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1. MALA A/P GANESAN (181046)
2.MUHAMMAD SALMAN BIN JAFRI (182059)
3. AINUN SYAHIRA BT ROSLI (182926)
4. NORSYAFIKA BT SARIFI(184275)
5. SAFAWATI BT JAINUDDIN (184528)
6. ATIKAH BINTI CHE ISMAIL(184560)

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Task 1 :- Create a terminology from the video and create a story line.

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Task 1 :- Create a terminology from the video and create a story line.

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1. Ainun syahira - Net export (1.35)
- Protectionsm (5.02)
2. Safawati          - Trade deficit (1.48)
-  Trade surplus (1.40)
3. Salman            - Current account (8.15)
- Financial account (8.37)
4. Atikah              - Appreciate (7.20)
- Depreciate (7.21)
5. Syafika             - International trade (0.30)
- Exchange rate (5.36)
6.  Mala               - Supply (7.09)
- Demand (7.10)

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1. Net export
The difference between a country's total value of exports and total value of imports. Depending on whether a country imports more goods or exports more goods, net exports can be a positive or negative value.
2. Protectionism
Involves any attempt by a country to impose restrictions on trade in goods and services. The main aim of protectionism is to cushion domestic businesses and industries from overseas competition and prevent the outcome resulting solely from the interplay of free market forces of supply and demand.
3. Trade deficit
The opposite of a trade surplus is a trade deficit. A trade deficit occurs when a country imports more than it exports.
4. Trade surplus
A trade surplus   represents a net inflow of domestic currency from foreign markets and is the opposite of a trade deficit, which represents a net outflow.
5. International trade
The exchange of capital, goods, and services across international borders or territories
6. Exchange rate
It can be either fixed or floating. Fixed exchange rates are decided by central banks of a country whereas floating exchange rates are decided by the mechanism of market demand and supply
7. Appreciate
Rise in value or price
8. Depreciate
To ( cause something to) lose value especially over time
9. Current account
Current account is a record of the sale and purchase of goods and services, investment income earned abroad, and other transfers like donation and and foreign aid.
10. Financial account
Financial account is a record of purchase and sale of financial assets like stock and bands.
11. Supply
Supply represents how much the market can offer.
12. Demand
Demand in economics is how many goods and services are bought at various prices during a certain period of time. Demand is the consumer's need or desire to own the product or experience the service.

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In 2017, Malaysian is one of the country that involved in International Trade which they export their goods and services such as  to other country. The most recent exports are led by Integrated Circuit which represent 20.4% of the total exports of Malaysia, followed by Petroleum Gas which account for 5.18%. While import and export occured, the total value of import and export can be call as Net Export which highly depending on whether Malaysian import more goods or export more goods. Trade between country must have Protectionsm which to impose restrictions on trade in goods and services. Next, the sale and purchase of goods and services, investment income earned abroad and other transfers like donation and foreign aid is call Current Account which it be recorded. For example, Malaysia import clothes from China. The purchase will be recorded under current account while the money that China earned from Malaysia is call Financial Account which only can be use two things which are to buy Malaysia’s good or otherwise buy Malaysia’s financial assets like stack and bands. A trade deficit can also result if a domestic company manufactures a lot of its products in other countries. Besides, China,which kept its exchange rate undervalued to promote exports, came in for particular criticism for its large and persistent trade surpluses.However, in recent years China has been working to reduce its dependence on exports and its trade surplus has declined accordingly. In the worst case scenario, American political pressure takes a more general form. Beyond any individual foreign country, suppose most American trading partners were coerced into agreeing to appreciate. An exchange rate is the rate at which one country's currency can be traded for another country's currency. For example, in the United States, the dollar's strength is often judged in relation to other currencies, such as the Japanese yen, the Swiss franc, and the euro. When a currency appreciates, it means it increased in value relative to another currency, depreciate means it weakened or fell in value relative to another currency.

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Boleh improve sedikit kalau ada nama kumpulan.  sebab sekarang saya gelar kumpulan in cup cake group.  KMN

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Pallet and Wooden packaging

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Pallet and wooden packaging in European union (u.s and u.k)

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- The classification of wooden packaging includes pallets, pallet collars, box pallets, boxes, crates, cable drums, lightweight packaging for fruit and vegetables, barrels, tailor-made constructions, and dunnage for supporting goods under transportation
- Wooden pallets, crates and packaging cases play important roles in the movement and storage of goods worldwide. Proper design and quality standards ensure that performance is sufficient to protect the goods transported.

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Pallets are manufactured to standards or custom-made.

There is a high degree of standardization in Europe based on the modular size of 600 x 400 mm. .

The footprints in Europe are :

1. Major pallet :800 x 1,200 mm and 1,000 x 1,200 mm

2. Half pallets:  (600 x 800 mm)

3. Quarter-pallets :(400 x 600 mm)

These tend to be used on full-sized pallets, especially for small shops ordering small quantities.

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Pallet and packaging manufacturers, pool operators and distributors in the UK are facing a number of competing pressures

Many companies in the industry are experiencing substantially lower levels of demand from users as the economy continues to struggle to grow.

This has created an ultra-competitive business environment which has placed severe pressure on operating margins, at a time when costs of energy, raw materials and services continue to escalate.

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Most pallets and wooden packaging in Europe are made of softwood produced in sustainable managed forests.

It is estimated that about 4 billion pallets are in circulation in Europe. The average lifespan of a pallet is 5-7 years.

The pallet and wooden packaging industry in Europe consumed more than 20 million m3 of sawn wood in 2015, which was more than 20% of total sawn wood production.

When the economy booms, so too does the pallet and wooden packaging industry

Trade
• Pallets and wooden packaging are mostly shipped with goods, but there is also some trade of empty pallets and wooden packaging, mainly within Europe

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U.S. Trade and Exports Support 9.8 Million American Jobs

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U.S. Trade and Exports Support 9.8 Million American Jobs

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U.S exports reached a record $2.2 trillion dollars -  the largest annual export total in U.S. history. This 2012 total exceeds the previous year’s record high of $2.1 trillion.

Further, U.S. exports supported 9.8 million jobs in 2012, which means that U.S. exports have supported an additional 1.3 million jobs since the launch of the President’s National Export Initiative.

This growth is reflective of the efforts put forth by the International Trade Administration (ITA) and related government agencies.

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üThe United Kingdom's wood pellet imports from all sources have grown from near zero in 2009 to more than 3.5 million short tons in 2013.

In the process of implementing plans to convert half of its six generating units to run solely on wood pellets.

The first of these three units entered service in 2013, while the remaining two conversions are planned for completion in 2015.

According to Eurostat, the United Kingdom is also a major importer of wood pellets from Canada and, to a lesser extent, from other European sources. Until 2013, Canada was the primary source of the United Kingdom's import supply.

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The production of pallets and wooden packaging is fragmented in Europe. Production has been shifting to eastern Europe, where costs are lower, pallet manufacture is becoming more automated in western Europe, with the industry incorporating more robotics into production and repair.

The sector has consolidated in recent years, with  a few of the larger groups have started operating internationally.

Production for all the main wooden packaging products increased in Europe from 2012 to 2014, with a total value in 2014 of $11.1 billion.

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Box pallets and load boards of wood (excluding flat pallets)

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Box pallets and load boards of wood (excluding flat pallets)

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The production of box pallets and load boards was fairly stable in the EU28 from 2012 to 2014, with about 112 millions items produced in 2014. Among EU28 countries, Italy dominates production.

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Lightweight packaging, used mainly for fruit and vegetables, is reported separately in the FEFPEB data.

This graph show the number of units manufactured in 2010 and 2013 for those countries that provided data to FEFPEB. Spain was the largest manufacturer, followed by France.

There was a slight decrease in production in France between 2010 and 2013 and an 18% increase in Spain. Roughly 80% of the lightweight packaging produced in Spain in 2013, and all the production in Portugal, were reported to be heat treated in conformity with ISPM 15.

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Pallet prices have been fairly stable in recent years, even though prices of raw materials have fluctuated. There is price pressure on pallets, and overcapacity has been reported.

The national timber price indices of Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Sweden and the UK, using comparable pallet wood sizes and a common base year (2009) to make them comparable. The FEFPEB pallet timber price index indicates price trends for the wood used for pallets in Europe.

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EUROPEAN POLICY AND REGULATORY INFLUENCES 

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EUROPEAN POLICY AND REGULATORY INFLUENCES 

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CIRCULAR ECONOMY

In December 2015, the European Commission launched a communication on the “circular economy”, which has now been sent out to EU member states for consultation

The EU’s action plan for a transition to a more circular economy aims to develop a sustainable, low-carbon, resource-efficient and competitive ,economy (the targets are under discussion and therefore not yet decided).

The pallet and wooden packaging sector is well placed to thrive in such an economy because its products have a very high rate of reuse, repair and recycling and can be used to generate wood energy or in the manufacture of particle board at the end of their useful lives.

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U.S. Wood Pellet Exports by destination (2012 and 2013)

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U.S. Wood Pellet Exports by destination (2012 and 2013)

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- Wood pellet exports from the United States nearly doubled last year, from 1.6 million short tons in 2012 to 3.2 million short tons in 2013. More than 98% of these exports were delivered to Europe, and 99% originated from ports in the southeastern and lower Mid-Atlantic regions of the country.
-   In 2013, the top five importing countries of U.S. wood pellets exports were all European: the United Kingdom, Belgium, Denmark, the Netherlands, and Italy. The United Kingdom accounted for the majority (59%) of U.S. wood pellet exports, and more than tripled its imports from the United States between 2012 and 2013.

Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, based on U.S. International Trade Commission data

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Other Policy Issue With Impacts On Pallets And Wood Packaging

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Other Policy Issue With Impacts On Pallets And Wood Packaging

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Environmental product declarations are now often requested, and both users and policymakers are concerned about the carbon footprints of products. The wooden pallet and packaging sector is also well-placed in this area, comparing favourably with competing materials used for pallets and packaging.

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Pallet construction is becoming more standardized in Europe, with a migration to the EUR pallet ; the 800 x 1,200 mm unit is most prevalent.

In Europe, the production of pallets and wooden packaging has been shifting to eastern Europe, where costs are lower.

Pallet prices have been reasonably stable in Europe since 2013

Pallets and wooden packaging are well positioned to flourish under policies and laws aimed at a low-carbon economy and sustainability because they have very high rates of reuse, repair and recycling, and they can be used for wood energy or the manufacture of particle board at the end of their useful lives.

France and the US dominate global barrel exports, with France accounting for about $807 million and the US for $450 million of the value of barrel exports in 2015