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I will respect your rights regardless of who you are. I will uphold your rights even when I disagree with you

When anyone's human rights are denied, everyone's rights are undermined, so I will stand up

I will raise my voice. I will take action. I will use my rights to stand up for your rights.

people have stood up for human rights

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70th anniversary of the universal declaration of human rights

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I will respect your rights regardless of who you are. I will uphold your rights even when I disagree with you When anyone's human rights are denied, everyone's rights are undermined, so I will stand up I will raise my voice. I will take action.

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1 Hwæt. We Gardena in geardagum,

2 þeodcyninga, þrym gefrunon,

3 hu ða æþelingas ellen fremedon.

4 Oft Scyld Scefing sceaþena/ þreatum,

5 monegum mægþum, meodosetla ofteah,

6 egsode eorlas. Syððan ærest wearð/

7 feasceaft funden, he þæs frofre gebad,

8 weox under wolcnum, weorðmyndum þah,

9 oðþæt him æghwylc þara ymbsittendra

10 ofer hronrade hyran scolde,

11 gomban gyldan. þæt wæs god cyning.

12 ðæm eafera wæs æfter cenned,

13 geong in geardum, þone god sende

14 folce to frofre; fyrenðearfe ongeat

15 þe hie ær drugon aldorlease/

16 lange hwile. Him þæs liffrea,

17 wuldres wealdend, woroldare forgeaf;

18 Beowulf wæs breme blæd wide sprang/,

19 Scyldes eafera Scedelandum in.

20 Swa sceal geong/ guma/ gode gewyrcean,

21 fromum feohgiftum on fæder bearme/,

22 þæt hine on ylde eft gewunigen

23 wilgesiþas, þonne wig cume,

24 leode gelæsten; lofdædum sceal

25 in mægþa gehwære man geþeon.

26 Him ða Scyld gewat to gescæphwile

27 felahror feran on frean wære.

28 Hi hyne þa ætbæron to brimes faroðe,

29 swæse gesiþas, swa he selfa bæd,

30 þenden wordum weold wine Scyldinga;

31 leof landfruma lange ahte.

32 þær æt hyðe stod hringedstefna,

33 isig ond utfus, æþelinges fær.

34 Aledon þa leofne þeoden,

35 beaga bryttan, on bearm scipes,

36 mærne be mæste. þær wæs madma fela

37 of feorwegum, frætwa, gelæded;

38 ne hyrde ic cymlicor ceol gegyrwan

39 hildewæpnum ond heaðowædum,

40 billum ond byrnum; him on bearme læg

41 madma mænigo, þa him mid scoldon

42 on flodes æht feor gewitan.

43 Nalæs hi hine læssan lacum teodan,

44 þeodgestreonum, þon þa dydon

45 þe hine æt frumsceafte forð onsendon

46 ænne ofer yðe umborwesende.

47 þa gyt hie him asetton segen geldenne/

48 heah ofer heafod, leton holm beran/,

49 geafon on garsecg; him wæs geomor sefa,

50 murnende mod. Men ne cunnon

51 secgan to soðe, selerædende/,

52 hæleð under heofenum, hwa þæm hlæste onfeng.

53 ða wæs on burgum Beowulf Scyldinga,

54 leof leodcyning, longe þrage

55 folcum gefræge fæder ellor hwearf,

56 aldor of earde, oþþæt him eft onwoc

57 heah Healfdene; heold þenden lifde,

58 gamol ond guðreouw, glæde Scyldingas.

59 ðæm feower bearn forð gerimed

60 in worold wocun, weoroda ræswan/,

61 Heorogar ond Hroðgar ond Halga til;

62 hyrde ic þæt wæs/ Onelan cwen,

63 Heaðoscilfingas healsgebedda.

64 þa wæs Hroðgare heresped gyfen,

65 wiges weorðmynd, þæt him his winemagas

66 georne hyrdon, oðð þæt seo geogoð geweox,

67 magodriht micel. Him on mod bearn

68 þæt healreced hatan wolde,

69 medoærn/ micel, men gewyrcean

70 þonne/ yldo bearn æfre gefrunon,

71 ond þær on innan eall gedælan

72 geongum ond ealdum, swylc him god sealde,

73 buton folcscare ond feorum gumena.

74 ða ic wide gefrægn weorc gebannan

75 manigre mægþe geond þisne middangeard,

76 folcstede frætwan. Him on fyrste gelomp,

77 ædre mid yldum, þæt hit wearð ealgearo,

78 healærna mæst; scop him Heort naman

79 se þe his wordes geweald wide hæfde.

80 He beot ne aleh, beagas dælde,

81 sinc æt symle. Sele hlifade,

82 heah ond horngeap, heaðowylma bad,

83 laðan liges; ne wæs hit lenge þa gen

84 þæt se ecghete/ aþumsweorum/,

85 æfter wælniðe wæcnan scolde.

86 ða se ellengæst earfoðlice

87 þrage geþolode, se þe in þystrum bad,

88 þæt he dogora gehwam dream gehyrde

89 hludne in healle; þær wæs hearpan sweg,

90 swutol sang scopes. Sægde se þe cuþe

91 frumsceaft fira feorran reccan,

92 cwæð þæt se ælmihtiga eorðan worhte/,

93 wlitebeorhtne wang, swa wæter bebugeð,

94 gesette sigehreþig sunnan ond monan

95 leoman to leohte landbuendum

96 ond gefrætwade foldan sceatas

97 leomum ond leafum, lif eac gesceop

98 cynna gehwylcum þara ðe cwice hwyrfaþ.

99 Swa ða drihtguman dreamum lifdon

100 eadiglice, oððæt an ongan

101 fyrene fremman/ feond on helle.

102 Wæs se grimma gæst Grendel haten,

103 mære mearcstapa, se þe moras heold,

104 fen ond fæsten; fifelcynnes eard

105 wonsæli wer weardode hwile,

106 siþðan him scyppend forscrifen hæfde

107 in Caines cynne. þone cwealm gewræc

108 ece drihten, þæs þe he Abel slog;

109 ne gefeah he þære fæhðe, ac he hine feor forwræc,

110 metod for þy mane, mancynne fram.

111 þanon untydras ealle onwocon,

112 eotenas ond ylfe ond orcneas,

113 swylce gigantas/, þa wið gode wunnon

114 lange þrage; he him ðæs lean forgeald.

115 Gewat ða neosian, syþðan niht becom,

116 hean huses, hu hit Hringdene

117 æfter beorþege gebun hæfdon.

118 Fand þa ðær inne æþelinga gedriht

119 swefan æfter symble; sorge ne cuðon,

120 wonsceaft wera. Wiht unhælo,

121 grim ond grædig, gearo sona wæs,

122 reoc ond reþe, ond on ræste genam

123 þritig þegna, þanon eft gewat

124 huðe hremig to ham faran,

125 mid þære wælfylle wica neosan.

126 ða wæs on uhtan mid ærdæge

127 Grendles guðcræft gumum undyrne;

128 þa wæs æfter wiste wop up ahafen,

129 micel morgensweg. Mære þeoden,

130 æþeling ærgod, unbliðe sæt,

131 þolode ðryðswyð, þegnsorge dreah,

132 syðþan hie þæs laðan last sceawedon,

133 wergan gastes; wæs þæt gewin to strang,

134 lað ond longsum. Næs hit lengra fyrst,

135 ac ymb ane niht eft gefremede

136 morðbeala mare ond no mearn fore,

137 fæhðe ond fyrene; wæs to fæst on þam.

138 þa wæs eaðfynde þe him elles hwær

139 gerumlicor ræste sohte/,

140 bed æfter burum, ða him gebeacnod wæs,

141 gesægd soðlice sweotolan tacne

142 healðegnes hete; heold hyne syðþan

143 fyr ond fæstor se þæm feonde ætwand.

144 Swa rixode ond wið rihte wan,

145 ana wið eallum, oðþæt idel stod

146 husa selest. Wæs seo hwil micel;

147 XII wintra tid torn geþolode

148 wine Scyldinga/, weana gehwelcne,

149 sidra sorga. Forðam secgum/ wearð,

150 ylda bearnum, undyrne cuð,

151 gyddum geomore, þætte Grendel wan

152 hwile wið Hroþgar, heteniðas wæg,

153 fyrene ond fæhðe fela missera,

154 singale sæce, sibbe ne wolde

155 wið manna hwone mægenes Deniga,

156 feorhbealo feorran, fea þingian,

157 ne þær nænig witena wenan þorfte

158 beorhtre bote to banan/ folmum,

159 ac/ se/ æglæca ehtende wæs,

160 deorc deaþscua, duguþe ond geogoþe,

161 seomade ond syrede, sinnihte heold

162 mistige moras. men ne cunnon

163 hwyder helrunan hwyrftum scriþað.

164 Swa fela fyrena feond mancynnes,

165 atol angengea, oft gefremede,

166 heardra hynða. Heorot eardode,

167 sincfage sel sweartum nihtum;

168 no he þone gifstol gretan moste,

169 maþðum for metode, ne his myne wisse.

170 þæt wæs wræc micel wine Scyldinga,

171 modes brecða. Monig oft gesæt

172 rice to rune; ræd eahtedon

173 hwæt swiðferhðum selest wære

174 wið færgryrum to gefremmanne.

175 Hwilum hie geheton æt hærgtrafum/

176 wigweorþunga, wordum bædon

177 þæt him gastbona geoce gefremede

178 wið þeodþreaum. Swylc wæs þeaw hyra,

179 hæþenra hyht; helle gemundon

180 in modsefan, metod hie ne cuþon,

181 dæda demend, ne wiston hie drihten god,

182 ne hie huru heofena helm herian ne cuþon,

183 wuldres waldend. Wa bið þæm ðe sceal

184 þurh sliðne nið sawle bescufan

185 in fyres fæþm, frofre ne wenan,

186 wihte gewendan; wel bið þæm þe mot

187 æfter deaðdæge drihten secean

188 ond to fæder fæþmum freoðo wilnian.

189 Swa ða mælceare maga Healfdenes

190 singala seað, ne mihte snotor hæleð

191 wean onwendan; wæs þæt gewin to swyð,

192 laþ ond longsum, þe on ða leode becom,

193 nydwracu niþgrim, nihtbealwa mæst.

194 þæt fram ham gefrægn Higelaces þegn,

195 god mid Geatum, Grendles dæda;

196 se wæs moncynnes mægenes strengest

197 on þæm dæge þysses lifes,

198 æþele ond eacen. Het him yðlidan

199 godne gegyrwan, cwæð, hu guðcyning

200 ofer swanrade secean wolde,

201 mærne þeoden, þa him wæs manna þearf.

202 ðone siðfæt him snotere ceorlas

203 lythwon logon, þeah he him leof wære;

204 hwetton higerofne/, hæl sceawedon.

205 Hæfde se goda Geata leoda

206 cempan gecorone þara þe he cenoste

207 findan mihte; XVna sum

208 sundwudu sohte; secg wisade,

209 lagucræftig mon, landgemyrcu.

210 Fyrst forð gewat. Flota wæs on yðum,

211 bat under beorge. Beornas gearwe

212 on stefn stigon; streamas wundon,

213 sund wið sande; secgas bæron

214 on bearm nacan beorhte frætwe,

215 guðsearo geatolic; guman ut scufon,

216 weras on wilsið, wudu bundenne.

217 Gewat þa ofer wægholm, winde gefysed,

218 flota famiheals fugle gelicost,

219 oðþæt ymb antid oþres dogores

220 wundenstefna gewaden hæfde

221 þæt ða liðende land gesawon,

222 brimclifu blican, beorgas steape,

223 side sænæssas; þa wæs sund liden,

224 eoletes æt ende. þanon up hraðe

225 Wedera leode on wang stigon,

226 sæwudu sældon syrcan hrysedon,

227 guðgewædo, gode þancedon

228 þæs þe him yþlade eaðe wurdon.

229 þa of wealle geseah weard Scildinga,

230 se þe holmclifu healdan scolde,

231 beran ofer bolcan beorhte randas,

232 fyrdsearu fuslicu; hine fyrwyt bræc

233 modgehygdum, hwæt þa men wæron.

234 Gewat him þa to waroðe wicge ridan

235 þegn Hroðgares, þrymmum cwehte

236 mægenwudu mundum, meþelwordum frægn:

237 Hwæt syndon ge searohæbbendra,

238 byrnum werede, þe þus brontne ceol

239 ofer lagustræte lædan cwomon,

240 hider ofer holmas? le/ wæs

241 endesæta, ægwearde heold,

242 þe on land Dena laðra nænig

243 mid scipherge sceðþan ne meahte.

244 No her cuðlicor cuman ongunnon

245 lindhæbbende; ne ge leafnesword

246 guðfremmendra gearwe ne wisson,

247 maga gemedu. Næfre ic maran geseah

248 eorla ofer eorþan ðonne is eower sum,

249 secg on searwum; nis þæt seldguma,

250 wæpnum geweorðad, næfne/ him his wlite leoge,

251 ænlic ansyn. Nu ic eower sceal

252 frumcyn witan, ær ge fyr heonan ,

253 leassceaweras, on land Dena

254 furþur feran. Nu ge feorbuend,

255 mereliðende, minne/ gehyrað

256 anfealdne geþoht: Ofost is selest

257 to gecyðanne hwanan eowre cyme syndon.

258 Him se yldesta ondswarode,

259 werodes wisa, wordhord onleac:

260 We synt gumcynnes Geata leode

261 ond Higelaces heorðgeneatas.

262 Wæs min fæder folcum gecyþed,

263 æþele ordfruma, Ecgþeow haten.

264 Gebad wintra worn, ær he on weg hwurfe,

265 gamol of geardum; hine gearwe geman

266 witena welhwylc wide geond eorþan.

267 We þurh holdne hige hlaford þinne,

268 sunu Healfdenes, secean cwomon,

269 leodgebyrgean; wes þu us larena god.

270 Habbað we to þæm mæran micel ærende,

271 Deniga frean, ne sceal þær dyrne sum

272 wesan, þæs ic wene. þu wast gif hit is

273 swa we soþlice secgan hyrdon

274 þæt mid Scyldingum sceaðona/ ic nat hwylc,

275 deogol dædhata, deorcum nihtum

276 eaweð þurh egsan uncuðne nið,

277 hynðu ond hrafyl. Ic þæs Hroðgar mæg

278 þurh rumne sefan ræd gelæran,

279 hu he frod ond god feond oferswyðeþ,

280 gyf him edwendan æfre scolde

281 bealuwa bisigu, bot eft cuman,

282 ond þa cearwylmas colran wurðaþ;

283 oððe a syþðan earfoðþrage,

284 þreanyd þolað, þenden þær wunað

285 on heahstede husa selest.

286 Weard maþelode, ðær on wicge sæt,

287 ombeht unforht: æghwæþres sceal

288 scearp scyldwiga gescad witan,

289 worda ond worca, se þe wel þenceð.

290 Ic þæt gehyre, þæt þis is hold weorod

291 frean Scyldinga. Gewitaþ forð beran

292 wæpen ond gewædu; ic eow wisige.

293 Swylce ic maguþegnas mine hate

294 wið feonda gehwone flotan eowerne,

295 niwtyrwydne nacan on sande

296 arum healdan, oþðæt eft byreð

297 ofer lagustreamas leofne mannan

298 wudu wundenhals to Wedermearce,

299 godfremmendra swylcum gifeþe bið

300 þæt þone hilderæs hal gedigeð.

301 Gewiton him þa feran. Flota stille bad,

302 seomode on sale/ sidfæþmed scip,

303 on ancre fæst. Eoforlic scionon

304 ofer hleorberan gehroden golde,

305 fah ond fyrheard; ferhwearde heold

306 guþmod grimmon/. Guman onetton,

307 sigon ætsomne, oþþæt hy sæl/ timbred,

308 geatolic ond goldfah, ongyton mihton;

309 þæt wæs foremærost foldbuendum

310 receda under roderum, on þæm se rica bad;

311 lixte se leoma ofer landa fela.

312 Him þa hildedeor hof/ modigra

313 torht getæhte, þæt hie him to mihton

314 gegnum gangan; guðbeorna sum

315 wicg gewende, word æfter cwæð:

316 Mæl is me to feran; fæder alwalda

317 mid arstafum eowic gehealde

318 siða gesunde. Ic to sæ wille

319 wið wrað werod wearde healdan.

320 Stræt wæs stanfah, stig wisode

321 gumum ætgædere. Guðbyrne scan

322 heard hondlocen, hringiren scir

323 song in searwum, þa hie to sele furðum

324 in hyra gryregeatwum gangan cwomon.

325 Setton sæmeþe side scyldas,

326 rondas regnhearde, wið þæs recedes weal,

327 bugon þa to bence. Byrnan hringdon,

328 guðsearo gumena; garas stodon,

329 sæmanna searo, samod ætgædere,

330 æscholt ufan græg; wæs se irenþreat

331 wæpnum gewurþad. þa ðær wlonc hæleð

332 oretmecgas æfter æþelum frægn:

333 Hwanon ferigeað ge fætte scyldas,

334 græge syrcan ond grimhelmas,

335 heresceafta heap? Ic eom Hroðgares

336 ar ond ombiht. Ne seah ic elþeodige

337 þus manige men modiglicran.

338 Wen ic þæt ge for wlenco, nalles for wræcsiðum,

339 ac for higeþrymmum/ Hroðgar sohton.

340 Him þa ellenrof andswarode,

341 wlanc Wedera leod, word æfter spræc,

342 heard under helme: We synt Higelaces

343 beodgeneatas; Beowulf is min nama.

344 Wille ic asecgan sunu Healfdenes,

345 mærum þeodne, min ærende,

346 aldre þinum, gif he us geunnan wile

347 þæt we hine swa godne gretan moton.

348 Wulfgar maþelode þæt wæs Wendla leod;

349 wæs his modsefa manegum gecyðed,

350 wig ond wisdom: Ic þæs wine Deniga,

351 frean Scildinga, frinan wille,

352 beaga bryttan, swa þu bena eart,

353 þeoden mærne, ymb þinne sið,

354 ond þe þa ondsware ædre gecyðan

355 ðe me se goda agifan þenceð.

356 Hwearf þa hrædlice þær Hroðgar sæt

357 eald ond anhar/ mid his eorla gedriht;

358 eode ellenrof, þæt he for eaxlum gestod

359 Deniga frean; cuþe he duguðe þeaw.

360 Wulfgar maðelode to his/ winedrihtne:

361 Her syndon geferede, feorran cumene

362 ofer geofenes begang Geata leode;

363 þone yldestan oretmecgas

364 Beowulf nemnað. Hy benan synt

365 þæt hie, þeoden min, wið þe moton

366 wordum wrixlan. No ðu him wearne geteoh

367 ðinra gegncwida, glædman Hroðgar.

368 Hy on wiggetawum wyrðe þinceað

369 eorla geæhtlan; huru se aldor deah,

370 se þæm heaðorincum hider wisade.

371 Hroðgar maþelode, helm Scyldinga:

372 Ic hine cuðe cnihtwesende.

373 Wæs his ealdfæder Ecgþeo haten,

374 ðæm to ham forgeaf Hreþel Geata

375 angan dohtor; is his eafora/ nu

376 heard her cumen, sohte holdne wine.

377 ðonne sægdon þæt sæliþende,

378 þa ðe gifsceattas Geata fyredon

379 þyder to þance, þæt he XXXtiges

380 manna mægencræft on his mundgripe

381 heaþorof hæbbe. Hine halig god

382 for arstafum us onsende,

383 to Westdenum, þæs ic wen hæbbe,

384 wið Grendles gryre. Ic þæm/ godan sceal

385 for his modþræce madmas beodan.

386 Beo ðu on ofeste, hat in gan

387 seon sibbegedriht samod ætgædere;

388 gesaga him eac wordum þæt hie sint wilcuman

391 Eow het secgan sigedrihten min,

392 aldor Eastdena, þæt he eower æþelu can,

393 ond ge him syndon ofer sæwylmas

394 heardhicgende hider wilcuman.

395 Nu ge moton gangan in eowrum guðgeatawum

396 under heregriman Hroðgar geseon;

397 lætað hildebord her onbidan,

398 wudu, wælsceaftas, worda geþinges.

399 Aras þa se rica, ymb hine rinc manig,

400 þryðlic þegna heap; sume þær bidon,

401 heaðoreaf heoldon, swa him se hearda bebead.

402 Snyredon ætsomne, þa secg wisode,

404 heard/ under helme, þæt he on heoðe gestod.

405 Beowulf maðelode on him byrne scan,

406 searonet/ seowed smiþes orþancum:

407 Wæs þu, Hroðgar/, hal. Ic eom Higelaces

408 mæg ond magoðegn; hæbbe ic mærða fela

409 ongunnen on geogoþe. Me wearð Grendles þing

410 on minre eþeltyrf undyrne cuð;

411 secgað sæliðend þæt þæs sele stande,

412 reced selesta, rinca gehwylcum

413 idel ond unnyt, siððan æfenleoht

414 under heofenes hador beholen weorþeð.

415 þa me þæt gelærdon leode mine

416 þa selestan, snotere ceorlas,

417 þeoden Hroðgar, þæt ic þe sohte,

418 forþan hie mægenes cræft minne/ cuþon,

419 selfe ofersawon, ða ic of searwum cwom,

420 fah from feondum. þær ic fife geband,

421 yðde eotena cyn ond on yðum slog

422 niceras nihtes, nearoþearfe dreah,

423 wræc Wedera/ nið wean ahsodon,

424 forgrand gramum, ond nu wið Grendel sceal,

425 wið þam aglæcan, ana gehegan

426 ðing wið þyrse. Ic þe nu ða,

427 brego Beorhtdena, biddan wille,

428 eodor Scyldinga, anre bene,

429 þæt ðu me ne forwyrne, wigendra hleo,

430 freowine folca, nu ic þus feorran com,

431 þæt ic mote ana ond/ minra eorla gedryht,

432 þes hearda heap, Heorot fælsian.

433 Hæbbe ic eac geahsod þæt se æglæca

434 for his wonhydum wæpna ne recceð.

435 Ic þæt þonne forhicge swa me Higelac sie,

436 min mondrihten, modes bliðe,

437 þæt ic sweord bere oþðe sidne scyld,

438 geolorand to guþe, ac ic mid grape sceal

439 fon wið feonde ond ymb feorh sacan,

440 lað wið laþum; ðær gelyfan sceal

441 dryhtnes dome se þe hine deað nimeð.

442 Wen ic þæt he wille, gif he wealdan mot,

443 in þæm guðsele Geotena leode

444 etan unforhte, swa he oft dyde,

445 mægen Hreðmanna. Na þu minne þearft

446 hafalan hydan, ac he me habban wile

447 dreore/ fahne, gif mec deað nimeð.

448 Byreð blodig wæl, byrgean þenceð,

449 eteð angenga unmurnlice,

450 mearcað morhopu; no ðu ymb mines ne þearft

451 lices feorme leng sorgian.

452 Onsend Higelace, gif mec hild nime,

453 beaduscruda betst, þæt mine breost wereð,

454 hrægla selest; þæt is Hrædlan laf,

455 Welandes geweorc. Gæð a wyrd swa hio scel.

456 Hroðgar maþelode, helm Scyldinga:

457 For/ gewyrhtum/ þu, wine min Beowulf,

458 ond for arstafum usic sohtest.

459 Gesloh þin fæder fæhðe mæste;

460 wearþ he Heaþolafe to handbonan

461 mid Wilfingum; ða hine Wedera/ cyn

462 for herebrogan habban ne mihte.

463 þanon he gesohte Suðdena folc

464 ofer yða gewealc, Arscyldinga.

465 ða ic furþum weold folce Deniga/

466 ond on geogoðe heold ginne/ rice,

467 hordburh hæleþa; ða wæs Heregar dead,

468 min yldra mæg unlifigende,

469 bearn Healfdenes; se wæs betera ðonne ic.

470 Siððan þa fæhðe feo þingode;

471 sende ic Wylfingum ofer wæteres hrycg

472 ealde madmas; he me aþas swor.

473 Sorh is me to secganne on sefan minum

474 gumena ængum hwæt me Grendel hafað

475 hynðo on Heorote mid his heteþancum,

476 færniða gefremed. Is min fletwerod,

477 wigheap gewanod; hie wyrd forsweop

478 on Grendles gryre. God eaþe mæg

479 þone dolsceaðan dæda getwæfan.

480 Ful oft gebeotedon beore druncne

481 ofer ealowæge oretmecgas

482 þæt hie in beorsele bidan woldon

483 Grendles guþe mid gryrum ecga.

484 ðonne wæs þeos medoheal on morgentid,

485 drihtsele dreorfah, þonne dæg lixte,

486 eal bencþelu blode bestymed,

487 heall heorudreore/; ahte ic holdra þy læs,

488 deorre duguðe, þe þa deað fornam.

489 Site nu to symle ond onsæl meoto,

490 sigehreð secgum, swa þin sefa hwette.

491 þa wæs Geatmæcgum geador ætsomne

492 on beorsele benc gerymed;

493 þær swiðferhþe sittan eodon,

494 þryðum dealle. þegn nytte beheold,

495 se þe on handa bær hroden ealowæge,

496 scencte scir wered. Scop hwilum sang

497 hador on Heorote. þær wæs hæleða dream,

498 duguð unlytel Dena ond Wedera.

499 Unferð/ maþelode, Ecglafes bearn,

500 þe æt fotum sæt frean Scyldinga,

501 onband beadurune wæs him Beowulfes sið,

502 modges merefaran, micel æfþunca,

503 forþon þe he ne uþe þæt ænig oðer man/

504 æfre mærða þon ma middangeardes

505 gehedde under heofenum þonne he sylfa:

506 Eart þu se Beowulf, se þe wið Brecan wunne,

507 on sidne sæ ymb sund flite,

508 ðær git for wlence wada cunnedon

509 ond for dolgilpe on deop wæter

510 aldrum neþdon? Ne inc ænig mon,

511 ne leof ne lað, belean mihte

512 sorhfullne sið, þa git on sund reon.

513 þær git eagorstream earmum þehton,

514 mæton merestræta, mundum brugdon,

515 glidon ofer garsecg; geofon yþum weol,

516 wintrys wylmum/. Git on wæteres æht

517 seofon niht swuncon; he þe æt sunde oferflat,

518 hæfde mare mægen. þa hine on morgentid

519 on Heaþoræmas/ holm up ætbær;

520 ðonon he gesohte swæsne //eþel//,

521 leof his leodum, lond Brondinga,

522 freoðoburh fægere, þær he folc ahte

523 burh ond beagas. Beot eal wið þe

524 sunu Beanstanes soðe/ gelæste.

525 ðonne wene ic to þe wyrsan geþingea,

526 ðeah þu heaðoræsa gehwær dohte,

527 grimre guðe, gif þu Grendles dearst

528 nihtlongne fyrst nean bidan.

529 Beowulf maþelode, bearn Ecgþeowes:

530 Hwæt. þu worn fela, wine min Unferð/,

531 beore druncen ymb Brecan spræce,

532 sægdest from his siðe. Soð ic talige,

533 þæt ic merestrengo maran ahte,

534 earfeþo on yþum, ðonne ænig oþer man.

535 Wit þæt gecwædon cnihtwesende

536 ond gebeotedon wæron begen þa git

537 on geogoðfeore þæt wit on garsecg ut

538 aldrum neðdon, ond þæt geæfndon swa.

539 Hæfdon swurd nacod, þa wit on sund reon,

540 heard on handa; wit unc wið hronfixas

541 werian þohton. No he wiht fram me

542 flodyþum feor fleotan meahte,

543 hraþor on holme; no ic fram him wolde.

544 ða wit ætsomne on sæ wæron

545 fif nihta fyrst, oþþæt unc flod todraf,

546 wado weallende, wedera cealdost,

547 nipende niht, ond norþanwind

548 heaðogrim ondhwearf; hreo wæron yþa.

549 Wæs merefixa mod onhrered;

550 þær me wið laðum licsyrce min,

551 heard, hondlocen, helpe gefremede,

552 beadohrægl broden on breostum læg

553 golde gegyrwed. Me to grunde teah

554 fah feondscaða, fæste hæfde

555 grim on grape; hwæþre me gyfeþe wearð

556 þæt ic aglæcan orde geræhte,

557 hildebille; heaþoræs fornam

558 mihtig meredeor þurh mine hand.

559 Swa mec gelome laðgeteonan

560 þreatedon þearle. Ic him þenode

561 deoran sweorde, swa hit gedefe wæs.

562 Næs hie ðære fylle gefean hæfdon,

563 manfordædlan, þæt hie me þegon,

564 symbel ymbsæton sægrunde neah;

565 ac on mergenne mecum wunde

567 sweordum/ aswefede, þæt syðþan na

568 ymb brontne ford brimliðende

569 lade ne letton. Leoht eastan com,

570 beorht beacen godes; brimu swaþredon,

571 þæt ic sænæssas geseon mihte,

572 windige weallas. Wyrd oft nereð

573 unfægne eorl, þonne his ellen deah.

574 Hwæþere me gesælde þæt ic mid sweorde ofsloh

575 niceras nigene. No ic on niht gefrægn

576 under heofones hwealf heardran feohtan,

577 ne on egstreamum earmran mannon;

578 hwaþere ic fara feng feore gedigde,

579 siþes werig. ða mec sæ oþbær,

580 flod æfter faroðe on Finna land,

581 wadu/ weallendu. No ic wiht fram þe

582 swylcra searoniða secgan hyrde,

583 billa brogan. Breca næfre git

584 æt heaðolace, ne gehwæþer incer,

585 swa deorlice dæd gefremede

586 fagum sweordum no ic þæs fela/ gylpe,

587 þeah ðu þinum broðrum to banan wurde,

588 heafodmægum; þæs þu in helle scealt

589 werhðo dreogan, þeah þin wit/ duge/.

590 Secge ic þe to soðe, sunu Ecglafes/,

591 þæt næfre Grendel/ swa fela gryra gefremede,

592 atol æglæca, ealdre þinum,

593 hynðo on Heorote, gif þin hige wære,

594 sefa swa searogrim, swa þu self talast.

595 Ac he hafað onfunden þæt he þa fæhðe ne þearf,

596 atole ecgþræce eower leode

597 swiðe onsittan, Sigescyldinga;

598 nymeð nydbade, nænegum arað

599 leode Deniga, ac he lust wigeð,

600 swefeð ond sendeþ, secce ne weneþ

601 to Gardenum. Ac ic him Geata sceal

602 eafoð ond ellen ungeara nu,

603 guþe gebeodan. Gæþ eft se þe mot

604 to medo modig, siþþan morgenleoht

605 ofer ylda bearn oþres dogores,

606 sunne sweglwered suþan scineð.

607 þa wæs on salum sinces brytta,

608 gamolfeax ond guðrof; geoce gelyfde

609 brego Beorhtdena, gehyrde on Beowulfe

610 folces hyrde fæstrædne geþoht.

611 ðær wæs hæleþa hleahtor/, hlyn swynsode,

612 word wæron wynsume. Eode Wealhþeow forð,

613 cwen Hroðgares, cynna gemyndig,

614 grette goldhroden guman on healle,

615 ond þa freolic wif ful gesealde

616 ærest Eastdena eþelwearde,

617 bæd hine bliðne æt þære beorþege,

618 leodum leofne. He on lust geþeah

619 symbel ond seleful, sigerof kyning.

620 Ymbeode þa ides Helminga

621 duguþe ond geogoþe dæl æghwylcne,

622 sincfato sealde, oþþæt sæl alamp

623 þæt hio Beowulfe, beaghroden cwen

624 mode geþungen, medoful ætbær;

625 grette Geata leod, gode þancode

626 wisfæst wordum þæs ðe hire se willa gelamp

627 þæt heo on ænigne eorl gelyfde

628 fyrena frofre. He þæt ful geþeah,

629 wælreow wiga, æt Wealhþeon,

630 ond þa gyddode guþe gefysed;

631 Beowulf maþelode, bearn Ecgþeowes:

632 Ic þæt hogode, þa ic on holm gestah,

633 sæbat gesæt mid minre secga gedriht,

634 þæt ic anunga eowra leoda

635 willan geworhte oþðe on wæl crunge,

636 feondgrapum fæst. Ic gefremman sceal

637 eorlic ellen, oþðe endedæg

638 on þisse meoduhealle minne gebidan.

639 ðam wife þa word wel licodon,

640 gilpcwide Geates; eode goldhroden

641 freolicu folccwen to hire frean/ sittan.

642 þa wæs eft swa ær inne on healle

643 þryðword sprecen, ðeod on sælum,

644 sigefolca sweg, oþþæt semninga

645 sunu Healfdenes secean wolde

646 æfenræste; wiste þæm ahlæcan

647 to þæm heahsele hilde geþinged,

648 siððan hie sunnan leoht geseon ne/ meahton,

649 oðþe nipende niht ofer ealle,

650 scaduhelma gesceapu scriðan cwoman,

651 wan under wolcnum. Werod eall aras.

652 Gegrette/ þa guma oþerne,

653 Hroðgar Beowulf, ond him hæl abead,

654 winærnes geweald, ond þæt word acwæð:

655 Næfre ic ænegum men ær alyfde,

656 siþðan ic hond ond rond hebban mihte,

657 ðryþærn Dena buton þe nu ða.

658 Hafa nu ond geheald husa selest,

659 gemyne mærþo, mægenellen cyð,

660 waca wið wraþum. Ne bið þe wilna gad,

661 gif þu þæt ellenweorc aldre gedigest.

662 ða him Hroþgar gewat mid his hæleþa gedryht,

663 eodur Scyldinga, ut of healle;

664 wolde wigfruma Wealhþeo secan,

665 cwen to gebeddan. Hæfde kyningwuldor

666 Grendle togeanes, swa guman gefrungon,

667 seleweard aseted; sundornytte beheold

668 ymb aldor Dena, eotonweard abead.

669 Huru Geata leod georne truwode

670 modgan mægnes, metodes hyldo.

671 ða he him of dyde isernbyrnan,

672 helm of hafelan, sealde his hyrsted sweord,

673 irena cyst, ombihtþegne,

674 ond gehealdan het hildegeatwe.

675 Gespræc þa se goda gylpworda sum,

676 Beowulf Geata, ær he on bed stige:

677 No ic me an herewæsmun hnagran talige,

678 guþgeweorca, þonne Grendel hine;

679 forþan ic hine sweorde swebban nelle,

680 aldre beneotan, þeah ic eal mæge.

681 Nat he þara goda þæt he me ongean slea,

682 rand geheawe, þeah ðe he rof sie

683 niþgeweorca; ac wit on niht sculon

684 secge ofersittan, gif he/ gesecean dear

685 wig ofer wæpen, ond siþðan witig god

686 on swa hwæþere hond, halig dryhten,

687 mærðo deme, swa him gemet þince.

688 Hylde hine þa heaþodeor, hleorbolster onfeng

689 eorles andwlitan, ond hine ymb monig

690 snellic særinc selereste gebeah.

691 Nænig heora þohte þæt he þanon scolde

692 eft eardlufan æfre gesecean,

693 folc oþðe freoburh, þær he afeded wæs;

694 ac hie hæfdon gefrunen þæt hie ær to fela micles

695 in þæm winsele wældeað fornam,

696 Denigea leode. Ac him dryhten forgeaf

697 wigspeda gewiofu, Wedera leodum,

698 frofor ond fultum/, þæt/ hie/ feond heora

699 ðurh anes cræft ealle ofercomon,

700 selfes mihtum. Soð is gecyþed

701 þæt mihtig god manna cynnes

702 weold wideferhð/. Com on wanre niht

703 scriðan sceadugenga. Sceotend swæfon,

704 þa þæt hornreced healdan scoldon,

705 ealle buton anum. þæt wæs yldum cuþ

706 þæt hie ne moste, þa metod nolde,

707 se scynscaþa/ under sceadu bregdan;

708 ac he wæccende wraþum on andan

709 bad bolgenmod beadwa geþinges.

710 ða com of more under misthleoþum

711 Grendel gongan, godes yrre bær;

712 mynte se manscaða manna cynnes

713 sumne besyrwan/ in sele þam hean.

714 Wod under wolcnum/ to þæs þe he winreced,

715 goldsele gumena, gearwost wisse,

716 fættum fahne. Ne wæs þæt forma sið

717 þæt he Hroþgares ham gesohte;

718 næfre he on aldordagum ær ne/ siþðan

719 heardran hæle, healðegnas fand.

720 Com þa to recede rinc siðian,

721 dreamum bedæled. Duru sona onarn/,

722 fyrbendum fæst, syþðan he hire folmum æthran/;

723 onbræd þa bealohydig, ða he/ gebolgen/ wæs,

724 recedes muþan. Raþe æfter þon

725 on fagne flor feond treddode,

726 eode yrremod; him of eagum stod

727 ligge gelicost leoht unfæger.

728 Geseah he in recede rinca manige,

729 swefan sibbegedriht samod ætgædere,

730 magorinca heap. þa his mod ahlog;

731 mynte þæt he gedælde, ærþon dæg cwome,

732 atol aglæca, anra gehwylces

733 lif wið lice, þa him alumpen wæs

734 wistfylle wen. Ne wæs þæt/ wyrd þa gen

735 þæt he ma moste manna cynnes

736 ðicgean ofer þa niht. þryðswyð beheold

737 mæg Higelaces, hu se manscaða

738 under færgripum gefaran wolde.

739 Ne þæt se aglæca yldan þohte,

740 ac he gefeng hraðe forman siðe

741 slæpendne rinc, slat unwearnum,

742 bat banlocan, blod edrum dranc,

743 synsnædum swealh; sona hæfde

744 unlyfigendes eal gefeormod,

745 fet ond folma. Forð near ætstop,

746 nam þa mid handa higeþihtigne

747 rinc on ræste, ræhte ongean

748 feond mid folme; he onfeng hraþe

749 inwitþancum ond wið earm gesæt.

750 Sona þæt onfunde fyrena hyrde

751 þæt he ne mette middangeardes,

752 eorþan sceata/, on elran men

753 mundgripe maran. He on mode wearð

754 forht on ferhðe; no þy ær fram meahte.

755 Hyge wæs him hinfus, wolde on heolster fleon,

756 secan deofla gedræg; ne wæs his drohtoð þær

757 swylce he on ealderdagum ær gemette.

758 Gemunde þa se goda, mæg Higelaces,

759 æfenspræce, uplang astod

760 ond him fæste wiðfeng; fingras burston.

761 Eoten wæs utweard; eorl furþur stop.

762 Mynte se mæra, þær/ he meahte swa,

763 widre gewindan ond on weg þanon

764 fleon on fenhopu; wiste his/ fingra geweald

765 on grames grapum. þæt/ wæs geocor sið

766 þæt se hearmscaþa to Heorute ateah.

767 Dryhtsele dynede; Denum eallum wearð,

768 ceasterbuendum, cenra gehwylcum,

769 eorlum ealuscerwen. Yrre wæron begen,

770 reþe renweardas. Reced hlynsode.

771 þa wæs wundor micel þæt se winsele

772 wiðhæfde heaþodeorum, þæt he on hrusan ne feol,

773 fæger foldbold; ac he þæs fæste wæs

774 innan ond utan irenbendum

775 searoþoncum besmiþod. þær fram sylle abeag

776 medubenc monig, mine gefræge,

777 golde geregnad, þær þa graman wunnon.

778 þæs ne wendon ær witan Scyldinga

779 þæt hit a mid gemete manna ænig,

780 betlic/ ond banfag, tobrecan meahte,

781 listum tolucan, nymþe liges fæþm

782 swulge on swaþule. Sweg up astag

783 niwe geneahhe; Norðdenum stod

784 atelic egesa, anra gehwylcum

785 þara þe of wealle wop gehyrdon,

786 gryreleoð galan godes ondsacan,

787 sigeleasne sang, sar wanigean

788 helle hæfton. Heold hine fæste

789 se þe manna wæs mægene strengest

790 on þæm dæge þysses lifes.

791 Nolde eorla hleo ænige þinga

792 þone cwealmcuman cwicne forlætan,

793 ne his lifdagas leoda ænigum/

794 nytte tealde. þær genehost brægd

795 eorl Beowulfes ealde lafe,

796 wolde freadrihtnes feorh ealgian,

797 mæres þeodnes, ðær hie meahton swa.

798 Hie þæt ne wiston, þa hie gewin drugon,

799 heardhicgende hildemecgas,

800 ond on healfa gehwone heawan þohton,

801 sawle secan, þone synscaðan

802 ænig ofer eorþan irenna cyst,

803 guðbilla nan, gretan nolde,

804 ac he sigewæpnum forsworen hæfde,

805 ecga gehwylcre. Scolde his aldorgedal

806 on ðæm dæge þysses lifes

807 earmlic wurðan, ond se ellorgast

808 on feonda geweald feor siðian.

809 ða þæt onfunde se þe fela æror

810 modes myrðe manna cynne,

811 fyrene gefremede he wæs/ fag wið god,

812 þæt him se lichoma læstan nolde/,

813 ac hine se modega mæg Hygelaces

814 hæfde be honda; wæs gehwæþer oðrum

815 lifigende lað. Licsar gebad

816 atol æglæca; him on eaxle wearð

817 syndolh sweotol, seonowe onsprungon,

818 burston banlocan. Beowulfe wearð

819 guðhreð gyfeþe; scolde Grendel þonan

820 feorhseoc fleon under fenhleoðu,

821 secean wynleas wic; wiste þe geornor

822 þæt his aldres wæs ende gegongen,

823 dogera dægrim. Denum eallum wearð

824 æfter þam wælræse willa gelumpen.

825 Hæfde þa gefælsod se þe ær feorran com,

826 snotor ond swyðferhð, sele Hroðgares,

827 genered wið niðe; nihtweorce gefeh,

828 ellenmærþum/. Hæfde Eastdenum

829 Geatmecga leod gilp gelæsted,

830 swylce oncyþðe ealle gebette,

831 inwidsorge, þe hie ær drugon

832 ond for þreanydum þolian scoldon,

833 torn unlytel. þæt wæs tacen sweotol,

834 syþðan hildedeor hond alegde,

835 earm ond eaxle þær wæs eal geador

836 Grendles grape under geapne hrof/.

837 ða wæs on morgen mine gefræge

838 ymb þa gifhealle guðrinc monig;

839 ferdon folctogan feorran ond nean

840 geond widwegas wundor sceawian,

841 laþes lastas. No his lifgedal

842 sarlic þuhte secga ænegum

843 þara þe tirleases trode sceawode,

844 hu he werigmod on weg þanon,

845 niða ofercumen, on nicera mere

846 fæge ond geflymed feorhlastas bær.

847 ðær wæs on blode brim weallende,

848 atol yða geswing eal gemenged

849 haton heolfre, heorodreore weol.

850 Deaðfæge deog, siððan dreama leas

851 in fenfreoðo feorh alegde,

852 hæþene/ sawle; þær him hel onfeng.

853 þanon eft gewiton ealdgesiðas,

854 swylce geong manig of gomenwaþe

855 fram mere modge mearum ridan,

856 beornas on blancum. ðær wæs Beowulfes

857 mærðo mæned; monig oft gecwæð

858 þætte suð ne norð be sæm tweonum

859 ofer eormengrund oþer nænig

860 under swegles begong selra nære

861 rondhæbbendra, rices wyrðra.

862 Ne hie huru winedrihten wiht ne logon,

863 glædne Hroðgar, ac þæt wæs god cyning.

864 Hwilum heaþorofe hleapan leton,

865 on geflit faran fealwe mearas

866 ðær him foldwegas fægere þuhton,

867 cystum cuðe/. Hwilum cyninges þegn,

868 guma gilphlæden, gidda gemyndig,

869 se ðe ealfela ealdgesegena

870 worn gemunde, word oþer fand

871 soðe gebunden; secg eft ongan

872 sið Beowulfes snyttrum styrian

873 ond on sped wrecan spel gerade,

874 wordum wrixlan. Welhwylc gecwæð

875 þæt he fram Sigemundes/ secgan hyrde

876 ellendædum, uncuþes fela,

877 Wælsinges gewin, wide siðas,

878 þara þe gumena bearn gearwe ne wiston,

879 fæhðe ond fyrena, buton Fitela mid hine,

880 þonne he swulces hwæt secgan wolde,

881 eam his nefan, swa hie a wæron

882 æt niða gehwam nydgesteallan;

883 hæfdon ealfela eotena cynnes

884 sweordum gesæged. Sigemunde gesprong

885 æfter deaðdæge dom unlytel,

886 syþðan wiges heard wyrm acwealde,

887 hordes hyrde. He under harne stan,

888 æþelinges bearn, ana geneðde

889 frecne dæde, ne wæs him Fitela mid.

890 hwæþre him gesælde ðæt þæt swurd þurhwod

891 wrætlicne wyrm, þæt hit on wealle ætstod,

892 dryhtlic iren; draca morðre swealt.

893 Hæfde aglæca elne gegongen

894 þæt he beahhordes brucan moste

895 selfes dome; sæbat gehleod,

896 bær on bearm scipes beorhte frætwa,

897 Wælses eafera. Wyrm hat gemealt.

898 Se wæs wreccena wide mærost

899 ofer werþeode, wigendra hleo,

900 ellendædum he þæs ær onðah,

901 siððan Heremodes hild sweðrode,

902 eafoð/ ond ellen. He mid Eotenum wearð

903 on feonda geweald forð forlacen,

904 snude forsended. Hine sorhwylmas

905 lemede to lange; he his leodum wearð,

906 eallum æþellingum to aldorceare;

907 swylce oft bemearn ærran mælum

908 swiðferhþes sið snotor ceorl monig,

909 se þe him bealwa to bote gelyfde,

910 þæt þæt ðeodnes bearn geþeon scolde,

911 fæderæþelum onfon, folc gehealdan,

912 hord ond hleoburh, hæleþa rice,

913 //eþel// Scyldinga. He þær eallum wearð,

914 mæg Higelaces, manna cynne,

915 freondum gefægra; hine fyren onwod.

916 Hwilum flitende fealwe stræte

917 mearum mæton. ða wæs morgenleoht

918 scofen ond scynded. Eode scealc monig

919 swiðhicgende to sele þam hean

920 searowundor seon; swylce self cyning

921 of brydbure, beahhorda weard,

922 tryddode tirfæst getrume micle,

923 cystum gecyþed, ond his cwen mid him

924 medostigge mæt mægþa hose.

925 Hroðgar maþelode he to healle geong,

926 stod on stapole, geseah steapne hrof,

927 golde fahne, ond Grendles hond:

928 ðisse ansyne alwealdan þanc

929 lungre gelimpe. Fela ic laþes gebad,

930 grynna æt Grendle; a mæg god wyrcan

931 wunder æfter wundre, wuldres hyrde.

932 ðæt wæs ungeara þæt ic ænigra me

933 weana ne wende to widan feore

934 bote gebidan, þonne blode fah

935 husa selest heorodreorig stod,

936 wea widscofen witena gehwylcum/

937 ðara þe ne wendon þæt hie wideferhð

938 leoda landgeweorc laþum beweredon

939 scuccum ond scinnum. Nu scealc hafað

940 þurh drihtnes miht dæd gefremede ðe

941 we ealle ær/ ne meahton

942 snyttrum besyrwan. Hwæt, þæt secgan mæg

943 efne swa hwylc mægþa swa ðone magan cende

944 æfter gumcynnum, gyf heo gyt lyfað,

945 þæt hyre ealdmetod este wære

946 bearngebyrdo. Nu ic, Beowulf, þec,

947 secg betsta, me/ for sunu wylle

948 freogan on ferhþe; heald forð tela

949 niwe sibbe. Ne bið þe nænigra/ gad

950 worolde wilna, þe ic geweald hæbbe.

951 Ful oft ic for læssan lean teohhode,

952 hordweorþunge hnahran rince,

953 sæmran æt sæcce. þu þe self hafast

954 dædum gefremed þæt þin dom/ lyfað

955 awa to aldre. Alwalda þec

956 gode forgylde, swa he nu gyt dyde.

957 Beowulf maþelode, bearn Ecþeowes:

958 We þæt ellenweorc estum miclum,

959 feohtan fremedon, frecne geneðdon

960 eafoð uncuþes. Uþe ic swiþor

961 þæt ðu hine selfne geseon moste,

962 feond on frætewum fylwerigne.

963 Ic hine/ hrædlice heardan clammum

964 on wælbedde wriþan þohte,

965 þæt he for mundgripe/ minum scolde

966 licgean lifbysig, butan his lic swice.

967 Ic hine ne mihte, þa metod nolde,

968 ganges getwæman, no ic him þæs georne ætfealh,

969 feorhgeniðlan; wæs to foremihtig

970 feond on feþe. Hwæþere he his folme forlet

971 to lifwraþe last weardian,

972 earm ond eaxle. No þær ænige swa þeah

973 feasceaft guma frofre gebohte;

974 no þy leng leofað/ laðgeteona,

975 synnum geswenced, ac hyne sar hafað

976 mid/ nydgripe/ nearwe befongen,

977 balwon bendum. ðær abidan sceal

978 maga mane fah miclan domes,

979 hu him scir metod scrifan wille.

980 ða wæs swigra secg, sunu Eclafes,

981 on gylpspræce guðgeweorca,

982 siþðan æþelingas eorles cræfte

983 ofer heanne hrof hand sceawedon,

984 feondes fingras. Foran æghwylc wæs,

985 stiðra/ nægla gehwylc, style gelicost,

986 hæþenes handsporu hilderinces/,

987 egl, unheoru. æghwylc gecwæð

988 þæt him heardra nan hrinan wolde

989 iren ærgod, þæt ðæs ahlæcan

990 blodge beadufolme onberan wolde.

991 ða wæs haten hreþe Heort innanweard

992 folmum gefrætwod. Fela þæra wæs,

993 wera ond wifa, þe þæt winreced,

994 gestsele gyredon. Goldfag scinon

995 web æfter wagum, wundorsiona fela

996 secga gehwylcum þara þe on swylc starað.

997 Wæs þæt beorhte bold tobrocen swiðe,

998 eal inneweard irenbendum fæst,

999 heorras tohlidene. Hrof ana genæs,

1000 ealles ansund, þe se aglæca,

1001 fyrendædum fag, on fleam gewand,

1002 aldres orwena. No þæt yðe byð

1003 to befleonne, fremme se þe wille,

1004 ac gesecan/ sceal sawlberendra,

1005 nyde genydde, niþða bearna,

1006 grundbuendra gearwe stowe,

1007 þær his lichoma legerbedde fæst

1008 swefeþ æfter symle. þa wæs sæl ond mæl

1009 þæt to healle gang Healfdenes sunu;

1010 wolde self cyning symbel þicgan.

1011 Ne gefrægen ic þa mægþe maran weorode

1012 ymb hyra sincgyfan sel gebæran.

1013 Bugon þa to bence blædagande,

1014 fylle gefægon; fægere geþægon

1015 medoful manig magas þara

1016 swiðhicgende/ on sele þam hean,

1017 Hroðgar ond Hroþulf. Heorot innan wæs

1018 freondum afylled; nalles facenstafas

1019 |eodscyldingas þenden fremedon.

1020 Forgeaf þa Beowulfe bearn/ Healfdenes

1021 segen gyldenne sigores to leane;

1022 hroden hildecumbor, helm ond byrnan,

1023 mære maðþumsweord manige gesawon

1024 beforan beorn beran. Beowulf geþah

1025 ful on flette; no he þære feohgyfte

1026 for sceotendum/ scamigan ðorfte.

1027 Ne gefrægn ic freondlicor feower madmas

1028 golde gegyrede gummanna fela

1029 in ealobence oðrum gesellan.

1030 Ymb þæs helmes hrof heafodbeorge

1031 wirum bewunden walu/ utan heold,

1032 þæt him fela laf frecne ne meahton

1033 scurheard sceþðan, þonne scyldfreca

1034 ongean gramum gangan scolde.

1035 Heht ða eorla hleo eahta mearas

1036 fætedhleore on flet teon,

1037 in/ under eoderas. þara anum stod

1038 sadol searwum fah, since gewurþad;

1039 þæt wæs hildesetl heahcyninges,

1040 ðonne sweorda gelac sunu Healfdenes

1041 efnan wolde. Næfre on ore læg

1042 widcuþes wig, ðonne walu feollon.

1043 Ond ða Beowulfe bega gehwæþres

1044 eodor Ingwina onweald geteah,

1045 wicga ond wæpna, het hine wel brucan.

1046 Swa manlice mære þeoden,

1047 hordweard hæleþa, heaþoræsas geald

1048 mearum ond madmum, swa hy næfre man lyhð,

1049 se þe secgan wile soð æfter rihte.

1050 ða gyt æghwylcum eorla drihten

1051 þara þe mid Beowulfe brimlade/ teah

1052 on þære medubence maþðum gesealde,

1053 yrfelafe, ond þone ænne heht

1054 golde forgyldan, þone ðe Grendel ær

1055 mane acwealde, swa he hyra ma wolde,

1056 nefne him witig god wyrd forstode

1057 ond ðæs mannes mod. Metod eallum weold

1058 gumena cynnes, swa he nu git deð.

1059 Forþan bið andgit æghwær selest,

1060 ferhðes foreþanc. Fela sceal gebidan

1061 leofes ond laþes se þe longe her

1062 on ðyssum windagum worolde bruceð.

1063 þær wæs sang ond sweg samod ætgædere

1064 fore Healfdenes hildewisan,

1065 gomenwudu greted, gid oft wrecen,

1066 ðonne healgamen Hroþgares scop

1067 æfter medobence mænan scolde

1068 be/ Finnes eaferum, ða hie se fær begeat,

1069 hæleð Healfdena, Hnæf Scyldinga,

1070 in Freswæle feallan scolde.

1071 Ne huru Hildeburh herian þorfte

1072 Eotena treowe; unsynnum wearð

1073 beloren leofum æt þam lindplegan/,

1074 bearnum ond broðrum; hie on gebyrd hruron,

1075 gare wunde. þæt wæs geomuru ides.

1076 Nalles holinga Hoces dohtor

1077 meotodsceaft bemearn, syþðan/ morgen com,

1078 ða heo under swegle geseon meahte

1079 morþorbealo maga, þær heo ær mæste heold

1080 worolde wynne. Wig ealle fornam

1081 Finnes þegnas nemne feaum anum,

1082 þæt he ne mehte on þæm meðelstede

1083 wig Hengeste wiht gefeohtan,

1084 ne þa wealafe wige forþringan

1085 þeodnes ðegna/. ac hig him geþingo budon,

1086 þæt hie him oðer flet eal gerymdon,

1087 healle ond heahsetl, þæt hie healfre geweald

1088 wið Eotena bearn agan moston,

1089 ond æt feohgyftum Folcwaldan sunu

1090 dogra gehwylce Dene weorþode,

1091 Hengestes heap hringum wenede

1092 efne swa swiðe sincgestreonum

1093 fættan goldes, swa he Fresena cyn

1094 on beorsele byldan wolde.

1095 ða hie getruwedon on twa healfa

1096 fæste frioðuwære. Fin Hengeste

1097 elne, unflitme aðum benemde

1098 þæt he þa wealafe weotena dome

1099 arum heolde, þæt ðær ænig mon

1100 wordum ne worcum wære ne bræce,

1101 ne þurh inwitsearo æfre gemænden

1102 ðeah hie hira beaggyfan banan folgedon

1103 ðeodenlease, þa him swa geþearfod wæs.

1104 gyf þonne Frysna hwylc frecnan/ spræce

1105 ðæs morþorhetes myndgiend wære,

1106 þonne hit sweordes ecg seðan/ scolde.

1107 Ad/ wæs geæfned ond icge gold

1108 ahæfen of horde. Herescyldinga

1109 betst beadorinca wæs on bæl gearu.

1110 æt þæm ade wæs eþgesyne

1111 swatfah syrce, swyn ealgylden,

1112 eofer irenheard, æþeling manig

1113 wundum awyrded; sume on wæle crungon.

1114 Het ða Hildeburh æt Hnæfes ade

1115 hire selfre sunu sweoloðe befæstan,

1116 banfatu bærnan ond on bæl don

1117 eame/ on eaxle. Ides gnornode,

1118 geomrode giddum. Guðrinc astah.

1119 Wand to wolcnum wælfyra mæst,

1120 hlynode for hlawe; hafelan multon,

1121 bengeato burston, ðonne blod ætspranc,

1122 laðbite lices. Lig ealle forswealg,

1123 gæsta gifrost, þara ðe þær guð fornam

1124 bega folces; wæs hira blæd scacen.

1125 Gewiton him ða wigend wica neosian,

1126 freondum befeallen, Frysland geseon,

1127 hamas ond heaburh. Hengest ða gyt

1128 wælfagne winter wunode mid Finne

1129 eal/ unhlitme. Eard gemunde,

1130 þeah þe he ne/ meahte on mere drifan

1131 hringedstefnan; holm storme weol,

1132 won wið winde, winter yþe beleac

1133 isgebinde, oþðæt oþer com

1134 gear in geardas, swa nu gyt deð,

1135 þa ðe syngales sele bewitiað/,

1136 wuldortorhtan weder. ða wæs winter scacen,

1137 fæger foldan bearm. Fundode wrecca,

1138 gist of geardum; he to gyrnwræce

1139 swiðor þohte þonne to sælade,

1140 gif he torngemot þurhteon mihte

1141 þæt he Eotena bearn inne gemunde.

1142 Swa he ne forwyrnde woroldrædenne,

1143 þonne him Hunlafing hildeleoman,

1144 billa selest, on bearm dyde,

1145 þæs wæron mid Eotenum ecge cuðe.

1146 Swylce ferhðfrecan Fin eft begeat

1147 sweordbealo sliðen æt his selfes ham,

1148 siþðan grimne gripe Guðlaf ond Oslaf

1149 æfter sæsiðe, sorge, mændon,

1150 ætwiton weana dæl; ne meahte wæfre mod

1151 forhabban in hreþre. ða wæs heal roden/

1152 feonda feorum, swilce Fin slægen,

1153 cyning on corþre, ond seo cwen numen.

1154 Sceotend Scyldinga to scypon feredon

1155 eal ingesteald eorðcyninges,

1156 swylce hie æt Finnes ham findan meahton

1157 sigla, searogimma. Hie on sælade

1158 drihtlice wif to Denum feredon,

1159 læddon to leodum. Leoð wæs asungen,

1160 gleomannes gyd. Gamen eft astah,

1161 beorhtode bencsweg; byrelas sealdon

1162 win of wunderfatum. þa cwom Wealhþeo forð

1163 gan under gyldnum beage, þær þa godan twegen

1164 sæton suhtergefæderan; þa gyt wæs hiera sib ætgædere,

1165 æghwylc oðrum trywe. Swylce þær Unferþ þyle

1166 æt fotum sæt frean Scyldinga; gehwylc hiora his ferhþe treowde,

1167 þæt he hæfde mod micel, þeah þe he his magum nære

1168 arfæst æt ecga gelacum. Spræc ða ides Scyldinga:

1169 Onfoh þissum fulle, freodrihten min,

1170 sinces brytta. þu on sælum wes,

1171 goldwine gumena, ond to Geatum spræc

1172 mildum wordum, swa sceal man don.

1173 Beo wið Geatas glæd, geofena gemyndig,

1174 nean ond feorran þu nu hafast.

1175 Me man sægde þæt þu ðe for sunu wolde

1176 hererinc/ habban. Heorot is gefælsod,

1177 beahsele beorhta; bruc þenden þu mote

1178 manigra medo, ond þinum magum læf

1179 folc ond rice, þonne ðu forð scyle

1180 metodsceaft seon. Ic minne can

1181 glædne Hroþulf, þæt he þa geogoðe wile

1182 arum healdan, gyf þu ær þonne/ he,

1183 wine Scildinga, worold oflætest;

1184 wene ic þæt he mid gode gyldan wille

1185 uncran eaferan, gif he þæt eal gemon,

1186 hwæt wit to willan ond to worðmyndum

1187 umborwesendum ær arna gefremedon.

1188 Hwearf þa bi bence þær hyre byre wæron,

1189 Hreðric ond Hroðmund, ond hæleþa bearn,

1190 giogoð ætgædere; þær se goda sæt,

1191 Beowulf Geata, be þæm gebroðrum twæm.

1192 Him wæs ful boren ond freondlaþu

1193 wordum bewægned, ond wunden gold

1194 estum geeawed, earmreade twa,

1195 hrægl ond hringas, healsbeaga mæst

1196 þara þe ic on foldan gefrægen hæbbe.

1197 Nænigne ic under swegle selran hyrde

1198 hordmaððum hæleþa, syþðan Hama ætwæg

1199 to þære/ byrhtan byrig Brosinga mene,

1200 sigle ond sincfæt; searoniðas fleah/

1201 Eormenrices, geceas ecne ræd.

1202 þone hring hæfde Higelac Geata,

1203 nefa Swertinges, nyhstan siðe,

1204 siðþan he under segne sinc ealgode,

1205 wælreaf werede; hyne wyrd fornam,

1206 syþðan he for wlenco wean ahsode,

1207 fæhðe to Frysum. He þa frætwe wæg,

1208 eorclanstanas ofer yða ful,

1209 rice þeoden; he under rande gecranc.

1210 Gehwearf þa in Francna fæþm feorh cyninges,

1211 breostgewædu ond se beah somod;

1212 wyrsan wigfrecan wæl reafedon/

1213 æfter guðsceare, Geata leode,

1214 hreawic heoldon. Heal swege onfeng.

1215 Wealhðeo maþelode, heo fore þæm werede spræc:

1216 Bruc ðisses beages, Beowulf leofa,

1217 hyse, mid hæle, ond þisses hrægles neot,

1218 þeodgestreona/, ond geþeoh tela,

1219 cen þec mid cræfte ond þyssum cnyhtum wes

1220 lara liðe; ic þe þæs lean geman.

1221 Hafast/ þu gefered þæt ðe feor ond neah

1222 ealne wideferhþ weras ehtigað,

1223 efne swa side swa sæ bebugeð/,

1224 windgeard, weallas. Wes þenden þu lifige,

1225 æþeling, eadig. Ic þe an tela

1226 sincgestreona. Beo þu suna minum

1227 dædum gedefe, dreamhealdende.

1228 Her is æghwylc eorl oþrum getrywe,

1229 modes milde, mandrihtne hold/;

1230 þegnas syndon geþwære, þeod ealgearo,

1231 druncne dryhtguman doð swa ic bidde.

1232 Eode þa to setle. þær wæs symbla cyst;

1233 druncon win weras. Wyrd ne cuþon,

1234 geosceaft grimme/, swa hit agangen wearð

1235 eorla manegum, syþðan æfen cwom

1236 ond him Hroþgar gewat to hofe sinum,

1237 rice to ræste. Reced weardode

1238 unrim eorla, swa hie oft ær dydon.

1239 Bencþelu beredon; hit geondbræded wearð

1240 beddum ond bolstrum. Beorscealca sum

1241 fus ond fæge fletræste gebeag.

1242 Setton him to heafdon hilderandas,

1243 bordwudu beorhtan; þær on bence wæs

1244 ofer æþelinge yþgesene

1245 heaþosteapa helm, hringed byrne,

1246 þrecwudu þrymlic. Wæs þeaw/ hyra

1247 þæt hie oft wæron an wig gearwe,

1248 ge æt ham ge on herge, ge gehwæþer þara,

1249 efne swylce mæla swylce hira mandryhtne

1250 þearf gesælde; wæs seo þeod tilu.

1251 Sigon þa to slæpe. Sum sare angeald

1252 æfenræste, swa him ful oft gelamp,

1253 siþðan goldsele Grendel warode,

1254 unriht æfnde, oþþæt ende becwom,

1255 swylt æfter synnum. þæt gesyne wearþ,

1256 widcuþ werum, þætte wrecend þa gyt

1257 lifde æfter laþum, lange þrage,

1258 æfter guðceare. Grendles modor,

1259 ides, aglæcwif, yrmþe gemunde,

1260 se þe wæteregesan wunian scolde,

1261 cealde streamas, siþðan Cain/ wearð

1262 to ecgbanan angan breþer,

1263 fæderenmæge; he þa fag gewat,

1264 morþre gemearcod, mandream fleon,

1265 westen warode. þanon woc/ fela

1266 geosceaftgasta; wæs þæra Grendel sum,

1267 heorowearh hetelic, se æt Heorote fand

1268 wæccendne wer wiges bidan.

1269 þær him aglæca ætgræpe wearð;

1270 hwæþre he gemunde mægenes strenge,

1271 gimfæste gife ðe him god sealde,

1272 ond him to anwaldan are gelyfde,

1273 frofre ond fultum; ðy he þone feond ofercwom,

1274 gehnægde helle gast. þa he hean gewat,

1275 dreame bedæled, deaþwic seon,

1276 mancynnes feond, ond his modor þa gyt,

1277 gifre ond galgmod, gegan wolde

1278 sorhfulne sið, sunu deað/ wrecan.

1279 Com þa to Heorote, ðær Hringdene

1280 geond þæt sæld swæfun. þa ðær sona wearð

1281 edhwyrft eorlum, siþðan inne fealh

1282 Grendles modor. Wæs se gryre læssa

1283 efne swa micle swa bið mægþa cræft,

1284 wiggryre wifes, be wæpnedmen,

1285 þonne/ heoru bunden, hamere geþuren,

1286 sweord swate fah swin ofer helme

1287 ecgum dyhttig/ andweard scireð.

1288 þa wæs on healle heardecg togen

1289 sweord ofer setlum, sidrand manig

1290 hafen handa fæst; helm ne gemunde,

1291 byrnan side, þa hine se broga angeat.

1292 Heo wæs on ofste, wolde ut þanon,

1293 feore beorgan, þa heo onfunden wæs.

1294 Hraðe heo æþelinga anne hæfde

1295 fæste befangen, þa heo to fenne gang.

1296 Se wæs Hroþgare hæleþa leofost

1297 on gesiðes had be sæm tweonum,

1298 rice randwiga, þone ðe heo on ræste abreat,

1299 blædfæstne beorn. Næs Beowulf ðær,

1300 ac wæs oþer in ær geteohhod

1301 æfter maþðumgife mærum Geate.

1302 Hream wearð in Heorote; heo under heolfre genam

1303 cuþe folme; cearu wæs geniwod,

1304 geworden in wicun. Ne wæs þæt gewrixle til,

1305 þæt hie on ba healfa bicgan scoldon

1306 freonda feorum. þa wæs frod cyning,

1307 har hilderinc, on hreon mode,

1308 syðþan he aldorþegn unlyfigendne/,

1309 þone deorestan deadne wisse.

1310 Hraþe/ wæs to bure Beowulf fetod,

1311 sigoreadig secg. Samod ærdæge

1312 eode eorla sum, æþele cempa

1313 self mid gesiðum þær se snotera bad,

1314 hwæþer/ him alwalda æfre wille

1315 æfter weaspelle wyrpe gefremman.

1316 Gang ða æfter flore fyrdwyrðe man

1317 mid his handscale healwudu dynede,

1318 þæt he þone wisan wordum nægde/

1319 frean Ingwina, frægn gif him wære

1320 æfter neodlaðum/ niht getæse.

1321 Hroðgar maþelode, helm Scyldinga:

1322 Ne frin þu æfter sælum. Sorh is geniwod

1323 Denigea leodum. Dead is æschere,

1324 Yrmenlafes yldra broþor,

1325 min runwita ond min rædbora,

1326 eaxlgestealla, ðonne we on orlege

1327 hafelan weredon, þonne hniton feþan,

1328 eoferas cynsedan. Swylc/ scolde eorl wesan,

1329 æþeling/ ærgod, swylc æschere wæs.

1330 Wearð him on Heorote to handbanan

1331 wælgæst wæfre; ic ne wat hwæder/

1332 atol æse wlanc eftsiðas teah,

1333 fylle gefægnod/. Heo þa fæhðe wræc

1334 þe þu gystranniht Grendel cwealdest

1335 þurh hæstne had heardum clammum,

1336 forþan he to lange leode mine

1337 wanode ond wyrde. He æt wige gecrang

1338 ealdres scyldig, ond nu oþer cwom

1339 mihtig manscaða, wolde hyre mæg wrecan,

1340 ge feor hafað fæhðe gestæled

1341 þæs þe þincean mæg þegne monegum,

1342 se þe æfter sincgyfan on sefan greoteþ,

1343 hreþerbealo hearde; nu seo hand ligeð,

1344 se þe eow welhwylcra/ wilna dohte.

1345 Ic þæt londbuend, leode mine,

1346 selerædende, secgan hyrde

1347 þæt hie gesawon swylce twegen

1348 micle mearcstapan moras healdan,

1349 ellorgæstas. ðæra oðer wæs,

1350 þæs þe hie gewislicost gewitan meahton,

1351 idese onlicnæs; oðer earmsceapen

1352 on weres wæstmum wræclastas træd,

1353 næfne he wæs mara þonne ænig man oðer;

1354 þone on geardagum Grendel nemdon/

1355 foldbuende. No hie fæder cunnon,

1356 hwæþer him ænig wæs ær acenned

1357 dyrnra gasta. Hie dygel lond

1358 warigeað, wulfhleoþu, windige/ næssas,

1359 frecne fengelad, ðær fyrgenstream

1360 under næssa genipu niþer gewiteð,

1361 flod under foldan. Nis þæt feor heonon

1362 milgemearces þæt se mere standeð/;

1363 ofer þæm hongiað hrinde bearwas,

1364 wudu wyrtum fæst wæter oferhelmað.

1365 þær mæg nihta gehwæm niðwundor seon,

1366 fyr on flode. No þæs frod leofað

1367 gumena bearna, þæt þone grund wite;

1368 ðeah þe hæðstapa hundum geswenced,

1369 heorot hornum trum, holtwudu sece,

1370 feorran geflymed, ær he feorh seleð,

1371 aldor on ofre, ær he in wille

1372 hafelan hydan/. Nis þæt heoru stow.

1373 þonon yðgeblond up astigeð

1374 won to wolcnum, þonne wind styreþ,

1375 lað gewidru, oðþæt lyft drysmaþ,

1376 roderas reotað. Nu is se ræd gelang

1377 eft æt þe anum. Eard git ne const,

1378 frecne stowe, ðær þu findan miht

1379 felasinnigne secg; sec gif þu dyrre.

1380 Ic þe þa fæhðe feo leanige,

1381 ealdgestreonum, swa ic ær dyde,

1382 wundnum/ golde, gyf þu on weg cymest.

1383 Beowulf maþelode, bearn Ecgþeowes/:

1384 Ne sorga, snotor guma; selre bið æghwæm

1385 þæt he his freond wrece, þonne he fela murne.

1386 Ure æghwylc/ sceal ende gebidan

1387 worolde lifes; wyrce se þe mote

1388 domes ær deaþe; þæt bið drihtguman

1389 unlifgendum æfter selest.

1390 Aris, rices weard, uton raþe/ feran

1391 Grendles magan gang sceawigan.

1392 Ic hit þe gehate, no he on helm losaþ,

1393 ne on foldan fæþm, ne on fyrgenholt,

1394 ne on gyfenes grund, ga þær he wille.

1395 ðys dogor þu geþyld hafa

1396 weana gehwylces, swa ic þe wene to.

1397 Ahleop ða se gomela, gode þancode,

1398 mihtigan drihtne, þæs se man gespræc/.

1399 þa wæs Hroðgare hors gebæted,

1400 wicg wundenfeax. Wisa fengel

1401 geatolic/ gende; gumfeþa stop

1402 lindhæbbendra. Lastas wæron

1403 æfter waldswaþum wide gesyne,

1404 gang ofer grundas, þær/ heo/ gegnum for

1405 ofer myrcan mor, magoþegna bær

1406 þone selestan sawolleasne

1407 þara þe mid Hroðgare ham eahtode.

1408 Ofereode þa æþelinga bearn

1409 steap stanhliðo, stige nearwe,

1410 enge anpaðas, uncuð gelad,

1411 neowle næssas, nicorhusa fela.

1412 He feara sum beforan gengde

1413 wisra monna wong sceawian,

1414 oþþæt he færinga fyrgenbeamas

1415 ofer harne stan hleonian funde,

1416 wynleasne wudu; wæter under stod

1417 dreorig ond gedrefed. Denum eallum wæs,

1418 winum Scyldinga, weorce on mode

1419 to geþolianne, ðegne monegum,

1420 oncyð eorla gehwæm, syðþan æscheres

1421 on þam holmclife hafelan metton.

1422 Flod blode weol folc to sægon,

1423 hatan heolfre. Horn stundum song

1424 fuslic fyrdleoð/. Feþa eal gesæt.

1425 Gesawon ða æfter wætere wyrmcynnes fela,

1426 sellice sædracan, sund cunnian,

1427 swylce on næshleoðum nicras licgean,

1428 ða on undernmæl oft bewitigað

1429 sorhfulne sið on seglrade,

1430 wyrmas ond wildeor; hie on weg hruron,

1431 bitere ond gebolgne, bearhtm ongeaton,

1432 guðhorn galan. Sumne Geata leod

1433 of flanbogan feores getwæfde,

1434 yðgewinnes, þæt him on aldre stod

1435 herestræl hearda; he on holme wæs

1436 sundes þe sænra, ðe hyne swylt fornam.

1437 Hræþe wearð on yðum mid eoferspreotum

1438 heorohocyhtum hearde genearwod,

1439 niða genæged, ond on næs togen,

1440 wundorlic wægbora; weras sceawedon

1441 gryrelicne gist. Gyrede hine Beowulf

1442 eorlgewædum, nalles for ealdre mearn.

1443 Scolde herebyrne hondum gebroden,

1444 sid ond searofah, sund cunnian,

1445 seo ðe bancofan beorgan cuþe,

1446 þæt him hildegrap hreþre ne mihte,

1447 eorres inwitfeng, aldre gesceþðan.

1448 ac se hwita helm hafelan werede,

1449 se þe meregrundas mengan scolde,

1450 secan sundgebland since geweorðad/,

1451 befongen freawrasnum, swa hine fyrndagum

1452 worhte wæpna smið, wundrum teode,

1453 besette swinlicum, þæt hine syðþan no

1454 brond ne beadomecas bitan ne meahton.

1455 Næs þæt þonne mætost mægenfultuma

1456 þæt him on ðearfe lah ðyle Hroðgares;

1457 wæs þæm hæftmece Hrunting nama.

1458 þæt wæs an foran ealdgestreona;

1459 ecg wæs iren, atertanum fah,

1460 ahyrded heaþoswate; næfre hit æt hilde ne swac

1461 manna ængum þara þe hit mid mundum bewand,

1462 se ðe gryresiðas gegan dorste,

1463 folcstede fara; næs þæt forma sið

1464 þæt hit ellenweorc æfnan scolde.

1465 Huru ne gemunde mago Ecglafes,

1466 eafoþes cræftig, þæt he ær gespræc

1467 wine druncen, þa he þæs wæpnes onlah

1468 selran sweordfrecan. Selfa ne dorste

1469 under yða gewin aldre geneþan,

1470 drihtscype dreogan; þær he dome forleas,

1471 ellenmærðum/. Ne wæs þæm oðrum swa,

1472 syðþan he hine to guðe gegyred hæfde.

1473 Beowulf maðelode, bearn Ecgþeowes:

1474 Geþenc nu, se mæra maga Healfdenes,

1475 snottra fengel, nu ic eom siðes fus,

1476 goldwine gumena, hwæt wit geo spræcon,

1477 gif ic æt þearfe þinre scolde

1478 aldre linnan, þæt ðu me a wære

1479 forðgewitenum on fæder stæle.

1480 Wes þu mundbora minum magoþegnum,

1481 hondgesellum, gif mec hild nime;

1482 swylce þu ða madmas þe þu me sealdest,

1483 Hroðgar leofa, Higelace onsend.

1484 Mæg þonne on þæm golde ongitan Geata dryhten,

1485 geseon sunu Hrædles, þonne he on þæt sinc starað,

1486 þæt ic gumcystum godne funde

1487 beaga bryttan, breac þonne moste.

1488 Ond þu Unferð/ læt ealde lafe,

1489 wrætlic wægsweord, widcuðne man

1490 heardecg habban; ic me mid Hruntinge

1491 dom gewyrce, oþðe mec deað nimeð.

1492 æfter þæm wordum Wedergeata leod

1493 efste mid elne, nalas ondsware

1494 bidan wolde; brimwylm onfeng

1495 hilderince/. ða wæs hwil dæges

1496 ær he þone grundwong ongytan mehte.

1497 Sona þæt onfunde se ðe floda begong

1498 heorogifre beheold hund missera,

1499 grim ond grædig, þæt þær gumena sum

1500 ælwihta eard ufan cunnode.

1501 Grap þa togeanes, guðrinc gefeng

1502 atolan clommum. No þy ær in gescod

1503 halan lice; hring utan ymbbearh,

1504 þæt heo þone fyrdhom ðurhfon ne mihte,

1505 locene leoðosyrcan/ laþan fingrum.

1506 Bær þa seo brimwylf/, þa heo to botme com,

1507 hringa þengel to hofe sinum,

1508 swa he ne mihte, no he þæs/ modig wæs,

1509 wæpna gewealdan, ac hine wundra þæs fela

1510 swencte/ on sunde, sædeor monig

1511 hildetuxum heresyrcan bræc,

1512 ehton aglæcan. ða se eorl ongeat

1513 þæt he in/ niðsele nathwylcum wæs,

1514 þær him nænig wæter wihte ne sceþede,

1515 ne him for hrofsele hrinan ne mehte

1516 færgripe flodes; fyrleoht geseah,

1517 blacne leoman, beorhte scinan/.

1518 Ongeat þa se goda grundwyrgenne,

1519 merewif mihtig; mægenræs forgeaf

1520 hildebille, hond/ sweng/ ne ofteah,

1521 þæt hire on hafelan hringmæl agol

1522 grædig guðleoð. ða/ se gist onfand

1523 þæt se beadoleoma bitan nolde,

1524 aldre sceþðan, ac seo ecg geswac

1525 ðeodne/ æt þearfe; ðolode ær fela

1526 hondgemota, helm oft gescær,

1527 fæges fyrdhrægl; ða wæs forma sið

1528 deorum madme, þæt his dom alæg.

1529 Eft wæs anræd, nalas elnes læt,

1530 mærða gemyndig mæg Hylaces.

1531 Wearp ða wundenmæl wrættum gebunden

1532 yrre oretta, þæt hit on eorðan læg,

1533 stið ond stylecg; strenge getruwode,

1534 mundgripe mægenes. Swa sceal man don,

1535 þonne he æt guðe gegan þenceð

1536 longsumne lof, na ymb his lif cearað.

1537 Gefeng þa be eaxle nalas for fæhðe mearn

1538 Guðgeata leod Grendles modor;

1539 brægd þa beadwe heard, þa he gebolgen wæs,

1540 feorhgeniðlan, þæt heo on flet gebeah.

1541 Heo him eft hraþe andlean/ forgeald

1542 grimman grapum ond him togeanes feng;

1543 oferwearp/ þa werigmod wigena strengest,

1544 feþecempa, þæt he on fylle wearð.

1545 Ofsæt þa þone selegyst ond hyre seax/ geteah,

1546 brad ond/ brunecg, wolde hire bearn wrecan,

1547 angan eaferan. Him on eaxle læg

1548 breostnet broden; þæt gebearh feore,

1549 wið ord ond wið ecge ingang forstod.

1550 Hæfde ða forsiðod sunu Ecgþeowes

1551 under gynne grund, Geata cempa,

1552 nemne him heaðobyrne helpe gefremede,

1553 herenet hearde, ond halig god

1554 geweold wigsigor; witig drihten,

1555 rodera rædend, hit on ryht gesced

1556 yðelice, syþðan he eft astod.

1557 Geseah ða on searwum sigeeadig bil,

1558 eald sweord eotenisc, ecgum þyhtig,

1559 wigena weorðmynd; þæt wæs/ wæpna cyst,

1560 buton hit wæs mare ðonne ænig mon oðer

1561 to beadulace ætberan meahte,

1562 god ond geatolic, giganta geweorc.

1563 He gefeng þa fetelhilt, freca Scyldinga

1564 hreoh ond heorogrim hringmæl gebrægd,

1565 aldres orwena, yrringa sloh,

1566 þæt hire wið halse heard grapode,

1567 banhringas bræc. Bil eal ðurhwod

1568 fægne flæschoman; heo on flet gecrong.

1569 Sweord wæs swatig, secg weorce gefeh.

1570 Lixte se leoma, leoht inne stod,

1571 efne swa of hefene hadre scineð

1572 rodores candel. He æfter recede wlat;

1573 hwearf þa be wealle, wæpen hafenade

1574 heard be hiltum Higelaces ðegn,

1575 yrre ond anræd. Næs seo ecg fracod

1576 hilderince, ac he hraþe wolde

1577 Grendle forgyldan guðræsa fela

1578 ðara þe he geworhte to Westdenum

1579 oftor micle ðonne on ænne sið,

1580 þonne he Hroðgares heorðgeneatas

1581 sloh on sweofote, slæpende fræt

1582 folces Denigea fyftyne men

1583 ond oðer swylc ut offerede,

1584 laðlicu lac. He him þæs lean forgeald,

1585 reþe cempa, to ðæs þe he on ræste geseah

1586 guðwerigne Grendel licgan

1587 aldorleasne, swa him ær gescod

1588 hild æt Heorote. Hra wide sprong,

1589 syþðan he æfter deaðe drepe þrowade,

1590 heorosweng heardne, ond hine þa heafde becearf.

1591 Sona þæt gesawon snottre ceorlas,

1592 þa ðe mid Hroðgare on holm wliton/,

1593 þæt wæs yðgeblond eal gemenged,

1594 brim blode fah. Blondenfeaxe,

1595 gomele ymb godne, ongeador spræcon

1596 þæt hig þæs æðelinges eft ne wendon

1597 þæt he sigehreðig secean come

1598 mærne þeoden; þa ðæs monige gewearð

1599 þæt hine seo brimwylf abroten/ hæfde.

1600 ða com non dæges. Næs ofgeafon

1601 hwate Scyldingas; gewat him ham þonon

1602 goldwine gumena. Gistas setan/

1603 modes seoce ond on mere staredon,

1604 wiston ond ne wendon þæt hie heora winedrihten

1605 selfne gesawon. þa þæt sweord ongan

1606 æfter heaþoswate hildegicelum,

1607 wigbil wanian. þæt wæs wundra sum,

1608 þæt hit eal gemealt ise gelicost,

1609 ðonne forstes bend fæder onlæteð,

1610 onwindeð wælrapas, se geweald hafað

1611 sæla ond mæla; þæt is soð metod.

1612 Ne nom he in þæm wicum, Wedergeata leod,

1613 maðmæhta ma, þeh he þær monige geseah,

1614 buton þone hafelan ond þa hilt somod

1615 since fage. Sweord ær gemealt,

1616 forbarn brodenmæl; wæs þæt blod to þæs hat,

1617 ættren ellorgæst se þær inne/ swealt.

1618 Sona wæs on sunde se þe ær æt sæcce gebad

1619 wighryre wraðra, wæter up þurhdeaf.

1620 Wæron yðgebland eal gefælsod,

1621 eacne eardas, þa se ellorgast

1622 oflet lifdagas ond þas lænan gesceaft.

1623 Com þa to lande lidmanna helm

1624 swiðmod swymman; sælace gefeah,

1625 mægenbyrþenne þara þe he him mid hæfde.

1626 Eodon him þa togeanes, gode þancodon,

1627 ðryðlic þegna heap, þeodnes gefegon,

1628 þæs þe hi hyne gesundne geseon moston.

1629 ða wæs of þæm hroran helm ond byrne

1630 lungre alysed. Lagu drusade,

1631 wæter under wolcnum, wældreore fag.

1632 Ferdon forð þonon feþelastum

1633 ferhþum fægne, foldweg mæton,

1634 cuþe stræte. Cyningbalde men

1635 from þæm holmclife hafelan bæron

1636 earfoðlice heora æghwæþrum,

1637 felamodigra; feower scoldon

1638 on þæm wælstenge weorcum geferian

1639 to þæm goldsele Grendles heafod,

1640 oþðæt semninga to sele comon

1641 frome fyrdhwate feowertyne

1642 Geata gongan; gumdryhten mid

1643 modig on gemonge meodowongas træd.

1644 ða com in gan ealdor ðegna,

1645 dædcene mon dome gewurþad,

1646 hæle hildedeor, Hroðgar gretan.

1647 þa wæs be feaxe on flet boren

1648 Grendles heafod, þær guman druncon,

1649 egeslic for eorlum ond þære idese mid,

1650 wliteseon wrætlic; weras on sawon.

1651 Beowulf maþelode, bearn Ecgþeowes:

1652 Hwæt. we þe þas sælac, sunu Healfdenes,

1653 leod Scyldinga, lustum brohton

1654 tires to tacne, þe þu her to locast.

1655 Ic þæt unsofte ealdre gedigde

1656 wigge under wætere, weorc geneþde

1657 earfoðlice; ætrihte wæs

1658 guð getwæfed, nymðe mec god scylde.

1659 Ne meahte ic æt hilde mid Hruntinge

1660 wiht gewyrcan, þeah þæt wæpen duge;

1661 ac me geuðe ylda waldend

1662 þæt ic on wage geseah wlitig hangian

1663 eald sweord eacen oftost wisode

1664 winigea leasum, þæt ic ðy wæpne gebræd.

1665 Ofsloh ða æt þære sæcce, þa me sæl ageald,

1666 huses hyrdas. þa þæt hildebil

1667 forbarn brogdenmæl, swa þæt blod gesprang,

1668 hatost heaþoswata. Ic þæt hilt þanan

1669 feondum ætferede, fyrendæda wræc,

1670 deaðcwealm Denigea, swa hit gedefe wæs.

1671 Ic hit þe þonne gehate, þæt þu on Heorote most

1672 sorhleas swefan mid þinra secga gedryht

1673 ond þegna gehwylc þinra leoda,

1674 duguðe ond iogoþe, þæt þu him ondrædan ne þearft,

1675 þeoden Scyldinga, on þa healfe,

1676 aldorbealu eorlum, swa þu ær dydest.

1677 ða wæs gylden hilt gamelum rince,

1678 harum hildfruman, on hand gyfen,

1679 enta ærgeweorc. hit on æht gehwearf

1680 æfter deofla hryre Denigea frean,

1681 wundorsmiþa geweorc, ond þa þas worold ofgeaf

1682 gromheort guma, godes ondsaca,

1683 morðres scyldig, ond his modor eac,

1684 on geweald gehwearf woroldcyninga

1685 ðæm selestan be sæm tweonum

1686 ðara þe on Scedenigge sceattas dælde.

1687 Hroðgar maðelode, hylt sceawode,

1688 ealde lafe, on ðæm wæs or writen

1689 fyrngewinnes, syðþan flod ofsloh,

1690 gifen geotende, giganta cyn

1691 frecne geferdon; þæt wæs fremde þeod

1692 ecean dryhtne; him þæs endelean

1693 þurh wæteres wylm waldend sealde.

1694 Swa wæs on ðæm scennum sciran goldes

1695 þurh runstafas rihte gemearcod,

1696 geseted ond gesæd hwam þæt sweord geworht,

1697 irena cyst, ærest wære,

1698 wreoþenhilt ond wyrmfah. ða se wisa spræc

1699 sunu Healfdenes swigedon ealle:

1700 þæt, la, mæg secgan se þe soð ond riht

1701 fremeð on folce, feor eal gemon,

1702 eald //eðel// weard, þæt ðes eorl wære

1703 geboren betera. Blæd is aræred

1704 geond widwegas, wine min Beowulf/,

1705 ðin ofer þeoda gehwylce. Eal þu hit geþyldum healdest,

1706 mægen mid modes snyttrum. Ic þe sceal mine gelæstan

1707 freode, swa wit furðum spræcon. ðu scealt to frofre weorþan

1708 eal langtwidig leodum þinum,

1709 hæleðum to helpe. Ne wearð Heremod swa

1710 eaforum Ecgwelan, Arscyldingum;

1711 ne geweox he him to willan, ac to wælfealle

1712 ond to deaðcwalum Deniga leodum;

1713 breat bolgenmod beodgeneatas,

1714 eaxlgesteallan, oþþæt he ana hwearf,

1715 mære þeoden, mondreamum from.

1716 ðeah þe hine mihtig god mægenes wynnum,

1717 eafeþum stepte, ofer ealle men

1718 forð gefremede, hwæþere him on ferhþe greow

1719 breosthord blodreow. Nallas beagas geaf

1720 Denum æfter dome; dreamleas gebad

1721 þæt he þæs gewinnes weorc þrowade,

1722 leodbealo longsum. ðu þe lær be þon,

1723 gumcyste ongit; ic þis gid be þe

1724 awræc wintrum frod. Wundor is to secganne

1725 hu mihtig god manna cynne

1726 þurh sidne sefan snyttru bryttað,

1727 eard ond eorlscipe; he ah ealra geweald.

1728 Hwilum he on lufan læteð hworfan

1729 monnes modgeþonc mæran cynnes,

1730 seleð him on eþle eorþan wynne

1731 to healdanne, hleoburh wera,

1732 gedeð him swa gewealdene worolde dælas,

1733 side rice, þæt he his selfa ne mæg

1734 for/ his unsnyttrum ende geþencean.

1735 Wunað/ he on wiste; no hine wiht dweleð

1736 adl/ ne yldo, ne him inwitsorh

1737 on sefan sweorceð, ne gesacu ohwær

1738 ecghete eoweð, ac him eal worold

1739 wendeð on willan he þæt wyrse ne con,

1740 oðþæt him on innan oferhygda dæl

1741 weaxeð ond wridað. þonne se weard swefeð,

1742 sawele hyrde; bið se slæp to fæst,

1743 bisgum gebunden, bona swiðe neah,

1744 se þe of flanbogan fyrenum sceoteð.

1745 þonne bið on hreþre under helm drepen

1746 biteran stræle him bebeorgan ne con,

1747 wom wundorbebodum wergan gastes;

1748 þinceð him to lytel þæt he lange heold,

1749 gytsað gromhydig, nallas on gylp seleð

1750 fædde beagas, ond he þa forðgesceaft

1751 forgyteð ond forgymeð, þæs þe him ær god sealde,

1752 wuldres waldend, weorðmynda dæl.

1753 Hit on endestæf eft gelimpeð

1754 þæt se lichoma læne/ gedreoseð,

1755 fæge gefealleð; fehð oþer to,

1756 se þe unmurnlice madmas dæleþ,

1757 eorles ærgestreon, egesan ne gymeð.

1758 Bebeorh þe ðone bealonið, Beowulf leofa,

1759 secg betsta, ond þe þæt selre geceos,

1760 ece rædas; oferhyda ne gym,

1761 mære cempa. Nu is þines mægnes blæd

1762 ane hwile. Eft sona bið

1763 þæt þec adl oððe ecg eafoþes getwæfeð,

1764 oððe fyres feng, oððe flodes wylm,

1765 oððe gripe meces, oððe gares fliht,

1766 oððe atol yldo; oððe eagena bearhtm

1767 forsiteð ond forsworceð; semninga bið

1768 þæt ðec, dryhtguma, deað oferswyðeð.

1769 Swa ic Hringdena hund missera

1770 weold under wolcnum ond hig wigge beleac/

1771 manigum mægþa geond þysne middangeard/,

1772 æscum ond ecgum, þæt ic me ænigne

1773 under swegles begong gesacan ne tealde.

1774 Hwæt, me þæs on eþle edwenden/ cwom,

1775 gyrn æfter gomene, seoþðan Grendel wearð,

1776 ealdgewinna, ingenga min;

1777 ic þære socne singales wæg

1778 modceare micle. þæs sig metode þanc,

1779 ecean dryhtne, þæs ðe ic on aldre gebad

1780 þæt ic on þone hafelan heorodreorigne

1781 ofer ealdgewin eagum starige.

1782 Ga nu to setle, symbelwynne dreoh

1783 wigge weorþad; unc sceal worn fela

1784 maþma gemænra, siþðan morgen bið.

1785 Geat wæs glædmod, geong sona to

1786 setles neosan, swa se snottra heht.

1787 þa wæs eft swa ær ellenrofum

1788 fletsittendum fægere gereorded

1789 niowan stefne. Nihthelm geswearc

1790 deorc ofer dryhtgumum. Duguð eal aras.

1791 Wolde blondenfeax beddes neosan,

1792 gamela Scylding. Geat unigmetes wel,

1793 rofne randwigan, restan lyste;

1794 sona him seleþegn siðes wergum,

1795 feorrancundum, forð wisade,

1796 se for andrysnum ealle beweotede/

1797 þegnes þearfe, swylce þy dogore

1798 heaþoliðende habban scoldon.

1799 Reste hine þa rumheort; reced hliuade

1800 geap ond goldfah; gæst inne swæf

1801 oþþæt hrefn blaca heofones wynne

1802 bliðheort bodode. ða/ com/ beorht scacan

1804 wæron æþelingas eft to leodum

1805 fuse to farenne/; wolde feor þanon

1806 cuma collenferhð/ ceoles neosan.

1807 Heht þa se hearda Hrunting beran

1808 sunu Ecglafes, heht his sweord niman,

1809 leoflic iren; sægde him þæs leanes þanc,

1810 cwæð, he þone guðwine godne tealde,

1811 wigcræftigne, nales wordum log

1812 meces ecge; þæt wæs modig secg.

1813 Ond þa siðfrome, searwum gearwe

1814 wigend wæron; eode weorð Denum

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Representative Poetry Online is a web anthology of 4,800 poems in English and French by over 700 poets spanning 1400 years.

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Since I wrote my first blog post about Old English I've been meaning to do some more studying, so I can continue sharing facts about this interesting language.

Finally last week I skimmed Seamus Heaney's translation of Beowulf to make a list of Old English kennings.

Kennings are metaphoric terms used in place of nouns. They are common in Old Norse, Icelandic, and Old English (Anglo-Saxon) poetry, and usually use either a hyphen (e.g. "ring-giver" as a term for king) or a possessive (e.g. "swan's road" as a term for sea).

In Beowulf you find many kennings for king, including:

Ring-giver

Treasure-giver

Gold-giver

Homeland's guardian

Guardian of the ring-hoard

Gold-friend to retainers

Shepherd of people

The first monster that Beowulf slays is named Grendel, who is referred to as:

Next Beowulf has to face Grendel's mother, a creature called:

Later in the epic poem Beowulf fights a dragon, who is known by many colourful kennings:

Harrower of the dark

Scourge of the people

Guardian of the hoard

Hoard-guardian

Hoard-guard

Sky-winger

Sky-plague

Sky-roamer

Poison- breather

Barrow-dweller

Treasure-minder

Throughout the poem, many other kennings are used.

Armour is called battle-dresses or battle-outfits.

Deserters are called battle-dodgers and tail-turners.

People are called earth-dwellers and children of men.

The ribcage is called either breast-cage or bone-cage.

The sea is referred to as whale-road and swan's road.

I'll end with some miscellaneous kennings that I came across:

Battle-seat = saddle

Battle-torch = sword

Bone-house = body

Bone-lappings = joints/ligaments

Carrier of tales = singer

Earth-gallery = (dragon's) den

Heather-stepper = deer

Heaven's candle = sun

Peace-pledge between nations = queen

Ruler of mankind = God

Sea-shawl = sail

Shield-clash = battle

Treasure-seat = throne

War-board = shield

Water-ropes = icicles

Word-hoard = vocabulary

I'm sure there are many kennings that I missed.
Do you have any to add to my list?

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A list of Old English kennings (metaphoric terms used in place of nouns) taken from Seamus Heaney's translation of Beowulf.

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Timeline

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Beowulf is the first English literary masterpiece and one of the earliest European epics written in the vernacular, or native language, instead of literary Latin. The , accessibly retold by Beowulf for Beginners, survives in one fragile manuscript copied by two scribes near the end of the 10th or the first quarter of the 11th century. Until quite recently, most scholars thought that this surprisingly complex and poignant poem was written in the 8th century or earlier, but Kevin Kiernan stirred up controversy in 1981 with the publication of Beowulf and the Beowulf Manuscript (rev sub edition 1997) by asserting that the work was composed in the 11th century, and that the manuscript itself may have even been the author's working copy.

The manuscript was badly damaged by fire in 1731, and its charred edges crumbled over time, losing words on the outer margins of the leaves. Finally, each leaf was carefully pasted into a frame to stop this process. Of course the frames and the paste holding them in place obliterated a little more of the text! Fortunately, many of the lost words were recovered from a copy made before the manuscript deteriorated. Today, ultraviolet light and other technologies used in the Electronic Beowulf reveal erasures, text under the frames, and other characteristics of the manuscript that were previously undetectable.

The Beowulf manuscript is now a highlighted collection item in the British Library. The manuscript was made accessible to all by The Electronic Beowulf Project. It was once owned by Sir Robert Bruce Cotton, an "antiquary" or collector of Anglo-Saxon Charters and manuscripts. His library was one of three foundation collections brought together by the creation of the British Museum in 1753. Sir Robert bound Beowulf with four other MSS in a combined known as Cotton MS.Vitellius A.xv, the 15th item on the first shelf of the "press" of manuscripts under the bust of Emperor Vitellius in his library. Other manuscripts in the Cotton Library were also cataloged by their locations in bookcases topped by marble busts of Roman Emperors. The MSS are still referenced by this " emperor pressmark " system.

Why Read Beowulf? Robert F Yeager. The history of the manuscript is fascinating, and if you want to learn more about it and the significance of the poem, start here. (Linked page includes complete text; original article is no longer available from NEH Humanities archive.)

Electronic Beowulf, 4th edition (online), 2015 Kevin Kiernan, Univ. of Kentucky. Now freely available online, Electronic Beowulf contains facsimiles of the existing manuscript side-by-side with the text, as well as "a critical apparatus identifying the nearly 2000 eighteenth-century restorations, editorial emendations, and manuscript-based conjectural restorations." "The facsimiles incorporate new, much higher resolution images of all 70 folios, over 130 ultraviolet images, and over 750 newly processed backlit images of the more than 1300 that reveal the hundreds of letters covered on the versos by the nineteenth-century restoration frames."

Cotton Vitellius A. XV. Kevin Kiernan. Illustrated overview of British Library MS Cotton Vitellius A. XV, the composite codex containing the Beowulf manuscript. Follow the link to the Nowell Codex, which contains five items, including Beowulf and Judith. Screenshots are very clear and large. Part of the Electronic Beowulf Index and Guide.

Digitised Manuscripts: Cotton MS Vitellius A XV. British Library. Contains the Nowell Codex (ff. 94r-209v), which includes Beowulf (ff. 132r-201v), along with the Southwick Codex and some other items collected by Sir Robert Cotton.

Beowulf on Shmoop. Shmoop organizes many types of information about Beowulf for students and teachers. The writing is informal and fun, though written by academic contributors. If you think Beowulf is boring, explore this site and be prepared to change your mind.

Part One: Thorkelin's Discovery of Beowulf. Kevin Kiernan. From The Thorkelin Transcripts of 'Beowulf', Anglistica XXV (Copenhagen: Rosenkilde and Bagger, 1986), pp. 1-41. The Thorkelin Transcripts are important because they give us readings from Beowulf that were lost to fire damage (1731) and provide insight into the origins of the first printed edition of Beowulf by Grímur Jónsson Thorkelin (1752-1829). Thorkelin was primarily interested in Danish antiquities, and discovered Beowulf while conducting research at the British Museum.

Part Three: The Reliability of the Transcripts. Kevin Kiernan. From The Thorkelin Transcripts of 'Beowulf', Anglistica XXV (Copenhagen: Rosenkilde and Bagger, 1986), pp. 97-151. There are two Thorkelin Transcripts, one of which was made by an amanuensis, and the other by Thorkelin himself. Guess what! The transcripts are not quite the same. Read the article to find out which one is more reliable.

Digital Preservation, Restoration, and Dissemination of Medieval Manuscripts. Presentation by Kevin S. Kiernan, Professor of English, University of Kentucky and director of the Electronic Beowulf editions and Electronic Beowulf Index and Guide. Kiernan also wrote Beowulf and the Beowulf Manuscript (1981, rev sub 1997) and "The Eleventh-Century Origin of Beowulf and the Beowulf Manuscript," in The Dating of Beowulf, ed. Colin Chase (1981).

Calligraphy and Illumination Links (Scribal Arts). If you have ever wondered how scribes created manuscripts, or wanted to find some examples of beautiful illuminated manuscripts from the later medieval period, visit this site.

Medieval Illuminated Manuscripts: Online Images and Resources. Robert Miller, University of Maryland. College and University Library News, [Online], 78.6 (2017): 334. Web. 10 Jun. 2017. Extensive guide to online collections and and websites.

Specifically about Beowulf:

Beowulf Bibliography 1990-2012. Kevin Kiernan, University of Kentucky. This bibliography is an important and current resource for Beowulf scholarship. Use it!

Beowulf for Beginners. A delightful re-telling of the story for children of all ages, with illustrations and notes. Written by Helen Lynch and designed by Helen Lynch and Susan Dunbar. Readings by SAJ Bradley. From the University of Aberdeen.

Beowulf: Characters. Meet the cast so you can distinguish between all the names that start with "Hr" or end in "theow" and "gar". argh!

Anthropological and Cultural Approaches to Beowulf. Issue 5, Summer/Autumn of The Heroic Age, a free online journal dedicated to the study of the Northwestern Europe from the Late Roman Empire to the advent of the Norman Empire."

Honour, Exchange and Violence in Beowulf (hardcover ed. only). Peter S. Baker, 2013. Examines violence as an essential element in the heroic system of exchange. In Beowulf's northern European culture, violence was not stigmatized as a breakdown in social order but seen as a reasonable way to get things done.

Old English Literature, including Beowulf:

Old English at the University of Virginia. Peter S. Baker, Univ. of Virginia. Pronunciation practice, glossary, fonts, software, and more.

Ravensgard Anglo-Saxon Culture. Links to resources about language, literature, archaeology, Norman Invasion,and related topics.

TOEBI. Teachers of Old English in Britain and Ireland. Has a collection of teaching resources.

Old English contains several sounds unrepresented in the Latin alphabet. The runes for these sounds are listed below in a serif font (Georgia) for maximum clarity:

æ ("asc", pronounced "ash") Type ALT+0230, cap Æ ALT+0198

ð ("eth") Type ALT+0240, cap Ð ALT+0208

þ ("thorn") Type ALT+0254, cap Þ ALT+0222

ƿ ("wen"). In Word only and paste to WP editor, type ALT+0447, cap Ƿ ALT+0503

Anglo-Saxon Aloud. "A daily reading of the entire Anglo-Saxon Poetic Records, which includes all poems written in Old English." Michael D. C. Drout, Wheaton College. Listen to several MP3 excerpts of Beowulf or purchase a 3-CD set of the entire poem from Beowulf Aloud. There is also a 2-CD collection of Anglo-Saxon Aloud Greatest Hits.

Old English Online: Master Glossary. Jonathan Slocum, University of Texas at Austin, Linguistics Research Center.

Introduction to Old English. Peter S. Baker, University of Virginia. The third edition of this title, in paperback and for Kindle, is notable as an accessible and innovative text for beginning students. Download a sample before purchasing the Kindle edition. The author also has online Readings from Beowulf and more information at Old English at the University of Virginia.

Drout's Quick and Easy Old English. Michael D. C. Drout, Wheaton College. For beginning students, with exercises to reinforce learning. Kindle edition available from Amazon.

Old English Phrases for the Traveler to Anglo-Saxon England. Mary K. Savelli. A short "learn by example" phrase book. Great fun for those with a basic understanding of OE writing and pronunciation.

Circolwyrde Wordhord. Curious collection of modern concepts expressed in Old English. For example, ymbsceawere = browser; wyrm or budda = bug.

Electronic Texts

Beowulf on Steorarume (Beowulf in Cyberspace). A new annotated critical edition based on the original manuscript, with Old English only and Old English facing modern English translation. Edited and translated by Benjamin Slade. Introduction contains a wealth of information for the serious student. Site also features "Genealogies, Maps, Glossary & Pictorial Guide to Beowulf."

Beowulf. Translated by Francis B. Gummere, 1910. Free from the University of Virginia Library Electronic Text Center.

The Gummere translation from the Internet Medieval Source Book.

Beowulf. Interlinear text with Old English and Gummere translation. University of Toronto.

Beowulf in Latin.Translated by Grímur Jónsson Thorkelin in 1815, the "first known full translation." Web edition by Claude Pavur, Saint Louis University, November 2008. It is "not so much a faithful guide to the meaning of the text as it is a testament to the long-standing use of Latin as a preferred tool for intercultural understanding. It is also a landmark in the history of the poem's interpretation."

Beowulf in Anglo-Saxon. From the Internet Sacred Text Archive. For a better understanding of the text, first published in Klaeber's 1922 edition of Beowulf and the Fight at Finnsburg, view the entire book with several download options from Internet Archive.

Recent Translations

Beowulf: A New Verse Translation. Seamus Heaney. Bi-lingual edition by Nobel Laureate. 2000. Seamus Heaney on Beowulf and his verse translation. Hear Seamus Heaney read his translation of Beowulf (YouTube audio, Parts 1 and 2).

Beowulf - Second Edition (Broadview Editions). Roy M. Liuzza. 2012. Preview on Google Books. Highly-acclaimed verse translation, especially for students. Extensive supplementary materials. The author has a Beowulf Study Guide at the University of Tennessee, Knoxville.

Beowulf: A Translation and Commentary. J.R.R. Tolkien. 2014. Tolkien made this translation in 1926 but did not publish it. His son, Christopher Tolkien, edited the manuscript and added a great deal of commentary. Reviews describe this prose translation as readable and accurate. The book includes Sellic Spell, Tolkien's imagined folk-tale behind the Beowulf story.

Obituaries for Christopher Reuel Tolkien, editor and scholar, 21 November 1924-16 January 2020

Klaeber's Beowulf. Fourth edition. 2008. A standard, first published in 1936. "A revised Introduction and Commentary incorporates the vast store of scholarship on Beowulf that has appeared since 1950." The text preserves the flavor of the original, but is "lightly revised" to incorporate more recent textual criticism.

Webpages & Books

The Adventures of Beowulf. Free verse translation/adaptation by David Breeden.

The Collected Beowulf. Illustrated by Gareth Hinds. Beautifully-drawn graphic novel originally published as 3 comic books. Based on the Gummere translation. Compare sample pages from two editions. Inexpensive signed copies are available from the author's website. Reviews of both editions are on Amazon.

Beowulf ond Godsylla
"Meanehwæl, baccat meaddehæle, monstær lurccen;
Fulle few too many drincce, hie luccen for fyht..."
A Parody by Tom Weller, fromCvltvre Made Stupid (Culture Made Stupid), 1987.

J.R.R.Tolkien's Beowulf and the Critics. A critical edition of Tolkien's lecture series on "Beowulf and the Critics", edited by Michael D. C. Drout, Wheaton College. Tolkien's famous 1936 essay, " Beowulf: the Monsters and the Critics" was based on these lectures and published posthumously by his son, Christopher Tolkien.

Beowulf: A New Verse Rendering. Douglas Wilson's poetic version of Beowulf is not a literal translation, but a new alliterative version that attempts to preserve the drama and energy of the original poem. There are several excerpts from positive and enthusiastic editorial reviews on the Amazon page.

Grendel's Mother: The Saga of the Wyrd-Wife. Susan Signe Morrison. 2015. The tale of Brimhild and her defamed son Grendel. She is not a monster, but a healer and seer who sees Beowulf and his brutal men as a menace to the people of Heorot, who adopted her when she mysteriously floated to their shores as a baby in salt-encrusted blankets. Visit the book's website for the fascinating backstory and links to buy the book. See an editorial review at Kirkus or Amazon.

Grendel. John Gardner. 1971. A novel that tells the story from Grendel's viewpoint. Available in paperback or in the library.

Eaters of the Dead. Michael Crichton. 1976 (and newer editions). Based on a historical (922 A.D.) commentary by Ibn Fadlan, representative of the ruler of Baghdad, who crosses paths with some scruffy and barbaric Viking warriors in the valley of the Volga. Crichton added a meeting with Buliwyf, a Viking chieftain who must return to Scandinavia to save his country from the monsters of the mist. It's hard to find anything in English about Ibn Fadlan, except for James E. McKeithen's 1979 dissertation (Indiana University), The Risalah of Ibn Fadlan : an Annotated Translation with Introduction.

Movies & TV

The 13th Warrior. 1999. Based on Michael Crichton's book, Eaters of the Dead. Antonio Banderas plays Ibn Fadlan. DVD also available from Amazon.

Beowulf. 1999. The Beowulf story reset in a grim techno-medieval future. Christopher Lambert, who deserves better, stars as a rather gloomy Beowulf. Strange blend of Mad Max and Excalibur delivers "Beowulf with cheese." DVD from Amazon.

. 16 November, 2007. Directed by Robert Zemeckis (Polar Express). Screenplay by Roger Avery and Neil Gaiman. Starring Ray Winstone, Anthony Hopkins, John Malkovich, Brendan Gleeson, Robin Wright Penn, Crispin Glover, Angelina Jolie. This digitally-rendered film uses performance capture throughout. More information and reviews are available at Fandango. In Beowulf vs. the Lord of the Rings, Gary Kamiya contrasts the film with J.R.R. Tolkien's vision of Beowulf's mythic significance. Richard North, a Beowulf scholar at University College London, reviews the film for Time Out London. DVD from Amazon.

Beowulf: Return to the Shieldlands (TV Mini-Series 2016). The story, written by James Dormer, starring Kieran Bew and Laura Donnelly, is a spin-off tale about Beowulf's return to Heorot, 20 years after he'd dispatched Grendel. Important: The Amazon DVD is for Playback Region 2 (Europe, Japan, Middle East) and will not play on most DVD players sold in Region 1 (U.S., U.S. Territories, Canada, and Bermuda). About DVD regions. It's available for streaming from Vudu/Ultraviolet if you want to watch before it's released on DVD/Blu-ray in the U.S. This ambitious series received mixed reviews and aired for only one 12-episode season. More info at IMDB.

Performance

Beowulf: The Epic in Performance. Benjamin Bagby, voice and Anglo-Saxon harp, recorded live in Helsingborg, Sweden (January, 2006). "Bagby, accompanying himself on an Anglo-Saxon harp, delivers this gripping tale - in the original Old English - as it could have been experienced more than 1000 years ago." DVD also available from Amazon.

Cotton Vitellius A. xv. Kevin Kiernan. Screenshots and information about British Library MS Cotton Vitellius A. xv, "a composite codex preserving the unique Beowulf manuscript." Part of the Electronic Beowulf Index and Guide, which facilitates browsing the Electronic Beowulf page-by-page or focused study of the Southwick Codex or Nowell Codex (the one containing Beowulf).

[Bibliography: Robert Cotton as a Collector of Manuscripts]. Carl T. Berkout, University of Arizona. For a wider perspective see the author's Anglo-Saxonists From the 16th through the 20th Century.

'Their Present Miserable State of Cremation': the Restoration of the Cotton Library. Online version of an article by Andrew Prescott, in Sir Robert Cotton as Collector: Essays on an Early Stuart Courtier and His Legacy, ed. C. J. Wright. London: British Library Publications, 1997. 391-454.

Sutton Hoo Web Site. The Sutton Hoo Society promotes research and interest in the excavations of Sutton Hoo, a group of burial mounds in Suffolk, England. In 1939 excavations, archaeologists found an Anglo-Saxon ship (80′ long and 14′ wide) containing a rich burial treasure thought to be that of Rædwald, King of East Anglia from 599 to ca. 625 AD, about the same era as the Beowulf story. Objects found here are owned by the British Museum.

Sutton Hoo Room. Has pictures of the burial ship and some of the artifacts.

The Ship Burial at Sutton Hoo. Accessible, with different pictures than the site listed above.

Staffordshire Gold Hoard: Magical Mystery Treasure. "Magical Mystery Treasure, buried in the English countryside. Anglo-Saxon in origin. Who hid it and why?" This article by Caroline Alexander explores the possible purpose of the hoard, why it was buried, and why so many pieces are folded or crumpled. Be sure to view the Magical Mystery Treasure photo gallery by Robert Clark and the Timeline: How Britain Began, with maps showing migrations.

Beowulf is, after all, a Scandinavian hero, of the tribe of Geats. Most of his story is said to take place in Denmark and Scandinavia. What's the connection between Anglo-Saxon England and Scandinavia? How did an Anglo-Saxon poem with a Geatish hero survive? In Why Read Beowulf? (listed above), Robert Yeager gives us a clue:

"At the time the manuscript was being copied, Scandinavian raiders had been ravaging English shores for two centuries. This inauspicious timing has been used by some scholars to bolster their arguments that Beowulf was composed before the coming of the Northmen about A.D. 790. However, a poem featuring a Scandinavian hero may have been able to flourish at the court of King Cnut, who added England to his Danish empire in 1016."

If you're interested in where Beowulf took place, see "Beowulf: New Light on the Dark Ages," by Simon Hall, in History
Today, December 1998, Vol. 48, Issue 12. The author proposes that some parts of the Beowulf poem took place in North Kent, possibly on Harry Island ("Heorot" in the 11th century, and the name of Hrothgar's Hall). Unfortunately, only the first part of the article is available free from History Today. Check your library for access to this popular periodical.

In 2013, researchers announced that Excavations at Lejre in eastern Denmark, the site of a royal Danish court from the 6th to 10th century, revealed seven feasting halls of various ages, the remains of hundreds of animals, drinking vessels, and about 40 pieces of jewelry. Some scholars believe that the oldest feasting hall on the site may be Heorot. For more information on this ongoing archaeological investigation, see: Secrets of Beowulf Revealed.

"For the first time, archaeology is giving us a glimpse of life in the key royal Danish site associated with the Beowulf legend."
-Tom Christensen, curator of Denmark's Roskilde Museum, director of the Lejre project

The Old Norse Volsunga Saga, or Story of the Volsungs, also has a brave hero, Sigurd, who skewers a venom-snorting dragon and gains his cursed gold-hoard. Elements of this story are found in Wagner's opera, " The Ring of the Niebelung" (Der Ring des Nibelungen) and J.R.R. Tolkien's symbolic "One Ring to Rule Them All," in the Lord of the Rings cycle, as well as in Beowulf.

See Pre-Christian Epics of Northern Europe for links to resources on Norse (and Irish) Mythology. The original sources are useful to scholars. For the rest of us, look for the translations and check out Neil Gaiman's new book Norse Mythology for a retelling of the ancient tales by a gifted storyteller.

Voice of the Shuttle: English Literature: Anglo-Saxon and Medieval. An overview of major resources on the Web for the Medieval period. Apparently no longer maintained, it has many broken links, but may provide some general direction for students.

Ða Engliscan Gesiþas (The English Companions). Historical society devoted to the study of the Anglo-Saxon period. Hear audio clips of Anglo-Saxon poetry, learn about the language, runes, village life, medieval birds, and more.

Academic libraries may subscribe to the following indexes of journal articles and other scholarly resources. Check your library's catalog or research guide to English literature for availability and access instructions:

MLA International Bibliography (Modern Language Association). The definitive index for scholars. Over two million citations to books, scholarly journals, essay collections, working papers, proceedings, dissertations, and bibliographies from languages, literatures, linguistics and folklore. 1926 - present.

Project Muse. Search journals and books from University presses and scholarly societies. Includes some excellent literature journals as well as arts and humanities titles. Full-text access depends on which Project Muse book collections and journal subscriptions your library has purchased.

Academic Search Premier. Indexes 12,000+ scholarly journals, with full text for 4,000 titles. Covers social sciences, humanities, education, computer science and engineering, general science, humanities, medicine, ethnic studies, and more. 1965- present for selected titles. Some libraries may have a similar version of this index, such as Academic Search Elite.

ERIC (Educational Resources Information Center). If you teach Beowulf, search ERIC for articles and research reports. The mother of all ERIC clones is the government-sponsored open access database started in 1966.

Arts & Humanities Citation Index. A citation index covering more than 1,700 titles from the world's leading arts and humanities journals. Includes the ability to search particular authors' works to find out who is citing them. 1975 to present.

Manchester Medieval Sources. Some academic libraries may subscribe to this resource, which no longer has a publicly accessible area. Provides links to selected resources about Anglo-Saxon culture, including maps, societies and conferences, bede and lindisfarne, beowulf, archaeological sites, everyday life and language.

Reference Books

There are still some valuable print resources out there. Your library's reference collection may have the following gems as well as some literary research guides and annotated bibliographies that can save your bacon:

MLA Handbook. 8th ed. Modern Language Association, 2016. An essential reference for writing and formatting research papers in MLA style. If you can, get your own copy.

Dictionary of the Middle Ages. 13 vols. 1982-89, and supplements. An encyclopedia with signed articles about all aspects of the medieval period. A wonderful resource.

Classical and Medieval Literature Criticism. The "CMLC" is a multi-volume set of reprinted excerpts from scholarly journal articles and books. A great way to get an overview of what scholars have said about a particular work over a long period of time, and to get some differing opinions and approaches. The section on Beowulf is in volume 1.

Harner, James L. Literary Research Guide: An Annotated Listing of Reference Sources in English Literary Studies. 5th edition. Modern Language Association, 2008. Essential tool for serious students.

Other Books

Finding books or other library materials about Beowulf in your library's catalog should be easy. Possible search terms include: beowulf, grendel, anglo-saxon, sutton hoo, anglo-saxon literature, and old english poetry.

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Information about Beowulf, the Old English epic poem, featuring an organized collection of the best Internet resources. Also lists selected books and related resources about Anglo-Saxon and Medieval studies, the language of Beowulf, Sir Robert Cotton, Sutton Hoo and archaeology. Site moved from greenhamlet.com to beowulfresources.com in January 2014.

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Master contenuto in White Spaces, Culture, literature and languages, di Deborah J. Ellis con Barbara De Luca. I Romani erano grandi ingegneri, molto più dei Greci. Il Vallo di Adriano (Hadrian's Wall) è una delle loro opere monumentali meglio conservate. Si tratta di una fortificazione che copre circa 117 chilometri e che segnava l'antica frontiera fra l'impero Romano (la Britannia romana) e il nord dell'isola (un confine più a sud dell'attuale confine fra Inghilterra e Scozia). Secondo gli archeologi e gli storici ci vollero 6 anni e probabilmente circa 15.000 soldati di tre legioni per costruirlo. Qui ne vediamo una parte, ad Housesteads, antica Vercovicium. Il Vallo di Adriano è riconosciuto dall'UNESCO come patrimonio dell'umanità.

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Master contenuto in White Spaces, Culture, literature and languages, di Deborah J. Ellis con Barbara De Luca. I Romani erano grandi ingegneri, molto più dei Greci. Il Vallo di Adriano (Hadrian's Wall) è una delle loro opere monumentali meglio conservate.

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Master contenuto in Time Passages - Literature, Language and Culture in the English Speaking World, di Cinzia Medaglia, Beverley Anne Young. Video che fa parte della categoria "In Short - Video Recap", che racconta in modo sintetico attraverso l'uso di riprese, iconografia e archivi i diversi periodi della storia e della letteratura anglosassone. Origins ci conduce alla scoperta delle origini storiche e letterarie. Dai Celti nel 700 a.C. all'invasione dei Romani nel 55 a.C che li portò all'occupazione dell'Inghilterra ma non del Galles e della Scozia, dalla quale era separata dal vallo di Adriano. Nel 455 d.C. l'Inghilterra fu occupata dagli Anglo-Sassoni e nell'VIII secolo i Vichinghi ne occuparono il nord. Le origini letterarie e culturali sono invece nell'alfabeto dei Celti, l'alfabeto runico. La poesia Anglo-Sassone era di tradizione orale, attraverso la ripetizione veniva trasmessa come memoria storia attraverso le generazioni. Gli scriba cristiani la trasformarono in forma scritta, creando le basi per la prima letteratura, in latino e in Old English. Il poema epico più importante del periodo è Beowulf.

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Master contenuto in Time Passages - Literature, Language and Culture in the English Speaking World, di Cinzia Medaglia, Beverley Anne Young. Video che fa parte della categoria "In Short - Video Recap", che racconta in modo sintetico attraverso l'uso di riprese, iconografia e archivi i diversi periodi della storia e della letteratura anglosassone.

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English - The globe: Shakespeare's Theatre (B1-B2)

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The Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, better known as the European Convention on Human Rights, was opened for signature in Rome on 4 November 1950 and came into force in 1953. It was the first instrument to give effect to certain of the rights stated in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and make them binding.

Since its adoption in 1950 the Convention has been amended a number of times and supplemented with many rights in addition to those set forth in the original text.
European Convention on Human Rights All languages

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The Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, better known as the European Convention on Human Rights, was opened for signature in Rome on 4 November 1950 and came into force in 1953. It was the first instrument to give effect to certain of the rights stated in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and make them binding.

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https://booktab.it/

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Booktab - Libri di testo multimediali sul tuo tablet e sul tuo computer

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Con Booktab i tuoi libri di testo con contenuti multimediali, esercizi interattivi e materiali aggiuntivi sono sul tuo tablet e sul tuo computer.

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The building of the Nation (tratto da Performer Heritage)

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Video tratto da M. Spiazzi, M. Tavella, M. Layton - Performer Heritage. Zancihelli editore S.p.A, 2016 http://online.scuola.zanichelli.it/performerheritage/

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Let's Begin...

When we talk about 'English', we often think of it as a single language. But what do the dialects spoken in dozens of countries around the world have in common with each other, or with the writings of Chaucer? Claire Bowern traces the language from the present day back to its ancient roots, showing how English has evolved through generations of speakers.

Create and share a new lesson based on this one.

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Where did English come from? - Claire Bowern

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When we talk about 'English', we often think of it as a single language. But what do the dialects spoken in dozens of countries around the world have in common with each other, or with the writings of Chaucer?

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Shakespeare's Globe Mini-Doc http://www.grodigital.com/our-work Using a combination of interviews with actors and directors, footage of performances and beauty shots of this incredible venue, we created 50 minutes of cinema aimed at making watching the plays accessible, enjoyable and unique.

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Watch the video and answer the questions below in max 15 minutes Practice exercise prepared by R.Eusebio

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su.zanichelli.it/kahoot-performerb2-1

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B.Dylan

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Blowing In The Wind (Live On TV, March 1963)

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https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-philosophy-of-stoicism-massimo-pigliucci

https://ed.ted.com/on/xjL6gy4Q

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A brief introduction the character The Wife of Bath form Chaucer's Canterbury Tales-- Created using PowToon -- Free sign up at http://www.powtoon.com/ . Make your own animated videos and animated presentations for free.