends to get worse when you're shooting in low light.

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An image sensor is a device that allows the camera to convert photons – that is, light – into electrical signals that can be interpreted by the device. The first digital cameras used charge-coupled devices, facilitating movement of the electrical charge through the device so it could be modulated.

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Shutter speed is a measurement of the time the shutter is open, shown in seconds or fractions of a second: 1 s, 1/2 s, 1/4 s … 1/250 s, 1/ 500 s, etc. In other words, the faster the shutter speed the easier it is to photograph the subject without blur and “freeze” motion and the smaller the effects of camera shake.

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Bulb mode is an exposure setting on your camera that allows you to hold your shutter open for as long as you want. When Bulb mode is set, your shutter will stay open for as long as you have your finger on the shutter button, either on the camera or via a remote release.

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In photography, motion blur is the purposeful streaking or blurring of an object in motion in a photo for visual effect. It's a great technique for capturing movement in a still image, and is often used in both nature photography and sports photography.

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Camera shake is a term used to define the act of accidentally shaking a camera during shooting due to unsteady hands, which results in blurry images. This generally occurs more often if you're shooting on a low shutter speed or with a heavy lens, and can be avoided by using a tripod and cable release setup.

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Both a tripod and monopod are accessories designed to support a camera — where the two differ are the legs. A tripod has three legs (that's the “tri”). A monopod is a camera support that has one leg (that's the “mono”).

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Aperture refers to the opening of a lens's diaphragm through which light passes. Lower f/stops give more exposure because they represent the larger apertures, while the higher f/stops give less exposure because they represent smaller apertures.

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Bokeh is defined as “the effect of a soft out-of-focus background that you get when shooting a subject, using a fast lens, at the widest aperture, such as f/2.8 or wider.” Simply put, bokeh is the pleasing or aesthetic quality of out-of-focus blur in a photograph.

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Put simply, it refers to how blurry or sharp the area is around your subject. A shallow depth of field refers to a small area in focus. Often the subject is in focus, while the background is blurred. A deep depth of field captures a larger area in focus, often keeping everything in the image sharp and clear.

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The focal length of a lens is determined when the lens is focused at infinity. Lens focal length tells us the angle of view—how much of the scene will be captured—and the magnification—how large individual elements will be. The longer the focal length, the narrower the angle of view and the higher the magnification.

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Zoom. A Prime lens is one that has a fixed focal length; there is no zoom ring on the lens so the focal length always remains the same. (12-24mm or 16-35mm), the telephoto zoom lens (eg. 70-200mm, 100-400mm, and 150-600mm), or the multi-purpose zoom lens (such as the 18-300mm and 24-105mm lenses).

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Long exposure photography is the art of using a slow shutter speed (long exposure) to capture the cumulative effects of time passing – in one image. This technique allows you to capture clouds as they travel across the sky or the lights of traffic as they move along the highway. Long exposure photography is addictive!

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Time-lapse photography is most commonly used to capture slow processes that normally wouldn't be very visible or interesting if being watched with just the human eye (e.g., sunrise and sunset, the movement of the stars during the night, or the growth of plants).

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Light painting is a photographic technique where light is “painted” or “drawn” into the photograph using a hand held light source during a long exposure.

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In cinematography and photography panning means swivelling a still or video camera horizontally from a fixed position. This motion is similar to the motion of a person when they turn their head on their neck from left to right. In other words, the camera moves perpendicular to the direction it is pointed.

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The term "Resolution", when used to describe a digital camera refers to the size of the digital image the camera produces, and is usually expressed in terms of "megapixels" or how many million pixels it can record in a single image. More resolution means better quality - up to a point!