# data[].attributes.body
- no bones
- like bony fish but have several gill slits
- skin
covered with placoid scales
- rough, sand
paper feeling skin
- nostrils on
the side of their head
- teeth fused
to jaw
- skeletons
made of cartilage rather than bone

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- Sharks: skeletons are made purely of cartilage and connective tissues or muscles, no bones making them lighter (cartilage 1/2 density of bone)

- Rays: largest group of cartilaginous fishes (600 species in 26 families)

-Skates: like rays (150 species in 17 families)

-Chimaeras: ghost sharks, rat fish, spookfish, rabbit fish

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- endoskeleton consists mainly of cartilage
- exoskeleton
made of placoid (sharp enamel)
- mouth
cavity is ventral
- tail is
heterocercal
- have 5
gills but no gill opercelum (cover)
-
fertilization is through internal mechanisms

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- two-chambered hearts
- since they
have no bones red blood cells are produced in the spleen
- have
Leydig's organ that is only found in catilaginous fishes
- continually
shed and replace their teeth (up to 35,000 teeth in a lifetime)

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- internal fertilization
- males
sharks have 2 organs (claspers) in between pelvic fins
- claspers:
transfer sperm to female reproductive system
- Can develop
for up to 2 years in the mother before being born, some babies eating their
siblings in the mother​

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jCdJeBMZaYQ

# data[].attributes.body
- class osteichthyes
- defined by:
- gill rakers
- hinged jaw
- gill filaments
- gill arches
- operculum (gill cover) used for pumping water across the swim bladders and gills to help control mucous lined scales and buoyancy
- fins:
- Pelvic fin
- pectoral fin
- anal fin
- dorsal fins
- tail

# data[].attributes.body
- Osteichthyes:
-Bony fish (super class)

- Actinopterygii:
- Ray finned fish (supper class)

- Sarcopterygii:
- Lobe finned fish

# data[].attributes.headline
Distinction of How Groups are Different 

# data[].attributes.subject
Distinction of How Groups are Different 

# data[].attributes.body
- unlike other fish they have internal (ossified) skeleton... made with calcified bone

# data[].attributes.body
- calcified skeleton
- cranium
- mouth

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- development stage:
-offspring get released
-- fertilized eggs
-- sexually mature adults
-- larvae
-- juvenile fish
ex:
> oviparous bony fish:
-- they release eggs
-- they then develop embryo that gets nourished by a yolk sac

# data[].attributes.body
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WzW8Zr7rr4Y

# data[].attributes.body
- cold blooded
- they can regulate their inner body temperature with the temperature of their environment
- scaly skins
- no hair or fur
- lizards:
- dry skin made up of scales
-they use there tongue to help them smell

# data[].attributes.body
- feathers (most unique because no other class has them)
- Wings (just because a bird has wings doesn't mean it can fly)
- beak
- eggs
- skeleton

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- backbone and spine because they are vertebrates
- warm blooded because they are endothermic
- they regulate their own body temperature
- hair
- produce milk to feed their babies

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- monotremes
- marsupials
- placental mammals

Mammals can be divided into three more groups based on how their babies develop. These three groups are monotremes, marsupials, and the largest group, placentalmammals. Monotremes are mammals that lay eggs. The only monotremes that are alive today are the spiny anteater, or echidna, and the platypus.

# data[].attributes.body
- paws
- hands
- hooves
- they feed their kids young milk that they produce through their mammary glands

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- mammary glands
- hair
- 3 middle ear bones

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They are born either hatched form eggs or alive from their mother -> then they grow up.

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hGonwMTPV6g

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- Crocodilia: (23 species)
ex:   alligators
crocodiles
caimans
gharials
- Testudines: (300 species)
ex:   tortoises
turtles
- Sphenodontia: (2 species)
ex: tuataras (from New Zealand)
- Squamata: (7,900 species)
ex:    snakes
lizards
amphisbaenids ("worm lizards")

# data[].attributes.body
- strisores:
ex:
- nightjars
- Other nocturnal birds
~diurnal swifts
~hummingbirds
- Frogmouths
- Columbaves:
-Turacos
- Mesites
- Sandgrouse
- Bustards
- Pigeons
- Cuckoos
- Gruiformes:
- Flufftails
- Cranes
- Rails
- Sungrebe
- Crakes
- Aequorlitornithes:
- shore birds
- other water birds
- flamingos
- penguins
- grebes
- tropic birds
- gulls
- Inopinaves:
- all land birds...
- hawks
- songbirds
- toucans
- parrots
- falcons

# data[].attributes.headline
Distinction of how Groups are Different 

# data[].attributes.subject
Distinction of how Groups are Different 

# data[].attributes.body
- Unlike mammals, birds lay eggs and have feathers

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Reptiles are because unlike amphibians reptiles come from herpetology and there name means crawling or creeping animals.

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- snake:
- left lung
- heart
- right lung
- liver
- stomach
- small intestine
- Lizard:
- heart
-lung
- liver
- stomach
- small intestine
- ovary
- bladder
- kidney
- turtle:
- liver
- heart
- stomach
- small intestine

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- collarbone (clavical)
- forewing bone (humerous)
- shoulder blade (scapula)
- coracoid
- foramen triosseum
- muscles...
- Supracoracoideus (attaches sternum to humerous)
- pectoralis (wing)
- sternum
- humerous
- triosseal canal

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They are born either hatched form eggs or alive from their mother -> then they grow up.

# data[].attributes.body
They are born either hatched form eggs or alive from their mother -> then they grow up.

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https://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/magazine/my-shot-minute/ngm-reptiles-msm

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DU-V3OYwwQU