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Social Studies Packets Chapter 11-12

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This video is like a fun musical that explains what the XYZ Affair was and what happened

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Video # 1- The election of George Washington and his Precedents 

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Video # 1- The election of George Washington and his Precedents 

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This video talks about how George Washington got elected, what he did while he was in office, and what Precedents he created for all Presidents to come.

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James Madison was the 4th President of the United States. Madison tried a new approach at protecting american ships at sea by offering France and Great Britain a deal. The deal was if you agree to cease your attacks on american ships, the United States will stop trading with your enemy. Napoleon agreed to Madison offer, but secretly gave his navy orders to continue seizing american ships headed towards British ports. Madison wanted to believe in Napoleons false promise so all trade between America and Great Britain was shut down. Meanwhile the British continued seizing american ships and impressing sailors . Madison saw only one way for the British to respect american rights and that was to abandon George Washington's policy of isolationism and go to war with Great Britain. Many Federalists and New Englanders opposed going to war with England because that would close their ports, but the south supported going to war. Meanwhile, as Americans were moving further out west they ran into more and more troubles with the Indians. When the settlers settled into the Ohio valley region a chief named Tecumseh tried to fight back and stop the settlers. Americans fought the Indians and after the Indians were pushed out of the Ohio Valley region the Americans found out that the Indians had British guns. Americans were outraged and later Madison decided to abandon Washington's policy of isolationism and Congress declared war on Great Britain. This war would later be known as the War of 1812. The War Hawks were over joyed when the War of 1812 began and they thought that conquering Canada was going to be a matter of marching. as the years passed, anytime the U.S. forces crossed Canada the British would push them back out. In 1803 the U.S. had one of there first successful attempts by capturing a British fleet of six ships on Lake Erie. Unfortunately,when the British beat the France in Europe they were able to send a lot more troops over to Canada. Not only did the British outnumber the american army in troops they also had Chief Tecumseh and the Indians helping them. Later the British decided to attack the U.S. capitol, but after the city was burned the american flag was still there and that where the song The Star Spangled Banner was written. Later the U.S. one the major Battle of New Orleans and the treaty of Ghent was signed officially ending the War. Although both sides claimed victory after the war was over neither side really won the War of 1812. Still the war had some important effects, like the Indian resistance was weakened due to the loss of their Chief so the Indians were driven out of the Ohio Valley region. Many Americans considered this the second war of Independence now that they had truthfully become a sovereign nation. And lastly the Federalists party was badly damaged due to their opposition of war and never really recovered. The picture below shows the British and Indian relationship during the War of 1812 and the Indian in this picture is even carrying a British gun.

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Three Branches of Government: Judicial Branch

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Three Branches of Government: Judicial Branch

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The Constitution divides the government into three branches of government, the Legislative, the Executive, and the Judicial branch. The Judicial branch interprets the laws, decide what they mean, and make sure the laws follow the guidelines of the Constitution. The Judicial branch is made up of court systems the main one being the Supreme Court. While the Constitution spells out age, citizenship, and residency requirements for the President the Constitution doesn't actually mention any rules for being a judge in the Supreme Court. Once a member of the Supreme Court, always a member, which means the justices in the Supreme Court can serve a life long term. There are nine Supreme Court justices, but there used to be six justices due to the Judiciary Act of 1789. Some powers that the Judicial branch have is the power to approve presidential appointments and the power to declare certain laws unconstitutional. The picture below is a picture of a judge because the Judicial branch is made up of the court systems.

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James Monroe was the 5th President of the United States and was the President right after the War of 1812. Americans began to turn their attention away from Europe and directed it to events happening in Latin America. Latin Americans were rising up in revolt against Spain. Many Americans were excited by the independence movements happening in Latin America and the British also supported the revolutions. Now that the ports were open for trade because Spain wasn't shutting them off, Latin America wanted to trade with other countries such as Great Britain. Since Britain was going to trade with Latin America this made the U.S. wonder if they should be doing anything to help. Later after the British had decided to trade with Latin America, Thomas Jefferson and James Madison both liked the idea of joining with Great Britain to send a warning to the nations of Europe. In 1823 James Monroe made a speech to Congress announcing a policy that became known as the Monroe Doctrine. The document stated that both nations of North and South America were free and independent so there shall be no further colonizing by any European power. It also stated that the U.S. would view efforts by the Europeans to take over any portion of this hemisphere as dangerous to Americas peace and safety.Europeans denounced Monroe's message as arrogant, but the Americans were proud to see the U.S. stand up for the freedom loving people of Latin America. In the years ahead the Doctrine joined isolationism as a basic principle of the foreign policy and it asserted that the U.S. would not accept European Interference in American affairs. After the Monroe Doctrine was set into the foreign policy Henry Clay came up with idea of an American System to help economic development. Henry's idea was that the Federal government should implement protective tariffs and that the national banking system should help develop the economy. Once the national banks and the Federal government were in charge, tariffs were more fair and stuff like roads and canals were better, not to mention a banking system was setup. Better roads and canals could be made due to the money the national banks got from collecting tariffs. These better roads and canals lead to the United States growing more, becoming more powerful, more wealthy and self sufficient. The picture below shows a comic strip that talks about some of the more important points mentioned in the Monroe Doctrine.

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Thomas Jefferson was the 2nd Vice President, the 3rd President, and one of the leaders of the Republicans. While Jefferson was in office settlers were trying to move further out west. America wanted control of the Port of New Orleans, but France already had control of the port. The Port of New Orleans was connected to the Mississippi river which the U.S. was trying to take control of from the Indians and the port would provide a good place for trade. In order to secure the Port of New Orleans for America, Jefferson offers to buy the port from France for $2 million. Since Napoleon needed money to fund his wars, he offered to sell the entire Louisiana Territory to the U.S. for $15 million. Jefferson agreed to the offer and the purchase doubled the size of the U.S. and lead to more Americans moving further out west to explore and settle the land. This Purchase would lead to the Lewis and Clark expedition and later be known as the Louisiana Purchase. Later on, Britain began attacking U.S. ships and impressing american sailors. This meant that Great Britain was kidnapping american sailors and forcing them into their navy. In addition to these attacks, Pirates from the Mediterranean and France continue attacking U.S. merchant ships. The Pirates would seize the ships and hold the sailors for ransom. President Washington and Adams had both paid tribute to Barbary state rulers in exchange for the safety of american ships. Jefferson tried desperately to convince Great Britain and France to leave U.S. ships alone, but they both kept seizing American ships. Since Jefferson hated the idea of war he proposed an embargo, a complete halt of trade with other nations. Under the Embargo Act passed by Congress in 1807, no foreign ships could enter U.S. ports and no american ships could could leave, except to trade at other U.S. ports. The Embargo Act proved to be more painful than Jefferson thought, causing many sailors to lose their jobs and the U.S. economy was hurt. Later in 1809 Congress repealed the Embargo Act and the U.S. ships returned to sea only to be attacked by French and British War ships again. The picture below represents how the U.S. was hurt do to the Embargo Act and what effect it had on their nation. Also embargo spelled backwards is o grab me.

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John Adams was the second President of the United States and the First Vice President. Adams ran t be the First President but lost badly resulting in being the Vice President. While Jon Adams was in office he faced some problems, one being the XYZ Affair. France was still at war with Great Britain and due to the foreign policy Washington made the U.S. want aiding either side. France was mad at America so they attacked a number of U.S. ships. This was a problem so John Adams sent three diplomats to France to negotiate the problem. France sent three foreign minister representatives refereed to as x, y, and z to negotiate with the diplomats. France demanded tribute in order to stop attacking the ships, but the U.S. refused and started preparing war ships. Napoleon takes power in France and negotiates a peace treaty to end their alliance with the U.S and to stop attacking American ships. John Adams avoids war, but loses support from the Federalists. President Adams tried to work close with Thomas Jefferson the Vice President, but since they were from different political parties Adams found this useless. Meanwhile, the Federalists in Congress passed four controversial laws know as the Alien and Sedition Acts. These laws made it harder for immigrants, or what Federalists called aliens to become citizens. The laws stated that the government could jail or deport aliens who were suspected of activities that threatened the government and made encouraging rebellion against the government a crime. These laws were seen as an attack on the Republican party. Later in Election of 1800 John Adams did not get reelected due to his unpopularity by the Republicans and even his own party, the Federalists. However, the former Vice President Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr tie at first. The House of Representatives ended up breaking the tie and chose Thomas Jefferson as the next President and Aaron Burr as Vice President. To avoid any further ties Congress ended up passing a 12th amendment, that stated that the Electoral College should vote for a President and a Vice President. This meant that the representatives from the states would vote on a ballot for whom they thought should be the President and whom they though should be the Vice President. The picture below is a political cartoon that show how the XYZ Affair went down and why America was so mad at France.

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George Washington lead the Continental army through the Revolutionary War and later became the first ever President of America. Washington was a wealthy man who was a part of the House of Burgess when he lived in Virginia, who was later asked to command the Continental army. Later on in the War, Washington would lead the Continental army to victory against Great Britain in the long fought Revolutionary war. After the war George Washington went back into politics. When the new Constitution was being written in Philadelphia Washington agreed to become President to unify this new nation. He would become one of the founding fathers of this new nation. Since America was set up as a democracy Washington knew that he couldn't rule forever so he decided to establish some ground rules, or precedents. One and maybe the most surprising precedent he made was only serving two terms. This meant that each president could serve for four years and rerun for another four years and that after that they were out of office and a new president would be chosen. Two of the other precedents were that Washington created the Cabinet and the foreign policy of Neutrality and Isolationism. Washington had all these decisions to make since there had never been a president before so he decided that he needed some help by getting a group of advisers. This group was the cabinet, who was in charge of the different departments of government. Washington decided that him and all the cabinet members would meet and talk about what needed to get done. President Washington also created the foreign policy of Neutrality and Isolationism when France was at war with Great Britain. Since America had an alliance with France many Americans were eager to go to war against Great Britain, but Washington knew that the U.S wasn't prepared for war. Washington knew that they weren't ready so he announced a policy of neutrality meaning that the U.S. would do nothing to aid either country. Before Washington left office he declared that the U.S. stay clear of any permanent alliances with any other countries, which became known as isolationism. Later isolationism would be the foundation of the foreign policy. The first Political parties would later be formed, the Federalists and the Democratic Republicans. The Federalists believed in a stronger central government, an economy based on business and manufacturing, and that wealthy educated man should rule. The Federalists party was lead by Alexander Hamilton and they thought that they should support Britain in war and trade with them. Meanwhile the Democratic Republicans believed in stronger state government, an economy based on agriculture, and that common people or farmers should rule. The Democratic Republicans were lead by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison and they thought that they should support France in war since they were once an alliance. The picture below shows the meeting in Philadelphia were the Constitution was written and George Washington was elected to be the First President of the United States.

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The Bill of Rights are made up of the preamble and the first 10 Amendments of the constitution. These sections in the constitution all explain the rights you have as an american citizen. The preamble is like the introduction to the constitution, because it explains what the purpose of the constitution is. The Framers of the constitution decided to set the government up as a republic, which by doing this replaced the Articles of Confederation. The first 10 amendments stated the rights of every american citizen had. The amendments were...
AMD 1: Freedom of religion, speech, and the press, which meant that you could have any religious beliefs and that you could speak your mind freely without any consequences.
AMD 2: The right to bear arms, which meant any person over a certain age limit could freely carry gun.
AMD 3: The housing of soldiers, which meant random solders couldn't just come into your house.
AMD 4: protection from unreasonable seizures and searches, which meant the police had to have permission or a warrant from the state to search your belongings.
AMD 5: Protection of rights to Life, Liberty, and Property, which meant all your rights were protected by the government.
AMD 6: Right of an accused person in criminal cases, which meant if accused you got the right to a fair trial.
AMD 7:  Rights in civil cases, which meant the right of trial by jury shall be preserved
AMD 8: Excessive bail, fines, and punishments forbidden, which meant that excessive bail or fines shall not be required, nor any unusual punishments.
AMD 9: Other rights kept by the people, which meant that your rights shall not be retained or ignored by other people.
AMD 10:  Non delegated powers kept by the states and the people, which meant that the powers not given by the US were fair to the states and the people. The picture below is a cartoon strip showing the first ten Amendments and what they represent.

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Federalism is the division of power between the federal government and the states. When the branches of government were being formed there were some tasks that were to small for the central or Federal government, so they decided to form a smaller government for the states. The Federal government held Congress and the three branches while the state government was made up of a mayor or somebody higher in the executive branch to attend for each state. The Federal government has the power to coin money, declare war, make treaties, and even establish post offices. Meanwhile, the State government has smaller tasks to take care of such as education, licensing professionals, and cases like marriage and divorce which are all listed under the 10th Amendment. The State government also has the power to ratify constitutional Amendments if they don’t agree with it or if it doesn’t reflect the region their in. Both governments have concurrent powers, which means that the Federal and State government can have some of the same powers. Some concurrent powers that they hold are the power to enforce laws and establish courts. The picture below shows the Federal and State government shaking hand representing that they work together and are cooperative.

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Checks and Balances was a system created so that each branch of government has the power to check or limit the power of the other two branches.  This made sure that not one branch held more power than the others, which meant that all three branches were balanced. The Executive branch can keep the Legislative branch in check by vetoing a law that congress wrote. This would make it harder for the Legislative branch to pass the law. The Judicial branch can also say that a law is unconstitutional and that would mean for sure that the law wouldn't become a law. The Legislative branch could keep the Executive branches power in check by removing the President or judge if they are not doing there job correctly. All three of the branches have a way to make sure that non of the other two branches become too powerful. The picture below represents how all three branches of government were equal by showing a balance instrument with a check beside it.

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Three Branches of Government: Executive Branch

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Three Branches of Government: Executive Branch

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The Constitution divides the government into three branches of government, the Legislative branch, the Executive branch, and the Judicial branch. The Executive branch executes or enforces the laws made by the Legislative branch. The President and the Vice President are both members of the Executive branch. The President is chosen by the delegates in the Electoral College, and can serve for two four year terms. In order to be President he or she has to be 35 years of age or older, and been born in the United States. Some powers  the Executive branch have is the power to make treaties with other countries and the power to appoint Supreme Court Justices, federal judges, ambassadors and cabinet members. The picture below represents how much power each member of the executive branch has and it shows who has to communicate wtih who.

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Three Branches of Government: Legislative Branch 

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Three Branches of Government: Legislative Branch 

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The Constitution divides the government into three separate branches of government, the Legislative branch, the Executive branch, and the Judicial branch. The Legislative branch makes or creates the laws. The Legislative branch is made up of two houses, one being the Senate and the other the House of Representatives. In order for a law or decision to be passed, both of the houses have to agree. Both of the Houses each create and pass the laws. There are two senators for each state and the amount of representatives depends on the states population. In order to be a member of the Senate you have to be at least 30 years of age, have lived in the US for nine years, and be a citizen in America. The term of a Senate member is 6 years, but they can rerun and be a member in the Senate for as long as they want. In order to be a member of the representatives, you have to be at least 25 years of age, have lived in the US for seven years, and be a citizen in America. A Representatives term is two years, but they can rerun and be a representative for an unlimited amount of terms The leader of the Senate is basically the main leader of each side of the house. Some other powers that the Legislative branch holds is that it prints the money and collects the taxes. The picture below shows how Congress is formed and that it is a bicameral. This means that the Legislative branch is made up of two houses, the Senate and the House of Representatives

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How to choose a president?- Electoral College 

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How to choose a president?- Electoral College 

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The Electoral College was formed by Congress and the constitution to decide how the president should be chosen or voted for. There were two views that the delegates had, one that the nation should have a single executive and the other being that there should be a three member executive. Delegates who believed that there should be a single executive thought that America needed one leader who could hold the qualities needed, such as good leadership. On the other hand, delegates who believed in a three member government thought that three would be better for a spread of ideas and a balance of power. There were three proposals made by the delegates and they were to elect a leader, to have the states elect a leader,  or to vote for electors to then vote for a president.  Congress then decided that each state had as many electors as the number of senators and representatives it sends to congress. The electors were then sent to the Electoral College to make decisions and vote on who should be the president. The picture below shows the number of electoral votes each state gets. The number of votes can change based on the states population and how many members in the House of Representatives each state has.

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The Three- Fifths compromise made by the state delegates at the constitutional convention. The compromise was made to determine what slaves would count as, or if they were just property. The southern delegates thought that slaves should be counted the same as everybody else and that slaves are people, not property. The southern delegates thought this because they needed slaves for their economy. On the other hand, the Northern delegates thought that slaves should not have the same rights as everybody else because they are just property. This meant that they shall not be counted when deciding the number of delegates. The Northern delegates tried to abolish slavery, but the south argued that they needed slaves. James Madison ended up writing a compromise known as the Three-Fifths compromise. This compromise stated that all slaves would count as three-fifths of a person and that slaves would still be counted for the number of delegates. The northerners were for trade and gave power to the trade between countries of crops and slaves, but southerners worried that more compromises to slavery were to come in the future. The picture below shows how slaves were counted when deciding the number of delegates for each state.

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The Great Compromise was one of the three comprises made at the constitutional convention. The New Jersey plan was made by William Paterson and he thought that there should be three branches of government. This plan stated that each state had an equal vote regardless of its size. On the other hand, the Virginia plan was made by James Madison, and it stated that the population of a state would depend on the number of law makers each sent from each state. This plan still brought the idea up of three branches of government, but it also said that there should be a house of representatives. So to make a fair plan for the south and the north, Roger Sherman made the Connecticut plan or The Great Compromise. This plan stated that Congress should have two houses in the Legislative branch, which meant it would be set up as a bicameral. The First house would be the House of Representatives and the second house would be the Senate. This plan would allow every State to have two members in the Senate and the number of representatives from each state would depend on the states population. This way the north and south each had a say in how members were chosen from each state to go make decisions in the Legislative branch. The picture below shows how many members are chosen from each state to be in the bicameral US Congress

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The Articles of Confederation was written to make a central government. It was approved in 1777 and was the first written constitution of the United States. Two strengths were the Northwest Ordinance and that it gave the government the ability to form an army.  The Northwest Ordinance  was a law that explained how new territories would become states. When these new territories would let you have the same rights as the people in the states that were already formed. Two weaknesses were that Congress had no power to coin and events took place as Shays Rebellion. Daniel Shay was a farmer who couldn't pay his taxes and rebelled because he didn't get payed for his services. The picture below represents the United States first set government and what powers it lacked based on the Constitution that would come into play later on.