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https://www.diffen.com/difference/Eukaryotic_Cell_vs_Prokaryotic_Cell

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The distinction between prokaryotes and eukaryotes is considered to be the most important distinction among groups of organisms. Eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound organelles, such as the nucleus, while prokaryotic cells do not. Differences in cellular structure of prokaryotes and eukaryotes include the presence of mitochondria and chloroplasts, the cell wall, and the structure of chromosomal DNA.

Prokaryotes were the only form of life on Earth for millions of years until more complicated eukaryotic cells came into being through the process of evolution.

Definition of eukaryotes and prokaryotes

Prokaryotes (pro-KAR-ee-ot-es) (from Old Greek pro- before + karyon nut or kernel, referring to the cell nucleus, + suffix -otos, pl. -otes; also spelled "procaryotes") are organisms without a cell nucleus (= karyon), or any other membrane-bound organelles. Most are unicellular, but some prokaryotes are multicellular.

Eukaryotes (IPA: [juːˈkæɹɪɒt]) are organisms whose cells are organized into complex structures by internal membranes and a cytoskeleton. The most characteristic membrane bound structure is the nucleus. This feature gives them their name, (also spelled "eucaryote,") which comes from the Greek ευ, meaning good/true, and κάρυον, meaning nut, referring to the nucleus. Animals, plants, fungi, and protists are eukaryotes.

Differences Between Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Cells

The difference between the structure of prokaryotes and eukaryotes is so great that it is considered to be the most important distinction among groups of organisms.

The most fundamental difference is that eukaryotes do have "true" nuclei containing their DNA, whereas the genetic material in prokaryotes is not membrane-bound.

In eukaryotes, the mitochondria and chloroplasts perform various metabolic processes and are believed to have been derived from endosymbiotic bacteria. In prokaryotes similar processes occur across the cell membrane; endosymbionts are extremely rare.

The cell walls of prokaryotes are generally formed of a different molecule (peptidoglycan) to those of eukaryotes (many eukaryotes do not have a cell wall at all).

Prokaryotes are usually much smaller than eukaryotic cells.

Prokaryotes also differ from eukaryotes in that they contain only a single loop of stable chromosomal DNA stored in an area named the nucleoid, while eukaryote DNA is found on tightly bound and organised chromosomes. Although some eukaryotes have satellite DNA structures called plasmids, these are generally regarded as a prokaryote feature and many important genes in prokaryotes are stored on plasmids.

Prokaryotes have a larger surface area to volume ratio giving them a higher metabolic rate, a higher growth rate and consequently a shorter generation time compared to Eukaryotes.

Genes

Prokaryotes also differ from eukaryotes in the structure, packing, density, and arrangement of their genes on the chromosome. Prokaryotes have incredibly compact genomes compared to eukaryotes, mostly because prokaryote genes lack introns and large non-coding regions between each gene.

Whereas nearly 95% of the human genome does not code for proteins or RNA or includes a gene promoter, nearly all of the prokaryote genome codes or controls something.

Prokaryote genes are also expressed in groups, known as operons, instead of individually, as in eukaryotes.

In a prokaryote cell, all genes in an operon(three in the case of the famous lac operon) are transcribed on the same piece of RNA and then made into separate proteins, whereas if these genes were native to eukaryotes, they each would have their own promoter and be transcribed on their own strand of mRNA. This lesser degree of control over gene expression contributes to the simplicity of the prokaryotes as compared to the eukaryotes.

References

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What's the difference between Eukaryotic Cell and Prokaryotic Cell? The distinction between prokaryotes and eukaryotes is considered to be the most important distinction among groups of organisms. Eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound organelles, such as the nucleus, while prokaryotic cells do not. Differences in cellula...

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http://www.ric.edu/faculty/ptiskus/six_kingdoms/

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When Linnaeus developed his system of classification, there were only two kingdoms, Plants and Animals. But the use of the microscope led to the discovery of new organisms and the identification of differences in cells.A two-kingdom system was no longer useful.

Today the system of classification includes six kingdoms.

Plants, Animals, Protists, Fungi, Archaebacteria, Eubacteria .

How are organism placed into their kingdoms?

· Cell type, complex or simple

· Their ability to make food

· The number of cells in their body

You are probably quite familiar with the members of this kingdom as it contains all the plants that you have come to know - flowering plants, mosses, and ferns.Plants are all multicellular and consist of complex cells.

In addition plants are autotrophs, organisms that make their own food.

With over 250,000 species, the plant kingdom is the second largest kingdom.Plant species range from the tiny green mosses togianttrees.

Without plants, life on Earth would not exist!Plants feed almost all the heterotrophs (organisms that eat other organisms) on Earth.Wow!

The animal kingdom is the largest kingdom with over1 million known species.

Sumatran Tiger-Kingdom: Animalia, Phylum, Chordata, Class Mammalia, Order Carnivora, Family Felidae, Genus Pathera, Species tigris

All animals consist of many complex cells. They are also heterotrophs.
Members of the animal kingdom are found in the most diverse environments in the world.

In 1983, scientists tool samples from a spot deep in the where hot gases and molten rock boiled into the ocean form the Earth's interior.To their surprise they discovered unicellular(one cell)organisms in the samples. These organisms are today classified in the kingdom, Pacific Ocean Archaebacteria.

Archaebacteria are found in extreme environments such as hot boiling water and thermal vents under conditions with no oxygen or highly acid environments.

Finding Archaebacteria: The hot springs of Yellowstone National Park , USA , were among the first places Archaebacteria were discovered. The biologists pictured above are immersing microscope slides in the boiling pool onto which some archaebacteria might be captured for study.

Like archaebacteria, Most bacteria are in the eubacteria are complex and single celled. EUBACTERIA kingdom. They are the kinds found everywhere and are the ones people are most familiar with.

Eubacteria are classified in their own kingdom because their chemical makeup is different.

Most eubacteria are helpful.Some produce vitamins and foods like yogurt.However, these eubacteria, Streptococci pictured above, can give you strep throat!

Mushrooms, mold and mildew are all examples of organisms in the kingdom fungi.

Most fungi are multicellular andconsists of many complex cells.
Fun Facts about Fungi

Some fungi taste great and others can kill you!

Fungi are organisms that biologists once confused with plants, however, unlike plants, fungi cannot make their own food.Most obtain their food from parts of plants that are decaying in the soil.

Slime molds and algae are protists.

Sometimes they are called the odds and ends kingdom because its members are so different from one another.Protistsinclude all microscopic organisms that are not bacteria, notanimals, not plants and not fungi.

Most protists are unicellular. You may be wondering why those protists are not classified in the Archaebacteria or Eubacteria kingdoms.

It is because, unlike bacteria, protists are complex cells.

These delicate looking diatoms are classified in the protist kingdom.

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When Linnaeus developed his system of classification, there were only two kingdoms, Plants and Animals. But the use of the microscope led to the discovery of new organisms and the identification of differences in cells.A two-kingdom system was no longer useful. Today the system of classification includes six kingdoms. Plants, Animals, Protists, Fungi, Archaebacteria, Eubacteria .

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https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-evolution/hs-phylogeny/a/phylogenetic-trees

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What a phylogenetic tree is. How to read phylogenetic trees and determine which species are most related.

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https://www.factmonster.com/dk/encyclopedia/science/body-systems

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Our body is arranged into several different systems, each with its own specific function. Click here to learn more about how the human body works!

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Read this presentation, label the body systems pictured on 42-50 and take the quiz at the end. CLICK OPEN IN NEW WINDOW IF DOES NOT LOAD.
https://slideplayer.com/slide/8268810/

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Presentation on theme: "End Show Slide 1 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Biology."- Presentation transcript:

End Show Slide 1 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Biology

End Show Slide 2 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 35-1 Human Body Systems

End Show 35-1 Human Body Systems Slide 3 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Organization of the Body How is the human body organized?

End Show 35-1 Human Body Systems Slide 4 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Organization of the Body The levels of organization in a multicellular organism include: cells tissues organs organ systems

End Show 35-1 Human Body Systems Slide 5 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Organization of the Body Every cell in the human body is both an independent unit and an interdependent part of a larger community-the entire organism.

End Show 35-1 Human Body Systems Slide 6 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

End Show 35-1 Human Body Systems Slide 7 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Organization of the Body Cells A cell is the basic unit of structure and function in living things. Individual cells in multicellular organisms are specialized. Specialized cells are suited to perform a particular function.

End Show 35-1 Human Body Systems Slide 8 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Organization of the Body Tissues A group of cells that perform a single function is called a tissue. There are four basic types of tissue in the human body: epithelial, connective, nervous, and muscle.

End Show 35-1 Human Body Systems Slide 9 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Organization of the Body Epithelial tissue includes glands and tissues that cover interior and exterior body surfaces. Connective tissue supports the body and connects its parts. Nervous tissue transmits nerve impulses through the body. Muscle tissue, along with bones, enables the body to move.

End Show 35-1 Human Body Systems Slide 10 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Organization of the Body Organs and Organ Systems A group of different types of tissues that work together to perform a single function is called an organ. A group of organs that perform closely related functions is an organ system. There are eleven organ systems in the body.

End Show 35-1 Human Body Systems Slide 11 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Organization of the Body Nervous System Structures: Brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves Function: Recognizes and coordinates the body's response to changes in its internal and external environments

End Show 35-1 Human Body Systems Slide 12 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Organization of the Body Integumentary System Structures: Skin, hair, nails, sweat and oil glands Function: Serves as a barrier against infection and injury; helps to regulate body temperature; provides protection against ultraviolet radiation from the sun

End Show 35-1 Human Body Systems Slide 13 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Organization of the Body Skeletal System Structures: Bones, cartilage, ligaments, tendons Function: Supports the body; protects internal organs; allows movement; stores mineral reserves; provides a site for blood cell formation

End Show 35-1 Human Body Systems Slide 14 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Organization of the Body Muscular System Structures: Skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, cardiac muscle Function: Works with skeletal system to produce voluntary movement; helps to circulate blood and move food through the digestive system

End Show 35-1 Human Body Systems Slide 15 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Organization of the Body Circulatory System Structures: Heart, blood vessels, blood Function: Brings oxygen, nutrients, and hormones to cells; fights infection; removes cell wastes; helps to regulate body temperature

End Show 35-1 Human Body Systems Slide 16 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Organization of the Body Respiratory System Structures: Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, lungs Function: Provides oxygen needed for cellular respiration and removes excess carbon dioxide from the body

End Show 35-1 Human Body Systems Slide 17 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Organization of the Body Digestive System Structures: Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, rectum Function: Converts food into simpler molecules that can be used by the cells of the body; absorbs food; eliminates wastes

End Show 35-1 Human Body Systems Slide 18 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Organization of the Body Excretory System Structures: Skin, lungs, kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra Function: Eliminates waste products from the body in ways that maintain homeostasis

End Show 35-1 Human Body Systems Slide 19 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Organization of the Body Endocrine System Structures: Hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenals, pancreas, ovaries (in females), testes (in males) Function: Controls growth, development and metabolism; maintains homeostasis

End Show 35-1 Human Body Systems Slide 20 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Organization of the Body Reproductive System Structures: Testes, epididymis, vas deferens, urethra, and penis (in males), ovaries, Fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina (in females) Function: Produces reproductive cells; in females, nurtures and protects developing embryo

End Show 35-1 Human Body Systems Slide 21 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Organization of the Body Lymphatic/Immune Systems Structures: White blood cells, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, lymph vessels Function: Helps protect the body from disease; collects fluid lost from blood vessels and returns the fluid to the circulatory system

End Show 35-1 Human Body Systems Slide 22 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Maintaining Homeostasis What is homeostasis?

End Show 35-1 Human Body Systems Slide 23 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Maintaining Homeostasis An Example of Feedback Inhibition Thermostat senses temperature change and switches off heating system Thermostat senses temperature change and switches on heating system Room temperature increases Room temperature decreases

End Show 35-1 Human Body Systems Slide 24 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Maintaining Homeostasis Homeostasis is the process by which organisms keep internal conditions relatively constant despite changes in external environments. Homeostasis in the body is maintained by feedback inhibition.

End Show 35-1 Human Body Systems Slide 25 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Maintaining Homeostasis Feedback inhibition, or negative feedback, is the process in which a stimulus produces a response that opposes the original stimulus. Systems controlled by feedback inhibition are fully automated and very stable.

End Show 35-1 Human Body Systems Slide 26 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Maintaining Homeostasis Homeostasis In the Body Maintenance of homeostasis requires the integration of all organ systems at all times. One example is the maintenance of a stable body temperature.

End Show Slide 27 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

End Show 35-1 Human Body Systems Slide 28 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Maintaining Homeostasis The hypothalamus monitors the temperature of the skin and the temperature of organs. If core body temperature drops, the hypothalamus: causes blood vessels in the skin to constrict reducing heat loss from skin. causes the skeletal muscles to contract involuntarily-to "shiver." This causes the body temperature to increase.

End Show 35-1 Human Body Systems Slide 29 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Maintaining Homeostasis If the core body temperature increases, the hypothalamus: causes blood vessels in the skin to dilate so heat can escape from the skin. the body produces sweat, which cools the body by evaporation. This causes the body temperature to decrease.

End Show - or - Continue to: Click to Launch: Slide 30 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 35-1

End Show Slide 31 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 35-1 Which of the following organ systems transports oxygen, nutrients, and hormones to cells? a.circulatory system b.muscular system c.excretory system d.nervous system

End Show Slide 32 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 35-1 The type of tissue that holds organs in place and binds different parts of the body together is called a.muscle tissue. b.epithelial tissue. c.connective tissue. d.skeletal tissue.

End Show Slide 33 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 35-1 One major function of the integumentary system is to a.help regulate body temperature. b.cause the body to move. c.provide a surface for gas exchange. d.control growth, development, and metabolism.

End Show Slide 34 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 35-1 Which of the following is NOT an example of feedback inhibition? a.shivering to warm the body b.sweating to cool the body c.nervous tissue receiving messages d.turning on the heating system of a house

End Show Slide 35 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 35-1 The process by which an organism keeps internal conditions relatively constant is called a.a feedback loop. b.negative feedback. c.homeostasis. d.normal temperature.

Continue with the chapter outline for chapter 35

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end show slide 1 of 33 copyright pearson prentice hall biology.

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End Show Slide 1 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Biology. - ppt download

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End Show Slide 1 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Biology End Show Slide 2 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 35-1 Human Body Systems End Show 35-1 Human Body Systems Slide 3 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Organization of the Body How is the human body organized?

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List the two body systems that perform each of the 4 major function listed. You get one chance at this. It needs to be correct and all other questions complete in class to get the bonus stamp.