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This chapter focuses on the most important topic about everyone's daily life; their health.
There are so many disease out there that we harm ourselves with while knowing the effects expecting it not to happen to us.  For example, we have all seen the commercials on smoking yet a great population still smokes.  There have been alternatives to smoking cigarettes which is called vaping, yet it still can create lung problems.  Smoking can lead to COPD, emphysema, heart disease and many more to decrease your life expectancy.
Another disease that destroys your body's immune system is HIV which causes AIDS.  This is another topic many people try to avoid talking about yet know it exists.  Everyone has had health class and learned about this disease yet why do so many people contract it?  Learning about this chapter can help put diseases into perspective and help people remember the consequences of carelessness.
Another topic this chapter recognizes is obesity. Living in California it is too easy to head to a taco shop after work but unless you moderate your food portions or workout, it can create problems for you.  There are so many Americans who are overweight or considered obese that won't live as long as someone who is considered healthy.

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Functionalist:                                                                                             Conflict:                                                                                        Symbolic Interactionist:
Focus:                                                                                                    Focus: Focus:
on the positivity of sickness and healing                                         The negativity of medical care Interaction between doctor and patient
Insight:                                                                                                    Insight: Insight:
Both sickness and healing, and thus medical care system            Providing better social environment reduces mortality Patients are more satisfied with medical treatment
contribute to social order and better health.                                   more than medicine does. if their doctors interact positively with them.

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Symbolic Interactionist Perspective: The Importance of Doctor-Patient Interaction

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Symbolic Interactionist Perspective: The Importance of Doctor-Patient Interaction

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-Patients evaluate warm, friendly doctors favorable even when they have not provided successful treatment.

-Interacting with patients, friendly doctors are more likely than dominant doctors to take into account the views, feeling and expectations patients have.

-To patient: illness is unusual thus expecting doctors to show great deal of concern.

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Conflict Perspective: The Negative Aspects of Medical Care

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Conflict Perspective: The Negative Aspects of Medical Care

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-Improvements in the social environment contribute far more than medical interventions to reduce illness and mortality.

-Study shows: 3.5% of total decline in mortality from five infectious diseases can be attributed to medical measures.

-Decline in mortality due to several factors:

Rising standard of living.

Better sanitation and hygiene.

Improved housing and nutrition

-Medical institution fails to bring about significant improvement in health population as a whole.

-Unequal distribution of health and medical care reflect the larger social inequality.

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Myth: The fact that poor countries have high birth rates is virtually the only reasons for their tremendous population growth.

Reality: Modern medicine, along with better hygiene, contributes to population growth by sharply reducing death rates.

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International Migration- movement of people from one country to another.

-Effect of immigration: Young adults from lower-class families = immigrants multiply within family increasing population.

-Pushes / pulls stimulates migrations:

Pushes- Typically comes from economic hardship, compels people to leave their country.

-Pull-  Economic opportunity else where.

Other characteristics of population influences its growth:

Age structure

Sex ratio

Marriage rate

Age structure- Pattern of the proportions of different age groups within a population.
Sex ratio- Indicates the number of males per 100 females.
Marriage rate- Number of marriages in a given year for every 1,000 people.

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Death Rate- Number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 members of a population.

-Rich nations = average 10 deaths per 1,000 population.

-Poor nations = 13 deaths per 1,000 population.

Infant mortality rate- Shows numbers of deaths among infants less than 1 year old for every 1,000 live births.

Life expectancy- Average number of years that a group of people can expect to live.

-Factors that shape death rates and life expectancy:

Medical practice i.e Immunizations for children

Wealth nutrition ans sanitation improvement

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Birth rate- Number of babies born in a year for every 1,000 members of a population.

-Births / Total population x 1,000

-People in poor countries tend to have larger families on average 4 or more children.

-Developed countries are close to or already experiencing zero population growth:

Situation in which the population stops growing

-Reasons to why rich nations have fewer babies

Access to effective and convenient methods of birth control.

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-2/3 adults are overweight.

-1/3 adults obese.

-Obesity of teens and children have tripled.

-Eating less and exercising helps prevent obesity.

-50% of advertisements for junk food is aimed towards children

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Functionalist Perspective: The Functions of Sick and Healing Roles

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Functionalist Perspective: The Functions of Sick and Healing Roles

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Sick role- Set of social expectations regarding how an ill person should behave.
Healing role- Set of social expectations regarding how a doctor should behave.

Their Rights:
1. Right to be taken care of by others because they don't choose to be sick
2. Have right to be exempted from certain social duties.

Obligations:
1. The sick are obligated to want to get well.
2. Obligated to seek technically competent help

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-2003 Gallup poll: "Whether U.S health care was in a state crisis, having major problems."

2% No problems

8% Mentioned "crisis"

50% Major problems

39% Minor problems

HIGH COST
-Last 30 years, health care costs increased faster than rate of inflation for other goods.
PAYMENT SYSTEM
-60% Americans have private medical insurances.

-25% Americans are covered by one or two types of public, government-paid insurances:

Medicare- Pays most of the medical bills for older, retired people

Medicaid- Pays all of medical expenses of the poor and disabled

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Myth: Older people are more vulnerable than younger people to nearly all kinds of illness.

Reality: More likely to suffer from chronic illness, older people are less susceptible to acute infectious illnesses

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-Every year since 1990: 33,000 Americans died from AIDS.

-13 times that many died from illnesses due to smoking.

-U.S highest rate of tobacco-related deaths in the world.

-White teenagers more likely to smoke than African American.

-75% of adults smokers started smoking before age 18.

-Prevalence of smoking: 3x higher among people with less than 12 years of education compared to 16 years of education.

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-Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) Directly causes Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS).

-Disease destroys body's immune system.

-Defenseless against other diseases.

-Highest number of Americans with AIDS 2000 were:

Homosexuals at 13,562

Drug users at 10,079

Heterosexuals at 6,530

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Epidemiology: Study of the origin and spread of disease in a given population.

-Used to trace origins of different diseases.

-Study shows majority of victims have eaten high-cholesterol foods, smoked or drunk heavily, failed to get enough exercise results in heart disease.

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A Global Analysis of Health:

-Life expectancy In the United States: Increased more than 50% since 1900.

-Expected life span: 77 years old compared to 49 years old back in the day.

-Within in 10 Industrial countries, Japans life expectancy is at 80 years old.

-United States is tenth on the list with 77 years old.

-United States ranked #1 for infant mortality rate
-Japan was 10th on the list.

-U.S health rate is lower than most countries due to being less egalitarian than other industrialized countries.

-In more egalitarian societies, most people experience feelings that contribution to good health, such as support, friendship, cooperation, and sociability.