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a wave vibrating in the direction of propagation.

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Refraction is the change in direction of wave propagation due to a change in its transmission medium. The phenomenon is explained by the conservation of energy and the conservation of momentum.

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Reflection is the change in direction of a wavefront at an interface between two different media so that the wavefront returns into the medium from which it originated. Common examples include the reflection of light, sound and water waves.

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the process by which a beam of light or other system of waves is spread out as a result of passing through a narrow aperture or across an edge, typically accompanied by interference between the wave forms produced.

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A substance that makes possible the transfer of energy from one location to another, especially through waves. For example, matter of sufficient density can be a medium for sound waves, which transfer mechanical energy. See more at wave.

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a wave vibrating at right angles to the direction of its propagation.

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A mechanical wave is a wave that is an oscillation of matter, and therefore transfers energy through a medium.

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Vibration, periodic back-and-forth motion of the particles of an elastic body or medium, commonly resulting when almost any physical system is displaced from its equilibrium condition and allowed to respond to the forces that tend to restore equilibrium.

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A trough is the opposite of a crest, so the minimum or lowest point in a cycle.

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A crest is the point on a wave with the maximum value or upward displacement within a cycle. ... A point on the wave is a trough if the displacement of the medium at that point is at a minimum.