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- Music
- Conflict always drives the plot forward (internal & external)
- Focus on both action (parenthetical) and dialogue
- Use emotive language, powerful verbs
- Characters must be engaging. Can have opposing goals
- Create secondary sources of tension
- Keep making the reader ask questions

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An opinion piece is an article, usually published in a newspaper or magazine, that mainly reflects the author's opinion about a subject. this writer may have a strong following. Opinion pieces are featured in many periodicals. A periodical is a mag or newspaper published regularly. e.g. Time Magazine

Conventions:
Voice – This refers to many aspects of language including word choice, verb tense, tone and imagery.

Newsworthy – Is the column relevant to its time? What makes it newsworthy? This means that it often refers to recent events which people may find relevant

Call to action – Columnist usually call on the reader to become involved or care about an issue.

Humor – This is really an aspect of voice. Humor usual helps readers see a topic through an original and fun perspective.

Hard facts – This aspect of newsworthiness gives an opinion column credibility.

Logos – Appealing to logic will help persuade your readers.

- anecdote
- personal opinion; usually statements that critique, praise or comment on something or someone
- an appeal to a specific target audience
- often have a readership
- can use persuasive language
- can have a more chatty, informal register
- hard facts
- structure

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hank goodness for scientists talking about coronavirus rather than politicians. They speak English and sound sincere. Today's presentation by Whitehall's Sir Patrick Vallance and Chris Whitty was devoid of slogan and cliche. They just wanted to say that the virus was back, Covid-19 numbers were rising and we all should be worried. So far so reasonable.

What they did not do was take questions on their alarming thesis or indicate how it should affect government policy. They based their argument on two countries, Spain and France, both with "case surges" far worse than the UK, without mentioning Italy, Germany, Sweden or elsewhere - evidence that might point in the opposite direction.

Vallance and Whitty seemed trapped by the need to sustain public concern. We know the graph that appears each evening on the BBC showing UK cases rising ever nearer the 5,000 registered at the virus's peak in April. Everyone familiar with this graph knows it to be misleading. There was no proper testing in April and even the BBC explains that that peak figure was a wild underestimate. In addition, testing practice varies so widely across the UK and Europe that comparisons are meaningless. But the graph lingers on.

The illness has clearly returned, as was predicted, but with nothing like April's death rate. The figure to which most epidemiologists attach significance, that of "excess deaths" over the seasonal norm, which soared in April, now remains close to normal. Covid-19 hospital admissions are rising, but by some 200 a day compared with 3,000 a day in April. With 991 deaths a week attributed to ordinary flu and pneumonia, Covid-19, or both, with 78 of those having officially tested positive to Covid, the virus cannot be described as so ominous as to require a return to national lockdown.

Citing a potential "exponential rise" in deaths as Vallance did is to deploy the same threat as was used by Imperial College's Neil Ferguson with his forecast of half a million deaths back in March.

Respectable scientists outside the Downing Street clique plead almost daily for the nation to get used to living with this illness through the winter, shielding the vulnerable and ensuring that hospitals can cope with a winter upsurge. The outlook for a vaccine next year, as Vallance said, is genuinely hopeful.

Anyone travelling at present elsewhere in Europe notes almost universal mask-wearing and hand-washing, but none of Britain's indiscipline, panic and economic implosion. Today's scientists failed to supply any evidence of the effectiveness of the rule of six or of some undisclosed "circuit breaking" technique. Yet these one-size-fits-all measures are plainly devastating to large areas of the economy. As for excusing university students, office workers and grouse shooters, we are left in the dark.

Whitehall rumours abound of deep divisions between the "bubble" of scientists round Boris Johnson and other ministers wrestling to keep the economy and normal life in some sort of order. In other words, British policy is fractured just when it needs to be coherent. This virus is clearly endemic until a vaccine is developed. That seems inevitable. It is not inevitable that the government cripples the British economy beyond anything experienced previously, curbing personal freedom and inflicting misery and mental stress on millions. Only in Britain is this contemplated, and with "the science" cheering it on.

* Simon Jenkins is a Guardian columnist

* This article was amended on 21 September 2020 to clarify the number of deaths attributed to influenza and pneumonia, Covid-19, or both, and the number of deaths of those who officially tested positive for Covid-19

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Britain needs to live with coronavirus, not in fear of it | Simon Jenkins

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hank goodness for scientists talking about coronavirus rather than politicians. They speak English and sound sincere. Today's presentation by Whitehall's Sir Patrick Vallance and Chris Whitty was devoid of slogan and cliche. They just wanted to say that the virus was back, Covid-19 numbers were rising and we all should be worried.

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Advertisements are usually dominated by images

Prosodic features:
-intonation
-pace
-rhythm

Common features in all types of advertisements:
- the advertiser (logo, slogan, brand name, distinctive colour or image)
-the target audience (age, gender, social grade)
- the function of the advertisement or its message

Design:
Juxtapositions of slogan, image, copy and logo. The people, the props, the settings and the product can be described as non-verbal communication and work in a symbolic way (eg. the clothes the actors wear and the diamond necklace in a perfume commercial symbolize the perfume is associated with wealth)

Stereotypes:
Advertisers use cultural stereotypes to make sure their target audience will associate good things with a product or service, eg:
glasses-cleverness
books-education
beer-masculinity

Language and tone:
The language is often associated with everyday conversation, the tone is informal and chatty

Grammar:
the grammar of advertisements is also similar to informal spoken language. Pronouns help advertisers create a personal relationship with consumers. By using the second person pronoun "you", advertisements can appeal directly to the reader or viewer, aiming to make them feel special

Metaphorical language:
Advertisements use metaphorical language to attract attention to the product
-metaphors link emotive associations to a product, building up an impression that will influence potential consumers
-symbolism encourages viewers or readers to make certain connections that will colour their view
-personification or animation of inanimate bnjects can create a mysterious or comic atmosphere

Rhetorical techniques:
-repetition highlights key points or a particular brand name
-parallelism allows advertisers to use structured patterns to contrast or emphasise points
-rhythmic beats make copy more memorable
-alliteration and rhyme make slogans and copy stand out

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- Fade in: the very first item on the first page
- Scene Heading: a one-line description of the location and time of day of a scene
- Action: the narrative description of the events of a scene
- Transition: film editing instructions
- Character's first appearance: a description of the character, the name should be CAPPED
- Character: a character's name always appears above his dialogue
- Dialogue: lines of speech for each character
- Subheader: for when a full scene heading is not necessary
- Parenthetical: action or attitude direction for a character
- Extension: a note placed after the character's name to indicate how the voice will be heard onscreen
- Mores and continueds: use mores and continueds between pages to indicate the same character is still speaking
- Intercut: instructions for a series of quick cuts between two scene locations
- Page number: located 0.5'' from the top, flush right

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How to create a safe, respectful environment?

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How to create a safe, respectful environment?

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The ability to trust one another

Being open-minded

Empathetic towards other people’s viewpoints

Understand that everyone is from a different background and is at different English levels

Support each other

Avoid speaking in a conceited, aggressive manner as it comes across as egotistical

Be prepared to fail

Ability to be a risk-taker and not be nervous to express your own opinions

Having the ability to learn and progress from one’s own mistakes

Have an enthusiastic, inquisitive mindset coming into class

Building a good rapport with the rest of the class

Have a positive attitude in the classroom