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What is the issue?
Bats causes damage to the nuts by making characteristic holes. The affected nuts will be fallen and can be seen near plant base. And the attack normally takes place during night. It eats cultivated fruits and by defoliating in tree which they roost during the day which cause damage to coconut trees.

Where is the location?
Tanzania

What is the species?
Local name: Roosting Fruit Bat
Scientific name: Eidolon helvum

Members:
Qurratul Syuhada Ahmad Zabri 125937
Nur Lyana Ridzuan 125923
Fatin Nurul Haziera Abd Hamid 125877
Putri Zulaiha Khairul Bahri 125935

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What is the issue?
Bats can create quite a mess where they live. Whether the colony is located in an attic or wall void, the droppings can damage materials and can also have an unacceptable pungent odor. Bat droppings can also contain microbes which can lead to respiratory disease. Anyone who comes in contact with bats should wear respiratory protection to avoid breathing potentially harmful microbes. Also, bats should not be handled by anyone except the trained wildlife expert.

Bats can damage structures as they can chew building materials and also enlarge access holes. They generally don’t cause extensive structural damage.

Where is the location?
House, building such condominium, apartment

What is the species?
Local name: Big brown bat
Scientific name: Eptesicus fuscus

Members:
Qurratul Syuhada Ahmad Zabri 125937
Nur Lyana Ridzuan 125923
Fatin Nurul Haziera Abd Hamid 125877
Putri Zulaiha Khairul Bahri 125935

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What is the issue?
The Nipah virus(NiV) outbreak in Malaysia (September 1998 to May 1999) resulted in 265 cases of acute encephalitis with 105 deaths, and near collapse of the billion-dollar pig-farming industry. Humans contracted the infection from close contact with infected pigs, and formed the basis for pig-culling that eventually stopped the outbreak. The discovery of NiV in the urine and saliva of Malaysian Island flying foxes (Pteropus hypomelanus and Petropus vampyrus) implicated these as natural reservoir hosts of NiV. It is probable that initial transmission of NiV from bats to pigs occurred in late 1997/early 1998 through contamination of pig swill by bat excretions, as a result of migration of these forest fruitbats to cultivated orchards and pig-farms, driven by fruiting failure of forest trees.

Where is the location?
Northern part of Peninsular Malaysia and subsequently spread to various regions of the country and Singapore

What is the species? (Scientific & local name)
Scientific Name : Pteropus hypomelanus & Petropus vampyrus
Common Name : Malaysian Island flying foxes

Members :
Low Tek Joo 125897
Zou Bei 123082
Teo Shi Huey 126202
Low Li Huie 126148

References :
Chua, K. B. (2003). Nipah virus outbreak in Malaysia. Journal of Clinical Virology, 26(3), 265-275. doi:10.1016/s1386-6532(02)00268-8

Looi, Lai-Meng & Chua, Kaw-Bing. (2008). Lessons from the Nipah virus outbreak in Malaysia. The Malaysian journal of pathology. 29. 63-7.

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What is the issue?
Case 1: Cynopterus sphinx damages up to 90 % of the crop along peripheries of plantations and may cause revenue losses of up to US $590 per ha and year (Srinivasulu and Srinivasulu 2002).
Case 2: Sanguivorous vampire bats can cause substantial economic damage: Estimates for 1968 placed losses at $47.5 million USD for over 512,000 rabiesrelated cattle deaths in Latin America (Arellano-Sota 1988). Harassment by vampire bats can put cattle off their feed, resulting in annual weight losses estimated at roughly 40 kg/head and milk production loss of 261 L/head (Schmidt and Badger 1979). These estimates fail to take into account the effects of vampire bats on the medium and small domestic animals (e.g., chickens, pigs, goats) that provide critical sources of animal protein for millions of smallholder farmers across the region.

Where is the location?
Case 1: Indian vineyards
Case 2: Neotropics

What is the species?
Case 1:
Scientific name: Cynopterus sphinx
Local name: Greater short-nosed fruit bat/short-nosed Indian fruit bat
Case 2:
Scientific name: Desmodus rotundus
Local name: Sanguivorous vampire bats

Members name and matric no.
Alicia Prasana Santhosam 125869
Catherine Chieng Ying Ying 126119
Foo Kai Xin 125879
Ler Wei Rong 125893
Woo Pei Ling 125956

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1.Ahmad Hadri bin Jumaat (126114)
2.Muhd Hazim Asyraf bin Mohd Kamal (126160)
3.Muhd Iftar Johwan bin Johny@Hasbulah (126154)
4.Mohd Nazim bin Mohd Sah (117894)
5.Muhammad Aminuddin Baqi bin Hasrizal Fuad  (127218)

Issue:
Artificial wetlands and surrounding habitats provide important foraging habitat for bats in agricultural landscapes in the Western Cape, South Africa. From a study that had been done, the artificial wetlands and agricultural areas surrounding wetlands are valuable foraging habitats
for bats in the Western Cape. A better understanding of factors that influence local bat abundance in Western Cape would be particularly relevant for improving biological pest control. In particular species such as Laephotis namibiensis (Namib long-eared bat), Rhinolophus capensis (Cape horseshoe bat), and Rhinolophus clivosus (Geoffroy's horseshoe bat) in orchards are likely to control pests, since these species prey primarily on adult moths including pests of fruit plantations that are not controlled effectively by insecticides.

Location:

Western Cape, South Africa.

Species:

Neoromomicia capensis (Cape honeysuckle)

Tadarida aegyptiaca (Egyptian guano bat)

Sauromys petrophilus (Roberts's flat-headed bat)

Eptesicus hottentotus (Long-tailed house bat)

Miniopterus natalensis (Natal long-fingered bat)

Myotis tricolor (Cape hairy bat)

Laephotis namibiensis (Namib long-eared bat)

Rhinolophus capensis (Cape horseshoe bat)

Rhinolophus clivosus (Geoffroy's horseshoe bat)

Reference:

Sirami, C., Jacobs, D., & Cumming, G. (2013). Artificial wetlands and surrounding habitats provide important foraging habitat for bats in agricultural landscapes in the Western Cape, South Africa. Biological Conservation, 164, 30-38. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2013.04.017

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Nur Asnida binti A Razak 125919
Nur Afieqah binti Mohammad 125915
Tuan Ainul Asyikin binti Tuan Azlan 125954
Nur Afifah binti Sharudin 127196

Species: Brazilian free-tailed bat, Tadarida brasiliensis

Issue: Predation on agricultural pests by insectivorous bats, Tadarida brasiliensis enhance the economic value of agricultural systems by reducing the frequency of required spraying and delaying the ultimate need for new pesticides.  Agronomics of both Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) and conventional cotton production is more profitable when large numbers of insectivorous bats are present.

Location: Texas Winter Garden, USA

Reference: Federico, P., Hallam, T. G., McCracken, G. F., Purucker, S. T., Grant, W. E., Correa-Sandoval, A. N., ... & López, J. D. (2008). BRAZILIAN FREE‐TAILED BATS AS INSECT PEST REGULATORS IN TRANSGENIC AND CONVENTIONAL COTTON CROPS. Ecological Applications, 18(4), 826-837.

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Task Week 5(a) : Bat as a pest? Really ?

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Task Week 5(a) : Bat as a pest? Really ?

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Agricultural area:           Sugarcane country

Issue:           Weakening of cattle through losses of blood, made them susceptible to disease and parasitic infection, transmitting paralytic rabies (Derriengue).

Location:           the base of the Sierra Madre Mazateca of Estacion Vicente, from Latin America to North of Mexico

Scientific name           :           Desmodus rotundus

Local name                 :           Vampire bat

Everything was taken from (Schmidt et al., 1970)

References:

Schmidt, U., Greenhall, A. M., & Lopez-Forment, W. (1970). Vampire bat control in Mexico. Bijdragen Dierkunde, 40(747), 76.

Group members:
Chong Yong Fatt 123824
Tang Chu Nie 123849
Soo Aie Ling 123848
Muhammad Nuruddin 125904
Manmit Singh 126151

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Group members : 1) Teh Suhaila binti Zuhairi  123850
2) Zaizatulasyikin binti Razali  123855
3) Fatin Suhaila binti Shukor 123826
4) Hanani binti Munir  123828

In the agriculture area : Eastern Australia
a) What is the issue?
-  flying fox was a serious pest of orchards in eastern Australia
b) Where is the location?
- Eastern Australia
c) What is the species? (scientific and local name)
Scientific : Pteropus sp.
Local name : Flying foxes (bat)

References : h ttps://www.daf.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0006/71970/Flying-fox-control-methods-research.pdf

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ISSUES: VAMPIRE BAT CONTROL IN MEXICO

a) Issue

The agricultural problem is caused by weakening of the cattle through loss of blood making them more susceptible to disease and parasite infestation as well as by transmitting paralytic rabies.

Up to now, no specific control method for vampire bats are known.

b) Location
Abundance from Northern Argentina to the whole of Latin America to the North of Mexico.

c) Species

Common Vampire bats: Desmodus rotundus

Hairy- legged vampire bats: Diphylla ecaudata

White- winged vampire bats: Diaemus youngi

All these three species are native to Americas ranging from Mexico to Brazil and Argentina.

Conclusion
Although bats are known as a good pollinators to various type of plants, but some of the species are considered as a pest.

Reference
http://repository.naturalis.nl/document/548045

GROUP MEMBERS

Isyriati Ishak 125884

Khairun Ainaa Kamarudin 125886

Ku Noor Khalidah Ku Halim 127165

Nur Ezziati Amira Taufet Rosdi 127004

Sharifah Shakinah Syed Aziz 127007

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TASK WEEK 5 (A) : BATS AS A PEST? REALLY?

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TASK WEEK 5 (A) : BATS AS A PEST? REALLY?

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MURNI BINTI ABDUL WAHID 125906
SITI AISHAH BINTI MOHD ALI 125941
ZARITH SOFFY BINTI MUHAMED ZAINI 125950
ZULAIKHA ILANI BINTI ROSLAN 125960
MUHAMMAD SHAHRULNIZAM BIN ASMEE 125905

ISSUE : Histoplasmosis Outbreaks in United States and Puerto Rico farm or chicken coop

a) ISSUE : caused by fungus (Histoplasma capsulatum that transmitted to humans by airborne fungus spores from soil contaminated by birds and bats droppings.

b) LOCATION : United States and Puerto Rico farm or chicken coop

c) SPECIES : Silver-haired bat (Lasionycteris noctivagans)

REFERENCES :
*https://academic.oup.com/aje/article-abstract/109/4/480/195251/HISTOPLASMOSIS-IN-SOUTH-CAROLINA-SUPPORT-FOR-THE?redirectedFrom=PDF
*http://www.idph.state.il.us/public/hb/hbb&bdrp.htm
*https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4766901/

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Ain Dania Qistina Binti Hashim (125865)
Atikah Binti Ali (123823)
Esther Anne Anak Randi (123825)
Nur Amalina Binti Bujang (123835)
Nur Eaina Tassya Binti Narudin (123836)

i) What is the issue?
ii) Where is the location?
iii) What is the species? (Scientific & local name)

Australian bat lyssavirus (ABLV) is closely related to the rabies virus and, although there have been only a few cases diagnosed to date, all were fatal. In one case symptoms did not appear for almost 2.5 years after infection by a bat bite, but death occurred 19 days later. The known cases of lyssavirus have all been in the warmer areas of northern Australia however bats with the disease have subsequently been found in the southern city of Melbourne. It is also thought possible that lyssavirus exists in some southern Asian countries such as the Philippines. In Queensland, Australia, evidence of ABLV infection has been found in species of black flying foxes or black fruit bats, Pteropus alecto  and insect-eating microbats. It is assumed that any bat in Australia could potentially carry ABLV.

* http://www.health.nsw.gov.au/infectious/factsheets/pages/rabies-australian-bat-lyssavirus-infection.aspx

* http://www.flockandherd.net.au/other/reader/emerging-bat-diseases.html

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Egyptian Fruit bat Rousettus aegyptiacus as an agricultural pest.

Species name and local name:
Rousettus aegyptiacus (Egyptian Fruit bat)

Location:
-throughout Africa, except in the desert regions of the Sahara,
-throughout the Middle East, as far east as Pakistan and northern India.

Issue:
- In Israel, the bats were observed to feed on commercial fruits such as pears, apples, mandarins, pomegranate and litchi.  It is the most common bat and may be found in cities, national parks and nature reserves.
- In Cyprus, the Fruit bat was declared as a pest by the Department of Agriculture of the Ministry of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Environment of Cyprus since the early 1900s.

References:
Hadjisterkotis, E. (2006). The destruction and conservation of the Egyptian Fruit bat Rousettus aegyptiacus in Cyprus: a historic review. European Journal of Wildlife Research, 52(4), 282-287. doi:10.1007/s10344-006-0041-7

Korine, C., Izhaki, I., & Arad, Z. (1999). Is the Egyptian fruit-bat Rousettus aegyptiacus a pest in Israel? An analysis of the bats diet and implications for its conservation. Biological Conservation, 88(3), 301-306. doi:10.1016/s0006-3207(98)00126-8

Group Members:
Lee Wen Jie 126143
Tan Jou Heng 126201
Choong Wee Chin 126127
Kee Kai Shing 126135
Lim Pei Yee 126145