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From 1936-1939, a civil war raged in Spain between those loyal to the newly established Republican government and those who favored a conservative, militaristic system. The outcome of the Spanish Civil War altered the balance of power in Europe, tested the military power of Germany and Italy.

In 1931, the Spanish monarchy fell and was replaced by a democratically elected government dedicated to major social reforms. The newly elected government, called the Second Republic, was largely middle class and promoted policies that attacked the traditional structure of Spanish society. eforms included the redistribution of large estate lands; the separation of church and state; and an antiwar, antimilitarist policy dedicated to undermining the power of the aristocracy, the Catholic Church, and the armed forces.

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The Second Italo-Ethiopian War was a colonial war from the 3rd of October 1935 to May 5th 1936 between Italian armed forces, and the Ethiopian Empire, referred to as Abyssinia at the time.

TL:DR It started with whats known as the Wal Wal Incident, which lead to the Abyssinian Crisis. After many casualties.  Ethiopia was defeated, annexed, and subject to military occupation until the defeat of Italy in East Africa during the African Campaign of the second world war in 1941.

Though Italy and Ethiopia were members of the League of Nations, the league was unable to control Italy and failed to protect Ethiopia when Italy violated Article X of the LON Covenant. This is often seen as a clear demonstration of the ineffectiveness of the league.

When the LON tried to rule against Italy and voted for economic sanctions. Italy under the dictatorship of Mussolini, ignored the sanctions, quit the League, made special deals with Britain and France and ultimately established control of Ethiopia. The crisis discredited the League and moved Fascist Italy closer to an alliance with Nazi Germany.

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The Mukden Incident, commonly referred to as the Manchurian Incident, was a staged event by the Japanese military in order to create a pretext for the Japanese invasion of China (Manchuria) in 1931.

Japanese economic presneces and political intrested in Manchuria has been at an all time high since the end of the Russo-Japanese war of 1904-1905. The treaty of Portsmouth that ended the war gave japan the lease of the South Manchuruan Railway branch. Japan however, claimed that this control included all the rights and privileges that China granted to Russia in the Li-Lobanov treaty of 1986 as enlarged by the Kwantung Lease Agreement of 1898. This included absolute and exclusive administration within the railway zone. Believing that a conflict in Manchuria would be in the best interests of Japan. Colonels of the Japanese army based in Manchuria (reffered to as the Kwantang Army) independently devised a plan to prompt Japan to invade Manchuria by provoking an incident that they could blame on the chinese in order to justify an invasion.  There was also the growing threat of the Red Army stationed in Manchuria after the Sino-Soviet War, whose vicotry in 1929 caused major tension and accelerated Japan's need to conquer the Northeast of China.

On September the 18th, 1931. Lt. Suemori Kawamoto staged a detonation of dynamite on a railway line owned by Japan's south Manchurian railway (modern day Shenyang). The bombing act, known as the "Liutiaohu Incident" was so weak and even failed to destroy the tracks. It was an act engineered and set up by the Japanese in order to pin the blame on supposed Chinese dissidents. Japan responded the next day with a full invasion that occupied Manchuria, in which Japan installed it's puppet state of Manchukuo  6 months later.

The ruse of war was soon exposed by the Lytton Report of 1932, which rejected the Japanese claim that the Manchurian invasion and occupation was an act of self-defense, although it did not assert that the Japanese had perpetrated the initial bombing of the railroad. The report ascertained that Manchukuo was the product of Japanese military aggression in China, while recognizing that Japan had legitimate concerns in Manchuria because of its economic ties there. The League of Nations refused to acknowledge Manchukuo as an independent nation. Which lead to the diplomatic isolation of Japan and it's withdrawal from the League of Nations in 1933.

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The Locarno Pact was a  treaty concluded by the governments of Germany, Belgium, France, Great Britain, and Italy in the city of Locarno, Switzerland, on October 16, 1925. the treaty guaranteed Germany’s western frontier, which the bordering states of France, Germany, and Belgium pledged to treat as inviolable.

As signatories of the agreement, Britain and Italy committed themselves to help to repel any armed aggression across the frontier. The Rhineland, a part of western Germany occupied by the victorious Allied Powers after World War I, was permanently demilitarized and occupying forces withdrawn.

The agreement was to come into force only when Germany was admitted to the League of Nations with a seat on the Council, which occurred in 1926.

The Locarno Pact marked the end of the war period and the beginning of a hopeful new era of peace and cooperation in Europe, but one that did not survive the economic and political crisis of the 1930s. In 1936, Adolf Hitler denounced the Locarno Pact and sent German troops back into the Rhineland.

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The TOV imposed huge reparation payments on Germany to pay for the damage caused by WW1. Weimar Germany was simply incapable of paying out the instalments required by Versailles. Any sort of advance to an economic foothold was haulted when the Belgian and French focres began occupying the Ruhr, Germany's main econoic standing.

After 1918, Germany was no longer the enemy. The Russian revolution and the subsequent murder of the family of Tsar Nicholas Romanov II in 1918 had Russia become ‘Public Enemy Number One’. It was believed that if Germany was reduced to total impoverishment it might just provoke a German revolution that put a communist government in place, which was exactly what the east feared the most. So while many citizens of France, Belgium and the UK would have endorsed a policy of real punishment such as letting Germany economically implode in on itself, that idea was not agreed upon by many politicians. Hence the desire to do what was possible to support Germany.

A Commitee was formulated to help take Germany out of Hyperinflation and economic ruin. The "Dawes Commitee" gets its name who headed it, Charles Dawes. The five nations represented on the Dawes Committee were USA, UK, Italy, Belgium and France. Each nation sent two finance experts to help onboard. The hope was that with this committee, in future years Germany should have been in a position when she could have started to make full payment.

- The first plan of action was to reutrn occupation of the Ruhr back to Germany, and that all Belgian and French troops would be drawn out immidiatly.

- Secondly, in the first year of repayment, the maximum expected to be paid by  Allies was 1 billion marks. During this time, it was hoped and expected that Germany’s economy would pick up. After the first year, Germany would have to pay 2.5 billion marks instead of 1 billion for each subsequent year. This made reparations german friendly because it acted as a sort of early boost, allowing germany time to get back its economic foothold, so that it could pay off more reparation debts sooner.

- Thirdly, the restructuring of the Reichsbank (Weimar Bank), which would be supervised by the Allies. Though interpreted by some as direct interference from outside powers, it was no issue and the Weimar government accepted the Dawes plan's terms in September 1924.

- Though not part of the plans initial terms, America agreed to loan Germany large sums of money that would be invested into the economy.

While the Dawes Plan of 1924 was a step in the right direction, the main weakness of the Dawes Plan was simple – it was short term, and short lived. Its success relied on Weimar Germany economically rallying, which was not guaranteed in 1924. Any economic disaster that occurred in the USA would have a dire knock-on effect on Weimar, which coincidentally is exactly what happened in the October 1929 with the Wall Street crash, which prompted the 1929 Young's plan.

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After World War 1 ended in 1919 with the signing of the Treaty of Versailles. The french were quick to capitalize on the ability to collect reparations and war debts from Germany. In December 1922, the Reparations Commission declared that Germany had defaulted in its deliveries of timber and germany later declared its inability to export coal to pay its reparations installment. The Belgian and French military promptly invaded the Ruhr the following year in 1923, which sparked German nationalistic sentiments of hostility towards the french.

The Ruhr district was the industrial heart of Germany. Eliminating german occupation of the Ruhr and its coal mines cost the government 85% of its export revenue in coal alone and made it increasingly difficult to pay off reparation debts.
While the British government condemned the occupation, and Germany was in no better position to pay off its debts than it was before; France continued to occupy the reigon. As a result, the German government suspended all deliveries to the Allies meanwhile French and Belgians seized control of Ruhr's mines and railroads. Lacking other means, the German government encouraged workers to engage in passive resistance, which further undermined the German economy.

It wasnt long before French troops expand the occupation of the west bank of the Rhein to include Offenburg and Appenweier in febuary of 1923. Later in March their occupation of the Rheinland was complete by seizing bridgeheads in the region including Darmstadt, Mannheim, and Karlsruhe. In September of that year passive resistance ended with collapse of the German mark through hyper-inflation. The collapse resulted in a serious European depression which also undermined the value of the French franc. As a result of the economic crisis, the Germans ended their passive resistance movement in the Ruhr and the British and Americans worked to avert complete economic collapse.

In October a Rhein Republic was proclaimed in the city of Aachen by german seperatists, who had the support of the French and Belgian governments. However it was extremely short lived.

In a desperate effort to address the economic crisis in Germany, the British government suspended the Reparation Recovery Act. Meanwhile in Germany, Hjalmar Schacht introduced a new currency and deflationary policies which resulted in economic hardships for most Germans. As a result of this economic initiative, individual savings were wiped out during this period which fanned radical political partisanship.

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what is it?