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Regina Sandberg, Bill Broder, Lindsay DiPhillipo

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Regina Sandberg, Bill Broder, Lindsay DiPhillipo

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1) What is the topic of study?

-The ambiguity of defining “Virginity Loss”

2) Describe the research question and give some background information in your own words.

-The question is how different groups of people define what losing your virginity really means. Some people thought of virginity as a gift, some put a negative stigma behind losing it, others think you can lose your virginity in oral sex or anal.

3) Which theory(s) did the author use?

-Socially constructed theory

4) What did this contribute to the research design?

It understands that sexuality is shaped by social factors.

5) Is the research design qualitative or quantitative?

Qualitative data

6) How did the author sample (gain respondents or data?)

61 women and men ranging from ages 18-35 and different sexual orientations and used snowballing sampling method.

7) Did the author use random sampling?

-no

8) What is the sample size?

-61

9) What research method did the author utilize?

-Grounded Theory: developed to optimize analysis of qualitative data, the grounded theory approach stresses the inductive development of the analytic categories guiding the researchers inquiries.

10) What are the advantages of this research method?

-This strategy helps the researcher focus on the meaning of experiences to study participants

11) What are the disadvantages of this research method?

-Views were similar because it wasn’t random

12) What ethical measures did the researcher take to protect their participants?

-She kept the identities anonymous and did not pay them to answer; she also made the participants comfortable

13) In your own words, what results did the author find?

-Most people stated that virginity loss is penetration of the vagina, but this varied depending on age and sexual orientation

14) Why are the results important or sociologically relevant?

-It goes to show that virginity is something that society puts a meaning behind.

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5. It used both types by quantitatively looking at who was disciplined -boy or girl. Qualitative was what is being disciplined and to what extent.
6. It was a sample of convenience.
7. It was not randomized.
8. There were 112 students.
9. They used observations to take their data.
10. Observation reduces bias because you were uninvolved in the situation.
11.Disadvantegs are that you cannot watch everyone, so you cant't see everything.
12. For ethical reasons, she changed the names of students and did not use school names.
13. Actions taken by teachers express gender roles on young people. The female population has more restrictions, even on children.
14. The article gives insight into the gender roles in society and allows us to help move past them.

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1. The topic of the study is how preschool genderizes the body.
2. The researc H question is how pre-k practices affects the gender of children. There were 2 preschools, 5 classes, 112 kids.
3. It uses feminist theory, disciplining the body, and gender performance.
4. It put in perspective the underlying sexism is preschools and of gender roles expected of kids.

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1)    The topic of study is stereotypes, in this case fags.

2)    The research question is the argument that boys become/feel more masculine through making others feel less masculine via the term “fag.” Boys in the article match up with the characteristics of the people that most of us have attended school with ourselves. The fag complex is just one example of stereotypes.

3)    The author used a couple of theories in her article to help her own studies. Queer theory and feminist theory were two that the author used specifically. Queer theory integrates insights about the relationships between gender, sexuality, and power with attention to male masculinity.

4)    This contributed better understanding to the research design. She uses more specific theories to describe the elements she is studying.

5)    The research design is qualitative. She used ethnographic research.

6)    The author gained data by interviewing students and then observing their behavior in their high school setting. She gained respondents by “conducting presentations in a range of classes and hanging around at lunch, before and after school, and at various events and then taking volunteers for further interviews in a setting that the interviewee selected.

7)    The author used volunteers and therefore she did not use random sampling.

8)    The sample size is 49 students (36 boys and 13 girls).

9)    The author utilized observation and surveying as her research method.

10) The advantages to this method of research are that observing them in their natural habitat relieves the student of pressures imposed by a research setting that they are unfamiliar with. The interviews/survey method allows you to get more personal questions without the fear of other people being aware of your answers.

11) The disadvantages of this research method are that students may be less willing to answer survey questions without hearing how other people feel about the topic. Also, observations can be biased from the researcher’s standpoint.

12) The ethical measures are changing the high school’s name to River High and changing participants names.

13) The author found that the word “fag” is used to promote one’s own self confidence by identifying others as queers, thus ripping them of their masculinity.

14) The results are sociologically relevant and important because “fag” may be a racialized term, as well as sexualized teasing.

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Megan Carnes, Jason Fraser, Cheyann Williamson 

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Megan Carnes, Jason Fraser, Cheyann Williamson 

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1)      The topic of study is what virginity loss means.

2)      The research question is about what losing your virginity means and what qualifies as losing your virginity. Our background information is losing your virginity means when the penis penetrates in the vagina.

3)      The theory the author used is the Functionalism Theory.

4)      This theory added information based on standings and beliefs like sexual orientation.

5)      The research design is qualitative.

6)      The author sampled using the snowball sampling method, where respondents were found through professional contacts or organizations.

7)      No, the author did not use random sampling.

8)      The sample size was 61 woman and men.

9)      The author used in depth, semi- structured interviews.

10)   Some advantages of this method are that the respondents could speak freely, at any length they wanted and to do the interview anywhere they wanted.

11)   Some disadvantages of this method were that the responses weren’t as structured as they could have been because of the freedom each respondent had.

12)   Some ethical measures the researcher took were making sure each participant remained confidential and anonymous. They could also stop the interview whenever they felt uncomfortable. Again, they could also choose the interview location to be most comfortable. The researcher also got approval from the institution on the interview protocol.

13)   Some findings of the research were that most everyone believes that vaginal-penile intercourse is considered virginity loss. Everyone also believed that to lose your virginity you have to have a partner involved. It got trickier when same-sex relationships were brought up and how their virginity loss takes place. Some believe that oral sex counts as a way to lose virginity while others don’t. Also some believe that non-consensual sex (rape) is a way to lose virginity while others don’t. Overall it was found that the younger people in the research were redefining virginity loss and it will always be changing.

14)   These results are important because virginity loss has a big role with gender, sex, and sexual orientation which are important parts of sociology.

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Natalie Matos, Sarah Buckner, Marie Canfield, Tobias Rodriguez Brindicci

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Natalie Matos, Sarah Buckner, Marie Canfield, Tobias Rodriguez Brindicci

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1.      The research was on the ambiguity of having sex is subjective and the fact that the term “losing your virginity” in the US is subjective.

2.      The first question the researcher had was “to what sexual experiences do women and men refer when they talk about virginity loss or the first time they had sex” and “how do people interpret virginity loss.”

3.      The author used the theory of social instruction and as well as social and personal social identities.

4.      The openness of the questions allowed for those being interviewed to remain honest, thus not skewing the answers to what they may have thought she wanted to hear.

5.      In the research, both qualitative and quantitative data was presented.

6.      The author gained her sample with professional contacts and special interest organizations.

7.      The author did not use random sampling.

8.      The sample size was 61.

9.      The author used the snowball method and then interviewed the people who agreed to be part of the research. The interviews were semi-structured.

10.   Many of the questions were open ended, thus it helped with those being interviewed, allowing them to overcome reluctance to participate in the research.

11.   The disadvantages of the author’s method were that they were not random samples, thus making many of the answers similar in views.

12.   Not only did the author not pay those being interviewed, but she also kept the identities anonymous.

13.   The author found that many of the younger participants are more open to what the “definition” of virginity loss is, they also are more accepting of changes (ie: LGBTQA+ rights)

14.   The research is important because it shows social change.

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1. The topic is the ambiguity of sex.

2. How would you define losing your virginity? Losing your virginity can be interpreted by many different factors, such as religion, century, and male or female perspective.

3. feminist and theory of body discipline.

4. It allowed them to look from interpretive frames, and social identity.

5. It is qualitative because he asked open ended questions.

6. He used purposive snowballing sampling method.

7. No he used recommended people from professional contacts.

8. 61 women and men

9. Grounded theory

10. He developed a guide for coding the interviews which he reread and was able to identify similar themes and topics.

11. He would lose parts of individuals ideas and opinions.

12. All were anonymous and the individuals could choose where they wanted to be interviewed and could stop whenever they wanted and signed a paper.

13. Everyone perceives virginity and defines sex differently based on factors such as gender, beliefs, age, and sexual identity.

14. Individuals used definitions and interpretations of virginity loss as tools for constructing sexual identity both socially and personally.

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Cierra, Alyssa, Ryan 1) How preschoolers are gendered by their surroundings. 2) The research question is how the bodily differences of the children are constructed. The background information is the influence of the teachers and the lessons taught in the classroom as well as the influence of the other students in their class. 3) The author uses the feminist theory and the theory of body discipline. 4) It made a structure for the design and allowed the author to group the results together to make accurate arguments. 5) It could be considered quantitative because the author uses percentages and statistics, and also qualitative because of her conclusions. 6) She observed 5 different preschool classrooms. 7) She did not use random sampling because she picked the schools she wanted to observe. 8) There were 112 children and 14 teachers. 9) It was an observational study. 10) She was able to see first hand how the children behaved according to their surroundings. 11) She can't elaborate on anything other than what she saw herself. 12) They never spoke to the children and always told them they were simply writing. 13) Children's bodies are disciplined by school to prepare them for the larger social world. 14) It answered her research question which she formed due to the gendering of children in society.

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Cierra, Alyssa, Ryan 1) How preschoolers are gendered by their surroundings. 2) The research question is how the bodily differences of the children are constructed. The background information is the influence of the teachers and the lessons taught in the classroom as well as the influence of the other students in their class. 3) The author uses the feminist theory and the theory of body discipline. 4) It made a structure for the design and allowed the author to group the results together to make accurate arguments. 5) It could be considered quantitative because the author uses percentages and statistics, and also qualitative because of her conclusions. 6) She observed 5 different preschool classrooms. 7) She did not use random sampling because she picked the schools she wanted to observe. 8) There were 112 children and 14 teachers. 9) It was an observational study. 10) She was able to see first hand how the children behaved according to their surroundings. 11) She can't elaborate on anything other than what she saw herself. 12) They never spoke to the children and always told them they were simply writing. 13) Children's bodies are disciplined by school to prepare them for the larger social world. 14) It answered her research question which she formed due to the gendering of children in society.

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1. Adolescent Masculinity and the Fag Discourse
2.  The research is about the connection of the word "fag" to masculinity among adolescents. Also the context in which it is used among races. In society the word 'fag" is commonly used to describe male individuals that are considered less masculine.
3. The author used queer theory, and symbolic interactionism
4. With symbolic theory, the researcher uses observations through face to face interactions. this helps the researcher recognize the context in which the word is being used. Queer Theory theory helped with the research design because the researcher focused more on getting her data from males.
5. The researcher used a qualitative design.
6. The author chose a high school to get her data. the methods in which she used were interview and observation. This allowed for more content heavy data.
7. No the author didnt use random sampling.
8. 49 students
9. The author used observations and interviews.
10. Advantages of observations is that she collects data by identifying trends without affecting the participants. the advantages of interviews are that there is in depth data that allows for explanations.
11. The disadvantages are that these methods can be time consuming.  They also do not have the statistical data that quantitative research methods have.
12. The researcher used confidentiality because she changed the of the high school and  the participants. She also didnt force them into an uncomfortable environment.
13. the author found that the word "fag" was used more symbolically to describe being less masculine.  In addition, she also found out that the context of the word was indeed different among races.
14. The result are important because it explains how words can have different meanings for different people.

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1) Losing your virginity 2) The research question is what do people view the definition of losing your virginity as? The three different view points were virginity is a gift, a stigma and a process. Viewpoints have changed overtime and depend on gender and sexual orientation. 3) The socially constructed theory was used along with sexual identity. 4) This contributed to the research because it encouraged the researcher to focus on the individual experiences (inductive development) thus putting participants into categories of the three viewpoints of virginity (gift, stigma and process). Using these categories helped the researcher know what type of people fit into what category (ex. females typically view sex as a gift). 5) The research design is qualitative (statistics were created out of open ended responses). 6) The snowball sampling method was how the researcher gained respondents. 7) The author did not use random sampling because respondents were recommended. 8) The sample size is 61 people. 9) The research method utilized was semi-structured interviews so participants could speak freely. 10) The advantages of this method are because people recruited people they knew, they chose people likely to speak up about their experiences and the author was more able to identify homosexuals. 11) Drawbacks include a nonrandom sample, one cannot generalize their findings and the respondents are normally very similar (so not very representative). 12)Participants names were hidden and they were allowed to stop the interview at any they felt uncomfortable . 13) What the author found is that definitions of virginity loss varied by age, sexual orientation and gender.  The author also found that what people think of virginity helps define their sexual identity. 14) These results are important because homosexual and transgender rights are so relevant today helps people understand this topic better and investigate further.

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Michael Vozzella, Liam Lynch, Hunter Williams, Shannon Reilly 

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Michael Vozzella, Liam Lynch, Hunter Williams, Shannon Reilly 

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1) What is the topic of study?

How the word “fag” is used to demote the masculinity of the target receiving the insult.

2) Describe the research question and give some background information in your own words.

The research question is asking what the social definition of the word “fag” is. It is used in multiple ways to diminish and take advantage of a socially weaker or vulnerable target by claiming they are homosexual, in a negative sense.

3) Which theory(s) did the author use?

The author uses queer theory to describe how the word “fag” demoralizes a victim to a lower social standing by putting masculinity at the peak of social status.

4) What did this contribute to the research design?

This contributes to the comparisons between sexual orientation and social status.

5) Is the research design qualitative or quantitative?

The research design is qualitative.

6) How did the author sample (gain respondents or data?)

The author used the snowball method to gain their respondents and data.

7) Did the author use random sampling?

No, the author used select subjects instead of random.

8) What is the sample size?

She sampled a total of 61 men and women.

9) What research method did the author utilize?

The author used the interview method.

10) What are the advantages of this research method?

The interview method has the advantage of being able to receive personal experience and stories from an individual.

11) What are the disadvantages of this research method?

It can take longer to interview 61 individuals.

12) What ethical measures did the researcher take to protect their participants?

The researched changed the names of the individuals to protect their identities.

13) In your own words, what results did the author find?

That the word “fag” is used mostly between white, straight males to demote the social status of the individual they are targeting.

14) Why are the results important or sociologically relevant?

The results are important because people who are homosexual feel diminished among their peers for the use of the word “fag” in a derogatory manner.

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1. The topic of the study is the link between masculinity, race, and meaning of the word fag.
2. The research question is "What is a fag?"Fag has been a word linked to homosexuality, but the article explores its other meanings and relationships.
3. The author uses queer theory. She delves into the meaning of masculinity and the word fag. Fag serves as a way of confirming your masculinity.
4. Using queer theory gave insight into the relationship between social life and sexual power. Her research design became base on looking into the social world.
5. The research design is qualitative.
6. The author went to schools and observed students and interviewed some.
7. She used random sampling. The author interviewed a variety of students with no specific criteria for them.
8. The sample size was 2000 students.
9. The author used ethnographic research through observations and interviews.
10. The advantages of this research method was that she was able to interview students in their school environment, which is where they were socialized.
11. Disadvantaged of this type of field research is that she couldn't control confounding variables as well.
12. The author tried to keep participant confidentiality as well as possible, by changing names of people.
13. The term fag is used among straight males. Girls do not use the term as often as boys do. Race affects the way and amount of the word being used. Adolescents use it as a way to show their masculinity.
14. The results are important in understanding the social world better when the word fag is thrown around.

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Emily Lacasse, Madi Buyer, Bailey Predko

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Emily Lacasse, Madi Buyer, Bailey Predko

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1)The Ambiguity of "Having Sex"
2)How is virginity defined and understood by a variety of people from different backgrounds?
3)Functionalism because the view on virginity had changed over time, and become more and less important. The function of virginity in relationships changes with time, sometimes being very important and others not.
4)He interviewed the people, and analyzed the interview and made conclusions and placed the people into categories according to their standings and beliefs.
5)Qualitative, lots of percentages and numbers.
6)Snowball method. She found her initial respondents from professional contacts, and asked for recommendations from them, and so on.
Grounded theory which relies on systematic procedures.
7)No, they were recommendations.
8)She interviewed a total of 61 men and women.
9)She used the interview method.
10)Personable and comfortable to answer honestly. Able to gain explanation and background.
11)Clinton/Lewinsky investigation during that time might have influenced interview answers, prompted heterosexual respondents to revise their definitions of virginity loss.
12)She let them choose the location for their interview, to feel safe and comfortable. She didn't pressure them into answering any question they didn't want to answer.

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Questions (Insert Group Members Here in Title)

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Questions (Insert Group Members Here in Title)

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Post answers here ONLY after you have finished with your entire activity.

1) What is the topic of study?

2) Describe the research question and give some background information in your own words.

3) Which theory(s) did the author use?

4) What did this contribute to the research design?

5) Is the research design qualitative or quantitative?

6) How did the author sample (gain respondents or data?)

7) Did the author use random sampling?

8) What is the sample size?

9) What research method did the author utilize?

10) What are the advantages of this research method?

11) What are the disadvantages of this research method?

12) What ethical measures did the researcher take to protect their participants?

13) In your own words, what results did the author find?

14) Why are the results important or sociologically relevant?