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Making eye contact is vital.

Looking at someone directly in the eyes may suggest a lot of things: openness, honesty, confidence, and comfort.

Looking away: deceitful or lying, unsure, and uncomfortable.

But, when speaking in a group, avoid staring or fixing a gaze at only one to two particular people – that could mean something else.

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This is a term that refers to the speaker/listener’s body movements as they speak.

Shaking a fist, sweeping arms, and using hands for emphasis.

It is also being used in listening – nod in agreement, shake head in disapproval, putting your hand to your chin for consideration, folding your arms in boredom, and etc.

All these signify messages as you communicate.

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The human faces are capable of communicating a wide range of expression and emotion.

Smile – good humour

Raised eyebrows – questioning, disbelief

Frown – upset, worry

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It is the way people stand or sit which can give a different meaning about how they feel.

Nervousness & anxiety: fidgeting hands & tapping feet.

Relaxed & confident: sitting well & crossing legs comfortably.

Highly interested: sitting forward & looking attentively.

Gloomy/worried/depressed: head down & lifeless

The ability to interpret and act to these signals as you communicate with others is to develop good human relations.

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Ambiguous non-verbal cues often signal unclear meaning to others. This communication barrier needs a whole one chapter to be explained and how the misinterpretation and lacking of knowledge on how to read them may cause difficulties in communication.

Click on the link to the notes on Non-verbal Communication and find out more.

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1. Communication problem may arise when people of different power or status try to communicate with each other. For example, the company manager may neglect suggestion from his subordinates simply because of difference in their status. This under treatment of people makes the communication ineffective.

2. Because the lack of one's power and status may also result in an ineffective communication as the person is lacking of string influence to be heard. For example, a fresh graduate is not able to suggest new ideas to the Project Manager simply because she is presumed as inexperience and too young.

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Listening is another type of barrier in communication which  commonly develop due to:
- physiological [internal, hearing prob]
- environmental [physical distractions, noise, prob w comm channel]
- attitudinal & false assumptions [pre-occupied, ignorant, ego-centrism]
- socio-cultural difference [also cultural & gender differences]
- lack of training

The different forms of ineffective listening are as follows:
1. Pseudo-listening – pretending to listen

2. Stage hogging – hogging the limelight

3. Insulated listening – do not want to listen to certain topics. For example respond to your comments about poor grades but forget it later

4. Defensive listening – perceiving personal attacks where none is intended

5. Ambushing – gathering information to attack speaker

6. Insensitive / Literal listening – content level ignoring relationship levels

7. Selective listening – listen only to parts of a message that interest them and reject or ignore everything else

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A barrier of language in a communication process does not focus only on a person's incapability of speaking a certain language, but when you work in an industry that is heavy in jargon or technical language, that can be an example of how you can misunderstand things and feel stressful of not able to execute a task due to unclear instructions.

Language disabilities or physical impediments to language are other types of language barrier. Physical language disabilities include stuttering, dysphonia or an articulation disorder and hearing loss.

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1. Working at the same company for almost 5-10 years, doing the same tasks and getting the same pay may develop a fear of change in a person.

2. Problem in communication may arise when he or she starts ignoring other people's inquiries, seeking for help, different job scope, other people's disciplinary issues, and even bullying or harassment cases at a workplace due to their fear of change of their nature of working like being transferred, promoted, or even sacked.

3. Clash of priority is also related to the fear of change. One simply doesn't want to help other colleagues, or entertain a guest's complaint as the matter is not in his or her scope of work. The issue may not be giving him any benefit to his job personally, so a communication process with the priority clashing mentality often leads to a dissatisfaction.

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Wikipedia suggested that Gate-keeping is a process through which information is filtered for dissemination, whether for publication, broadcasting, the Internet or some other mode of communication.

At the workplace, it is common to encounter a gate-keeper who often filters up the real truth from getting out into the known of everyone.

This may be hindering an effective communication as the true information is blocked from being known.

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We often deny to the things that make us feel awkward. When we are not comfortable to say or being truthful about it, we tend to deny the information.

This barrier can be either obvious or hidden. It is often obvious when someone mentions his/her denials in their phrases, "I don't care", "Whatever", "Whatever you want", or "I'm fine".

One can also use sarcasm in showing a denial barrier. For example, when a wife asks a husband to do something and he says, "Duly noted and forgotten."

It is sometimes hidden in a communication when the sender/receiver speaks in a monotone, or not at all. Rather, the denial is evident in the withdrawal, shrugging or slouching.

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Different perceptions or perceptual filters are internal. When you assume that other people won't understand or be interested in what you say, that will only cause the communication goes bad.

Everyone has their own preferences, values, attitudes, origins and life experiences that act as "filters" on our experiences of people, events and information. Seeing things through the lens of our own life experiences or "conditioning" may lead to assumptions (pre-judgement), stereotyping and misunderstandings of others whose experiences differ from our own.

Other challenges that are related to this barrier include cultural and gender barriers.

In cultural barrier you often see communication is ineffective due to stereotypical and assumptions about different ethnicity, customs, and beliefs of people of other races. Some may regard they are more superior than the other, and vice versa.

What about gender barriers? Have you experienced any gender bias situation? Do you know that men and women have different communication characteristics? Search for Masculine and Feminine Speeches from the textbook.

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This is a challenge that can be difficult to overcome. It is important to put aside the emotional barrier before engaging in conversations. Some may  have said as the phrase goes, "anything you say can and will be used against you."

Anger - Anger can affect the way your brain processes information given to you. For example, angry people have difficulty processing logical statements, limiting their ability to accept explanations and solutions offered by others.

Pride - The need to be right all the time will not only annoy others, it can shut down effective communication. For example, you might focus only on your perspective, or you might come up with ways to shoot down other people before you even listen to their points.

Anxiousness - Anxiety has a negative impact on the part of your brain that manages creativity and communication skills. For example, your constant worries can hinder your ability to concentrate on the information you are giving or receiving.

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In our previous class, we have talked about the common barriers in communication. You just have to remember that, the communication barriers differ based on the different context that a sender and/or receiver exist during the process of communication.

Here are the common communication barriers:
1. Emotional Barrier
2. Different Perceptions
3. Denial Barrier
4. Filtering & Gate-keeping
5. Fear of change
6. Listening
7. Priority Clashes
8. Language Barrier
9. Non-verbal Signals
10. Power & Status

Some of the barriers take place in a communication are inter-related with one another. So, when you are solving a case study question, it is wise to include the other related and/or minor communication problem that take occur.