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1.What is the topic of study?

In “Becoming A Gendered Body: Practices of Preschools” the topic is based around the idea that gender inequality is rooted in the way children interact with each other and are taught how to act at a young age. In this article they studied the interactions and actions that take place in preschools.

2. Describe the research question and give some background information in your own words.

The main question behind this research study was whether or not the physical interactions amongst preschoolers age 3-5 and their teachers impact the gender identification and tendencies of the children.  The researchers studied many different common aspects of a preschool classroom including; the games they play, their manners or common tendencies, the level at quick they use their voice and how the teacher’s reactions to these factors influence change within them.

3. Which theory(s) did the author use
The author used the theories “Disciplining the Body” and “Feminist Theory”.

4. What did this contribute to the research design?
Using the Disciplined body theory helps create a background to study the social relations between the children and their actions. Through the feminist theory the author can explore how the treatment of genders impacts how the individual develops in to a gendered body. This theory also allows them to explore fashion and moving bodies and how this connects to gender.

5. Is the research design qualitative or quantitative?
The research conducted was both qualitative and quantitative but for the most part focused on qualitative observations. They observed the children and took many notes and made comments on their behavior and tendencies. But they also did use their qualitative observations to make quantitative observations resulting in percentages and data from the preschool as a whole. The article shows a mixture of the two kinds of research in order to give the results more validity because they were recorded and observed in many different fashions.

6. How did the author sample (gain respondents or data?)
The author gained data from 5 different preschool classrooms looking at three and five year olds. These field-observations gave them the data they needed for their research.

7. Did the author use random sampling?
For the most part the author used random sampling. They did this by observing students at different preschools and not focusing on one in specific. This allowed them to observe children from many different families of different ethnic and economic backgrounds; all factors that could potentially alter the actions of children.

8. What is the sample size?
The authors studied a total of 112 children and the actions of 14 different teachers. They matched the gender ratio that was observed with the ratio that is commonly displayed in each classroom, 42% girls and 58% boys.

9. What research method did the author utilize?
The research method used was field-observations. They kept their observations as hidden as possible and tried to limit their interaction with the children. The did their research in two ways, looking at the classroom as a whole and also looking at the individual parts of each classroom. They also studied the class of students as a whole or spent time focusing on one child, teacher, or group of students.

10. What are the advantages of this research method?
Since they took multiple approaches to their research method and observed many different areas they were able to get a lot of data that they can use to compare and contrast their findings.

11. What are the disadvantages of this research method?
Since the children are not familiar with the observers they may be more likely to act differently around them then they normally would. Children are also very curious and interested in their surroundings so they may be likely to interact with the researchers or try to get their attention which could skew the naturalistic observations they are looking for.

12. What ethical measures did the researcher take to protect their participants?
The researchers did not name the preschools and also did not give the full names of the participants in order to protect the participants and their families. This kept information confidential.

13. In your own words, what results did the author find?
The author found a surplus of data to support the idea that children are in fact gendered at a young age. They were attempting to study whether or not this gender identification is natural and found data to support that this is not always naturally acquired and the actions of the teachers shape the way the children view themselves and their gender. They saw this through studying the resistance of children to their surroundings and how they learned to defend or not defend themselves.

14. Why are the results important in sociological relevancy?
Since there is currently not a lot of research in the physical tendencies and actions of children this research helps provide more background on the knowledge of becoming a gendered body and how it relates to children in the classroom.

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1)    The topic of “The Ambiguity of Having Sex’ is how people in the U.S define how virginity is lost

2)    The Question answered in this article is how do people define what it means to lose your virginity, the author interviewed a diverse group of people including men, women, gay, straight, bisexual, younger, and older on what virginity means to them.

3)    The author used the theory of identity

4)    Based on the theory, she chose people who identified differently and therefore, we got different views and opinions on the definition of virginity

5)    The research is qualitative.

6)    The author interviewed respondents and used the snowball sampling method.

7)    Yes this study was random because she used respondents recommended by contacts, no one specific.

8)    The study consisted of 61 people, 33 women and 28 men.

9)    The author utilized the snowball sampling method

10) The advantages of the snowball method are that she had a wide variety of views and opinions which contributed much more information.

11)  A disadvantage of this method could be that the participants were not giving full or completely honest answers due to the fact that it can be a personal, sensitive topic.

12) The participants were informed that their identity would remain confidential and they could stop the interview at any time

13) Depending on someone’s gender or sexual orientation you view on virginity was different. Everyone either viewed it as a gift, a stigma, or a process. Also, everyone has a different definition of what losing your virginity is.

14) There is no set definition of how virginity is lost in the United States. People have their own opinions depending on their personal experiences and backgrounds.

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1. The topic of the article is what is considered virginity loss in young adults, and how we all perceive it.

2. The research question of the article is “What do we mean when we talk about sex?” With this there are many different ways people classify sex as sex. It can differ between homosexual and heterosexual relationships. Boys and girls in different relationships define virginity loss in many different ways. These people have many different feelings about the concept of virginity.

3. The author used a few different theories throughout the article. One of the most common was the variation of identity theories. Social Constructionalism is also very common throughout the article along with the feminist theory. One of the most common ideas is that women consider their virginity as more of a gift, rather than the older men get, they think of their virginity as a negative quality.

4. These theories contributed to the design of the research because the author chose a variety of people with different sexualities to cover all areas of what they consider to be virginity loss.

5. The design of the research was qualitative. This is shown because the interview questions were very open-ended and people could answer as much or as little as they would like. They would only answer what they feel comfortable answering, but with this option, the data would be much more reliable.

6. The author got respondents from many different religions, ethnic groups, minorities, and sexualities. She did not just ask one group of people, she asked many different types of people to get their views on virginity loss so she was able to compare it to other groups of people.

7. The author strategically picked her respondents so that it would not be considered a random sample. Since she has a variety of people, but she strategically researched each group of people, we would not consider it a random sample.

8. The sample size is 61 people, both men and women, from the metropolitan area of Philadelphia.

9. The author performed snowball sampling method. This means that the people being interviewed were recommended by professional contacts to take the survey. Then these people would be able to recommend or find other people that would be willing and qualified to be a part of the same study.

10. The advantages of this research method are that it avoided reluctant to be able to participate in the research. It made it possible for the people that identify their sexuality a certain way but they don’t show it outwardly to still be interviewed. They were not stereotyped because they had to be professionally recommended.

11. The disadvantages of this research method are that if all respondents identify with the same sexual orientation, then the research would be biased. It could potentially be very difficult to find a variety of men and women who identify their sexuality in different ways.

12. The researcher’s ethical measures consisted of many different options for the participants. It allowed the respondents to choose the location of the interview, it allowed for them to back out of the interview at any time, they were told they could be as open as possible and reassured that their information was confidential and only used in the study.

13. The author found out that the idea of “Virginity loss,” has a variety of different meanings for many different people who identify with different sexualities. She was able to gather information from many different men and women who have different values and ideas of sex and what they consider sex.

14. The results of this study were very important because people feel more comforted knowing that they might value their viriginity in a way that someone else also does. They can know that it is okay to disagree about what they think virginity is because there are so many different circumstances.

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Ashley Coburn, Daisia Vines, Maria Wiles

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Ashley Coburn, Daisia Vines, Maria Wiles

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1.     The topic of study was the different experiences of the loss of one’s virginity and what constitutes losing your virginity.

2.     The research question was what experiences that people go through when losing their virginity and why there are different interpretations of virginity loss. Gender and social identity indirectly influence ones’ interpretations of virginity loss and therefore makes sex an ambiguous topic. There are different cultural frames that people use to describe what they consider to be virginity loss.

3.     One theory that was used was the grounded theory. The grounded theory optimized analysis of qualitative data and helps the researcher focus on the meaning of experiences.

4.      The grounded theory contributed to the design of the research by having it focus on actual experiences of people. The researcher also identified the themes and topics as the participants continued to talk.

5.     The research design is qualitative.

6.     The author used snowball sampling because it was easier to recruit through certain social networks and that helped overcome some reluctant participants. This method also enabled the researcher to get bisexual men and women who are not as visible throughout the population. The author did several snowball samples to avoid having a homogeneous study.

7.     The author did not use random sampling.

8.     The sample size is 61 people.

9.     To gather data the researcher used in depth interviews that contained of open ended questions so the participants were able to spoke in detail with minimal direction about how they perceived virginity loss. The researcher went over the interviews afterwards and designed categories of information within each interview.

10.  The advantages of this method make it more accurate and precise because the participants are not being directed so they are less likely to hold back.

11.   Some disadvantages are some answers that are gained from participants may not agree and be vastly different. Also, this research was conducted during the Clinton and Lewinsky so some answers may have been skewed.

12.  The ethical methods that the researcher used to protect their participants included keeping the responder’s names private, all of the information was confidential.

13.  After reading the article the result that we found was majority of people consider virginity loss to be when the penis penetrates the vagina. Virginity loss is also ambiguous because many people have a different view on what virginity loss means to them.

14.  The results are important because we are now able to understand how different people think about virginity loss.

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1. How different demographics/cultures define virginity loss in the US.
2. How men and women experience/define virginity loss and how they perceive the transition of identity from virgin to nonvirgin.
3. Feminist theory, symbolic interactions sm, grounded theory.
4. The author focused on all the different viewpoints from men and women, or gay, straight, bisexual, to get the different viewpoints.
5. The research was qualitative because it was more so case studies as oppose to simple survey questions.
6. The author used purposive snowball sampling method. She used respondents who were recommended by her professional contacts and organizations.
7. The author didn’t use random sampling, she even says it which then enables her to identify gay, bisexual, women and men.
8. The sample size is 61 men and women total.
9. The author used In-depth semi structured interviews, they asked questions in which could be answered in different ways based off of personal beliefs/experiences.
10. More in-depth information from the respondents and see more of the why’s and how’s of society’s.
11. We don’t get the what’s (as in statistics) of the research.
12. She kept her participants names confidential, she talked about their answers but didn’t give their identities and they could stop the interview anytime they wanted.
13. The author found that not everyone will agree on what makes you a virgin/nonvirgin
14. It’s sociologically relevant because there’s many different meanings of that word to every single person on how/where they were raised, and who they socialize with, etc.

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1.       The subjective experience of virginity loss in the United States.

2.       The research question for this article is how different people view sex and different interpretations of virginity loss. About the different interpretations of virginity loss, an example of another view of this experience would be homosexuality. How homosexuals describe the loss of their own virginity would be different than that of a heterosexual being that the way they have sex is different.

3.       We could use functionalism because in this article they viewed virginity loss as a process in that it functions in society as a way of gaining experiences and as a rite of passage for individuals. It could also be dramaturgy because those who view virginity as a stigma act as non-virgins in the front stage when in reality, backstage they are virgins.

4.       The use of the theories provided a sort of outline on how to present the research and provides a basis for the points that she is trying to get across to the reader.

5.       Overall the article was qualitative.

6.       She interviewed people and asked them how they viewed virginity, asked them when they thought they lost their virginity, etc.

7.       No, she didn’t because she used snowball sampling.

8.       61 women and men

9.       She used interviews.

10.   Advantages to this method is that you can get many different opinions and views of the same topic

11.   You will never know if someone is going to tell the truth or not.

12.   She kept the identities of the respondents anonymous.

13.   She found that people view virginity loss in different ways therefore making the definition of virginity loss not as clear as many believe it to be.

14.   It shows that society shapes how we define certain statuses and aspects of it whether it be personal or non-personal.

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1. The topic of study is more about the definition of Virginity loss depending on the different social groups in society.
2. The research question was what experiences define virginity loss for men and women and how do they interpret it. According to the social groups that people associate with and live out, it can vary their definition and experience with virginity loss.
3. The author used social construct theory to understand sexuality as it relates to social factors.
4. This theory relates to the research design as Carpenter used open-ended questions in the interviews which allowed the people to really elaborate on their stances and speak for their opinions in a way that they felt comfortable rather than searching for certain answers that the researchers wanted to hear.
5. The research design was Qualitative as Carpenter relied on the verbal words that the interviews brought out and he studied them each countless times.
6. The author gathered her data through the repeated study of the words in the interviews in order to analyze how people really felt about the issue.
7. The author used the snowball sampling method instead of random sampling.
8. The sample size was 61 men and women from ages 18-35.
9. Carpenter used the data from in-depth case studies as her research.
10. The advantage of this research method was that it was detailed, personal, extensive, and truthful coming from the interviewees.
11. The disadvantage of this research method is that it isn't random and prevents the researcher  from being able to compare the results with the general population.
12. Carpenter used open-ended questions which allowed the people to answer the questions as specific or personal as they wanted without feeling pressured to lean a certain way.
13. The results showed that the subjects were in complete agreement about a few parts of the definition of virginity loss but differed on all the other parts depending on their background, experiences, and sexual orientation.
14.The results are important as this pertains to every person and is and has been a huge part of society since the beginning of time.

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1.The topic of the study is about how people define experience of sex and the differences in opinion of what qualifies as loss of virginity.

2.The research question was essentially “How does a person define losing their virginity.” The researcher asked people regardless of their orientation how they defined loss of virginity, and for the most part, everyone had their own opinion based on their orientation (i.e.; straight - usually penetration; LGBT - tended to lean towards oral as loss of virginity).

3.The author used Social and Personal Identity Theory.

4.By using Social and Personal Identity Theory, it contributed to the research design because the researcher was using real stories and real identities and not some online surveys. She was able to ask real people questions without them feeling as though they had a lack of options or as if they were just part of some huge statistic. She has not pushed her own beliefs onto these people; by using “think” or “feel” questions, questions were left very open ended, allowing the participants to use their own words and experiences to answer the questions.

5.The researched design is qualitative.

6.The author gained samples by using the Snowball Sampling Method.

7.No, the author did not use random sampling.

8.The sample size was 61 women (33) and men (28).

9.The research author utilized in-depth, semi structured interviews, also known as case studies.

10.An advantage of using the above method of research is that it provided in-depth information.

11.A disadvantage of the above method of research is that it is not entirely scientific, and therefore can’t be generalized to a larger population (opinionated).

12.One ethical measure the researcher took to protect participants was keeping them anonymous and by allowing them to leave and end the interview at any time.

13.The researcher found that sex seems to be a very vague term that no one person can define, as everyone has their own opinions and beliefs regarding what it exactly is, and these beliefs are based on values and personal experiences, which vary from person to person.

14.The results are important and/or sociologically relevant because they might expand others minds or open their eyes to seeing a new way to understand sex - for a straight couple, sex may be defined as penile penetration into a vagina; for a gay couple, sex obviously does not mean the same thing. This research may help sway the stigma of sex having to be an act of penetration, and push it towards becoming more of an umbrella term, still covering coitus but also extending towards acts such as foreplay to sex.

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1) ambiguity of having sex and interpretations of virginity loss
2) there were two research questions: what sexual experiences do men and women referred to when they talk about virginity loss? What meanings do people attached to virginity loss?
3) personal identity and social identity. Sexuality was shaped by social constructs
4) she explored the personal identity of virginity loss through interviewing young adults and asking them questions. These questions were open ended and general.
5)qualitative the research itself was qualitative because it was based on experience is not numbers or data
6) propose servant snowball sampling method was used after use of media in contacts
7) not exactly. She wanted a diverse group to get a well-rounded conclusion. She had people of different genders and races sexual orientation's and ages
8)sample size was 61 men and women
9)Open ended questionsthat were in depth and semi and structured interviews
10) Open ended questions allow for participants to expand on experiences and feel more comfortable
11) maybe not exact data can be concluded such as yes or no questions
12)participants were informed that their identities would be confidential and they could leave it anytime.
13). Virginity is ambiguous and it's up to the persons opinion and perspective to define virginity loss
14) Society has ever-changing views and it's OK for people to have different opinions and perspectives

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1. The topic of this study is to study the use of the word "fag" as an insult.
2. "Fag" is just a playful insult used by guys and the question of the research was to find why.
3. C.J. Pascoe used the feminist theory in her research.
4. She realized that really only guys used "fag" as an insult and not girls so this helped her focus mainly on the men.
5. She used a qualitative design in this study.
6. She conducted a bunch of presentations in the classes of high schools and also at lunch.
7. No, she used a voluntary response sampling.
8. 50 students (37 boys and 13 girls).
9. She used interviews and case studies to help her research.
10. She got more in depth information and one on one time with the people she interviewed.
11. It was a narrow sample size so her findings were limited and some people might not have told the truth.
12. She kept their responses private and anonymous, the participants names were changed.
13. Her research showed that sexualized teasing could lead to dangerous consequences as evidenced by the rise of school shootings during the 1990's.
14. Learn more about bullying and what goes on in the schools.

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Sarah Haslinger, Katie Osiensky, Tatum Gross

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Sarah Haslinger, Katie Osiensky, Tatum Gross

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1.       The topic is the meaning of virginity loss and what it means to different people.  It also discusses what people think is considered as losing your virginity.

2.       The research question is what qualifies as virginity loss and sex.  The three main ways people interpret virginity are as a gift, stigma, and as part of a process.  Everyone defines sex and virginity loss differently and everyone has a different opinion on what is considered virginity loss.

3.       In the article, the author used the grounded theory to analyses interview data.  The grounded theory stresses the development of the analytic categories guiding the researcher’s questions.  It helps researcher’s focus on the meaning of experiences with the participants.  He coded the interviews and identified themes and topics that the participants were bringing up.

4.       This contributed to the research deign because it wants their finding to challenge researchers to broaden their understanding of virginity loss and sex.

5.       The way the author words his information is always qualitative, even though he still uses percentages and number values.

6.       The researcher interviewed 61 people (male and female) in the Philadelphia area ages 18-35. She initially found a few people who agreed to do the interview, then those people asked people they knew if they would participate, and it kept going on.

7.       No, they did not use random sampling because some of the participants picked people they knew to participate in the study, so it was not random.

8.       The sample size is 61 people, 33 women and 28 men.

9.       The research method used was surveying (interviews).

10.   The advantages are that the people are actually interested in the interview and are more willing to answer the questions in an interview, and they will give honest answers most likely.

11.   The disadvantages are that people might not tell you everything or might not be truthful because they know they are being interviewed.

12.   The researcher kept their identities hidden and used fake names to keep their identities confidential.

13.   The author found that everyone has a different opinion on what virginity loss is and what is considered as virginity loss and sex.  She also found that the younger participants were more opened minded about how virginity could be lost, while the older people had more of a traditional way of viewing it.

14.   The results are important because it shows how people with different background and sexual orientations view this topic.

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Gracie Killen, McKayla Petrie, Olivia Kerper

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Gracie Killen, McKayla Petrie, Olivia Kerper

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1. Finding out the correlation between boys calling each other fags and what it means to be masculine
2. Is the term fag related purely to homophobia or is it intertwined with masculinity, race, culture, etc? Our group discussed that we've all heard boys yell the word fag to one another but it was more related to a lack of masculinity than being gay.
3. Feminist and queer theories
4. In the queer theory it talks specifically about sexual power being embedded in different levels of social life, and this showed that she had to dig deeper in order to figure out how the word fag was deemed in the high school culture and the subcultures within schools.
5. Qualitative data
6. She interviewed kids and observed their interactions between teens at the school
7. Yes
8. There was 2,000 students but only around 15-20 were interviewed
9. Interviews and observation
10. She got one on one time to talk with students and hear their true perspectives as they weren't surrounded by peers
11. She couldn't interview everyone and she didn't have a lot of time to talk with the students that did participate in the interviews.
12. Didn't release her true information regarding her research questions and she only mentioned names when they cleared it with her first. Most of the data was broadly stated to ensure the safety of the students.
13. She found that the term fag was related more to a lack of masculinity and that it was transferable from one kid to another.
14. Because it shows how in different cultures, words have different meanings and connotations that go along with them.

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1.) Adolescent Masculinity and Identity

2) The researcher was searching for why adolescent boys use the word fag as an insult and how it relates to masculinity. It took place at a diverse suburban high school in California referred to as River High.

3) The author uses Functionalism and Symbolic interactionism in this study

4) Functionalism showed the way the word fag varied in meaning between gender, race, and class. Symbolically, this author observed the way “fag” was used to negatively symbolize masculinity rather than its actual meaning.

5.) The author used the qualitative method to gather data.

6) She interviewed students in a various range of social gatherings suck as the lunch room, the winter ball, plays, and rallies.

7) From a general perspective, she was able to choose where and which type of people she interviewed however it was not up to her who chose to participate.

8.) The sample size was 2000 students.

9) The author used micro level analysis to gather more information of the interaction between these students.

10) She was able to interview these students at a personal level in which she wouldn’t have been able to in a larger group. She was also able to observe specific examples just by being around these students.

11) There were some influences in respondents because students knew she was there observing them. She also only observed one school and cannot be sure her conclusion is true for the town, state, or country.

12) She didn’t use the students last names; however, she wasn’t very careful about anything else. In one situation, she describes a student as “David, a handsome white senior dressed smartly in khaki pants and a white button-down shirt”

13) The author found that the meaning of fag or faggot relates more to incompetency and masculinity than being gay itself.

14) This research showed the way meanings of words warp to fit a specific cultural ideas and concepts.

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Collin Salonich, McCree Stults, Kevin Lojewski

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Collin Salonich, McCree Stults, Kevin Lojewski

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1) The topic of this study was adolecent masculinity and the fag discourse, which basically means a study of highschoolers calling eachother gay.
2) The research question is how the word "fag" effects adolecent boys. To do this the researchers go and study a highschool in North Central California.
3) The researcher used Functionalism because the researcher acts under the assumption that calling other boys a fag is a functioning part of society.
4) It caused the researcher to view the use of the word fag as a reason the boys are boys, and not some detremental struggle of power.
5) The research design is qualitative, because it use impressions over data.
6) The researcher samples through interveiws.
7) The researchers did not use random sampling.
8) The sample size is 50 students.
9) The researcher utilized oberservational study.
10) The advantages of this research method are that you eliminate bias by not letting subjects know what they are being interviewed about.
11) The disadvantages of this research method are that if you observe in a certain area you could get highly biased results.
12) The researcher protected their participants by using a fake name for the schools she researched.
13) The researcher found that the qualifications to be a "fag" can differ based upon social backround (i.e. race, gender, sexual orientation)
14) They can help us determine how men determine their masculinity.

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Joey Ferracciolo, Olivia Penney, Ashley Pagan

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Joey Ferracciolo, Olivia Penney, Ashley Pagan

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1.  The societal perspective on virginity in the US.

2.  The research question is “what qualifies as losing your virginity?”  Many people argue that your virginity can only be lost through penetration, as other people may argue that virginity loss comes from a variety of sexual acts (oral sex, anal sex, etc).

3.  Social construct with interpretive frames.

4.  Social constructs create a societal identity and personal identity. You may see yourself as a nonvirgin but others may see you as a virgin.

5.  Qualatative, because they were interviews, not surveys.

6.  The author conducted case studies and interviews with open-ended questions.  The author picked 61 random participants from Philadelphia.

7.  No, the author used snowball sampling.

8.  61.

9.  Interviews and case studies.

10.  It allows the participants to speak freely about what they feel on the topic instead of asking “Do you losing your virginity comes from oral sex, penetration, or other?”

11.  People may lie because they may be embarrassed or feel like they are not anonymous.

12.  She kept all participants anonymous and did not give out their information.

13.  She found that the majority of people believe that penetration is the only way to lose your virginity.  However, there are many ambiguities because many people have different beliefs.

14.  We can now figure out how different people think about virginity loss and how virginity is a social construct.

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Questions (Insert Group Members Here in Title)

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Questions (Insert Group Members Here in Title)

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Post answers here ONLY after you have finished with your entire activity.

1) What is the topic of study?

2) Describe the research question and give some background information in your own words.

3) Which theory(s) did the author use?

4) What did this contribute to the research design?

5) Is the research design qualitative or quantitative?

6) How did the author sample (gain respondents or data?)

7) Did the author use random sampling?

8) What is the sample size?

9) What research method did the author utilize?

10) What are the advantages of this research method?

11) What are the disadvantages of this research method?

12) What ethical measures did the researcher take to protect their participants?

13) In your own words, what results did the author find?

14) Why are the results important or sociologically relevant?