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The French and Indian was lasted from 1754 and 1763 and become part of a larger war between France and great Britain called the seven years war. The French joined with Native Americans to attack the British in North America.

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The French and Indian War left Britain with a huge dept. and with an army of 10,000 in the colonies. The issue of British soldiers became even more of a problem for the colonists when prime Minister George Grenville  decided that the colonists should pay for the troops themselves

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The stamp Act was proved to be a very bad idea. The Stamp Act affected most lawyers merchants, printers, minsters, and inn keepers were the same people who led public opinion.

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The Townshend Acts also brought back writes of assistance. Which parliament had used unsuccessfully in the colonies in the 1600s. The townshend Act angered the colonists.

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The American traders and settlers crossed the mountains into the Ohio Valley. Officials decided to stop colonists from moving west. The proclamation of 1763, they drew a line along the Appalachian mountains, reserving land on the Western side for the Native Americans. The British officials because it gave them control of migration westward. Movement out of cities, which were centers of trade and prosperity.

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Seeing the British soldiers on their streets angered the people of Boston. On March 5, 1770, a crowd of colonists began to throw snowballs at the sentry-guarding the customs house. Colonial leaders called the event the Boston Massacre, they played it up as a deliberate attack on innocent civilians.

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The Boston tea party took place tensions had been rising between Great Britain and its colonies for some time. The French and Indian War created even more tensions between Britain and the colonies. After the War, parliament tried to deny the colonists access to western lands with the proclamation of 1763.

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By the time British reached Lexington, the militia had been waiting a long time. The British troops arrived, the minutemen realized they were badly outnumbered. This is when the captain ordered them to leave. The British troops, shouted at the minutemen. Then from somewhere on the Lexington town green, a shot range out. As more shots followed, Eight Americans were killed and many others were wounded. The first shot is still undefined till this day. The British turned are retreated toward Boston. All along the way, angry militia hid behind barns, stone, walls, and fences, firing at the British that had walked passed.

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The standoff at Boston led to the first major battle of the Revolutionary War, which was the Battle of Bunker Hill

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The events of 1775 pushed more American Colonists toward supporting independence. Revolutionary ideology, the colonists still thought of themselves as The British. The colonial leaders knew the Philosophy of enlightenment thinkers such as John Locke. The present British government was failing to protest the rights and liberties of its citizens in America. Writing the Declaration, the congress discussed the Virginia proposals. Adams and Franklin did make some changes in the Jefferson's draft.

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British Military Strengths and Weaknesses

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British Military Strengths and Weaknesses

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The British enjoyed triumph over nations as powerful as France and Spain. Britain's military was the best in the world. Soldiers were equipped, disciplined, well paid and well fed

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Colonies Military Strengths and Weaknesses

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Colonies Military Strengths and Weaknesses

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Americans had a grand cause fighting for their rights, their independence and their liberty. The Americans military and Political leaders were in experienced, but proved surprisingly competent. The French gave Americans courage and tangible threat that tipped the scales in Americans favor.

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Guiding Question #1- Was our revolution from England justified or was it merely a rebellion?

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Guiding Question #1- Was our revolution from England justified or was it merely a rebellion?

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The American Revolution from England was justified because the people from America came here to become free and Europe still wanted to have the control over America. The colonists made a document entitled the Declaration of Independence, which listed all the justifications for abolishing Great Britain's ruled over to the colonies.

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Washington was a strong leader. People respected and loved him. He created the president's cabinet which helps advise the President on any subject he may require relating to the duties of each member's respective office. In the judiciary act of 1789 congress put together a judicial branch and it had a 6 person supreme court.

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Alexander Hamilton who was the treasury secretary had to make the govs. financial position more secure. To do that he had to figure out more ways America could create more income. Eventually, he created the national bank which controlled credits and made loans to the gov. Wash chartered the first bank in Feb 1791.

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1793 ---> Neutrality Proclamation: The U.S would remain neutral and would be friendly/impartial towards both France and Great Britain.
1794 ---> Jay's Treaty: Britan relinquished control of the North West to the U.S and agreed to pay for its attacks on American Merchant Ships.
1795 ---> Pinckney's Treaty: Spain was afraid Britan and the U.S would unite against them. So Spain gave the U.S the right to use the Mississippi River and port of New Orleans.
During the battle of Fallen Timbers in 1794, the Americans won a victory over the Native Americans. Which resulted in the treaty of Greenville where the Native Americans gave up large territories in Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, and Michigan

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in 1796 Washington gave up his presidency. The federalists chose John Adams to be their candidate because Hamilton wasn't interested in becoming president. Sectionalism played a role in the election. In 1797 Adams sent three American diplomats to France. Instead of meeting with them the French diplomats demanded loans and bribes. Adams grew angry and sent a report to Congress naming the three French agents as X, Y, Z. When the XYZ affair grew public many Americans wanted war.

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Three laws out of the four, known as the alien and sedition act, were aimed mainly at the French and Irish refugees. America thought they were dangerous to the peace and safety. It outlawed any opposition to the government policies.

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Jefferson and Madison wanted to get rid of the sedation laws so they drafted the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions. They hoped that state legislatures would declare the laws void. These actions resulted in a deeper political divide.

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Jefferson as Vice President and President

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Jefferson as Vice President and President

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In 1800 there was a big debate between political parties on who was most fit to run the U.S. Even though Jefferson was high in power the Federalists didn't want him to become president. However, Hamilton eventually convinced federalists to support Jefferson. He became the 3rd president of the U.S. The problem with the voting system made Congress create and pass the 12th amendment. Which, let voters cast separate ballads for president and vice president.

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Many issues connected France with the U.S. The new ruler of France was General Napoleon. He hoped to regain Frances former lands in North America. Jefferson hoped that the U.S. could have taken control of Lousiana and New Orleans. Acess to the Mississippi River was very important to American commerce. Napolean wa afraid of future trouble in America. So eventually, the Lousiana purchase was made and France sold it to America for 15 million dollars.

Caption Of Picture: This map is representing how much land France had in the Louisiana Territory. As you can see it was a quite vast amount of land that included the Mississippi River. The U.S wanted it so badly that they paid quite a big amount of money to buy this territory.

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Louis and Clark were American explorers that explored the west side of America. Since Jefferson wanted to learn more about the land he had just purchased he sent them on an expedition. Traveling along the Mississippi River they met a young Native American girl named Sacagawea, who was the wife of a Canadian fur trapper. In Nov. 1805 the expedition finally reached the west coast of the Pacific Ocean. Jefferson was ecstatic to hear of the success of the trip.

Caption of Picture: This photo is of Lewis and Clark meeting with Sacagawea. This is important because Sacagawea helps them on their journey and they discover a little bit more about what the land is really like in the West.

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As early as 1803 the U.S. became caught in the middle of Britain's trade disagreements. Sailors in the Royal Navy were badly paid and brutally threatened. Britan captured 4 American men. As the U.S grew angry Jefferson tried to prevent war by passing the Embargo Act. The Embargo Act prohibited exports to foreign countries. However, America hated the Act and by the time the next election came James Madison won easily. There were many battles fought in the war especially the Battle of New Orleans. Where Andrew Jackson became a war hero. The treaty of Ghent was signed for peace in December 1814. No territories changed but America did prove themselves to be a sufficient nation.

Caption Of picture: This photo tells us that France and the U.S were fighting each other in the war of 1812. It also shows that naval ships were used and were considered the cause of the war in the first place.

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The Industrial Revolution was the birth of modern industry and social changes. It occurred over several decades. Some inventions created included The Cotton Gin. Its job was to clean cotton and this machine created by Eli Whitney changed and revolutionized cotton production. Another important invention was the steam engine. It helped the U.S import and export goods quicker. Lastly, the Telegram industrialized communication. It made war tactics easy to relay to important people and helped shape our future as Americans.

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The Industrial Revolution spread really fast by 1810 there were more than 60 mills of spinning thread in New England. In the year 1813 in Waltam, Massachusetts the first factory to bring all processes of cloth production under one roof was built. It was built by Francis Lowell, a wealthy Boston textile. This factory became the center of the textile production. They continued to building more mills and other buildings that made great profits, great cotton cloth, and the city was continuing to grow in 1822. Most of this should be credited to the Lowell Girls. The Lowell Girls were recruited from local farms at younger ages from around ten years old to older women. They often worked fourteen hours a day, six days a week and made okay wages for the time period. In the mills they lived by the ringing of bells and had a lively society in the boarding houses, a place they lived developing friendships and clubs.
Caption of this picture: This picture is representing the Lowell girls working in the factories making cloth.

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There were many inventions that Eli Whitney created such as the Interchangeable Parts in the 19th century. They became pretty popular when Eli used them to put together muskets which allowed unskilled workers to produce large numbers of weapons quickly and at a lower cost. Also, it made repair and replacement easier.

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In 1824, Andrew Jackson, Quincy Adams, and Henry Clay ran for presidency. Andrew Jackson won the popular vote but not the electoral vote which means the House of Representatives got to choose. After, Clay gave support to Adams meaning all Clay's election votes go to Adams which gave him enough votes to become president of 1825. Also, Henry became Quincy's secretary of state. Many people thought Adams and Clay had secret deal called a "Corrupt Bargain." In the mean time, Jackson created a new political party and Adams supporters started to decrease and his campaign started to weaken. Eventually, in 1828 Andrew Jackson won the election of 1824.

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In the early 1830s about 125,000 Native Americans lived on many acres of land in Georgia, Tennessee, Alabama, North Carolina and Florida. The land was their ancestors has occupied and cultivated for generations. White settlers forced Native Americans to leave because they wanted to grow cotton on their land. The white settlers had to walk thousands of miles across the Mississippi River to their new homeland called the "Indian Territory."
Caption of Picture: As you can see in the picture, you can see a bunch of black dots near the right of the map that represents where the Native Americans lived before as I mentioned above (Georgia, Tennessee, Alabama, North Carolina, and Florida). The Trail of Tears consisted of different routes but all had the same goal of getting the Native Americans out of the area so the white settlers could grow cotton.

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In 1832, Congress tried to pass another tariff which is a tax. Many people were sick and tired of the tariffs. South Carolina fought back by trying to prove it was unconstitutional and tried to the nullify the tariff acts. Even, John Calhoun resigned from vice presidency and became a senator for his home state, South Carolina. In addition, Andrew Jackson demanded for the Force Bill from Congress and tried to have military to collect the tariff in South Carolina but it didn't succeed because it was null and voided too. The situation was solved by Henry Clay because he worked out a compromise that made tariffs would be reduced over 10 years but eventually raise overtime.

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The Manifest Destiny is a territorial expansion if the boundaries of the US westward to the Pacific Ocean and beyond. The Manifest Destiny means having somewhere better/expansion. Americans believed in individual economic opportunities on new territory or land and that they could have any land they wanted because God wanted them to have any land they wanted.
Caption of picture: This picture is representing an angel watching over the people while they are traveling to new land/territory.

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The United States wanted add Texas to the United States. So Texas had to make a decision to either become independent and apart of the United States or go back to Mexico and follow the Mexican Constitution of 1824. Texas then declares independence on March 2nd, 1836.

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Soon after Texas got independence, a push for annexing Texas. Annexation means adding a territory previously not in the US into the US. On March 1st 1845 the United States Congress admitted Texas into the Union as the 28th state. This lead quickly into the Mexican American War because of a border dispute with Mexico.

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The Mexican-American War was from 1846 to 1848. President James K. Polk believed the United States had a "manifest destiny" to spread across the continent to the Pacific Ocean. A little border issue along Rio Grande started off fighting and was followed with a bunch of United State victories. In the end, Mexico lost about one thirds of its territory including California, Utah, Nevada, Arizona, and New Mexico.

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Guiding Question #2- How did our New Nation's beginnings/development actually cause the Civil War?

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Guiding Question #2- How did our New Nation's beginnings/development actually cause the Civil War?

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Our Nations development helped cause the Civil War by changing and Industrializing. As our Nation became stronger and people had more rights they started to take things for granted, especially with slavery. As we created new machines and explored new places to build and farm the demand for workers and slaves grew. Especially in the North were cotton plantations and farming was so popular.  As the demand for cotton rose and as we developed new machines to help us with everyday tasks we became selfish and only wanted to take and gain. Gain more slaves, even children, money and most of all power. Soon we divided into two sides and that eventually lead to the war of everyone's civil rights.

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The compromise of 1850 consisted of five laws that passed in September due to the slavery issue. In 1849, California requested permission to enter the Union as a free state which upsetting the balance between the free and slave states in the United States. Senator, Henry Clay, introduced some resolutions on January 29th, 1850 about a compromise between the North and the South on slavery. This event included the Fugitive Slave Act being amended on September 18th, 1850. This means they had to return the slaves who escaped from one state into another state or territory. Also, Slave trade in Washington, D.C. was abolished meaning Congress abolished the slave trade in the District of Colombia. In addition, California entered Union as a free state on September 9th, 1850 and the territorial government was created in Utah. Finally, results of the Mexican War brought Texas into a serious conflict with the national government over the state's claim to a large portion of New Mexico. The boundary dispute between Texas and New Mexico was passed and established a territorial government in New Mexico.

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On May 30th, 1854 a bill was passed. This bill was introduced by the Senator of Illinois, Stephen Douglas. It was decided that the residents would decide of each territory. This caused a lot of arguments and violence between pro-slavery and anti-slavery. This event was really significant to the Civil War.

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Bleeding Kansas was a small civil war in the United States between the pro-slavery and the anti-slavery settlers in Kansas. Due to the Kansas-Nebraska Act, the settlers tried to solve the problem by having the popular vote win. However, it didn't work because the pro-slavery settlers started having the other pro-slavery settlers from Missouri start flowing in. In the month of December of 1855, the Wakarusa War started because a pro-slavery settler murdered an anti-slavery settler which contributed to the Bleeding Kansas. Bleeding Kansas became "Bleeding Kansas" when a pro-slavery mob swarmed into the town Lawrence and burned a hotel and a newspaper office on May 21st, 1856. Three days later on May 24th through the 25th John Brown lead an anti-slavery settlers to get revenge and murdered five men from pro-slavery which is called the Pottawatomie Massacre. More bloodshed continued along the border. They fought battles, captured towns, and set prisoners free. The President James Buchanan proposed a compromise constitution called the "Lecompton Constitution" in 1857. This compromise allowed Kansas to be a slave state however, the free blacks would remain free. Kansas declined every time the President asked. When John Brown overran the armory in Virginia, the pro-slavery started weakening. Eventually, on January 29th, 1861 Kansas became a free state and became a republican party. And also, owed $400,000 in damages from the fighting between the settlers.
Caption of picture: This picture represents the two sides, the pro-slavery settlers and the anti-slavery settlers in Kansas. This is showing them arguing over if they should be a slaver state or a free state. Also, in the picture you can see guns because people were starting to kill each other due to this dispute.

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John Brown was born in Connecticut in 1800 but was raised in Ohio. He was a firm believer in anti-slavery and so was his family. He failed at business, was in bankruptcy at age 42, and had 20 lawsuits against him. In 1837, he attended a abolition meeting in Cleveland and he decided to publicly announce his dedication to destroying slavery. Then he started creating a plan in the early of the year of 1848. His plan was to raid an armory, which is a place to store guns and weapons, in Virginia but now is West Virginia. He did this to have blacks defend themselves in order to get free. After, Brown traveled to Kansas in the 1850s with his five sons to fight pro-slavery.

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The Underground Railroad was a system that helped slaves escape from the South and have the ability to travel to the North. It wasn't underground nor a railroad, it was named that because of its activities that had been carried out in secret. There were various routes and they extended in all different directions throughout the 14 Northern states and "the promise land" which was in Canada and was beyond the reach of fugitive slave hunters. The routes were called lines and there were stopping places called stations. People helped transport the slaves such as conductors.
Caption of Picture: This map is showing the free states which means they were slave free states on the north side of the United States meanwhile the other color on the south side represents the slave states. The arrows represent all the different routes of the Underground Railroad from getting slaves from the south to the north.

Account of a conductor from the Underground Railroad: http://www.slate.com/blogs/the_vault/2013/09/10/william_still_his_diary_recorded_details_of_slaves_escaping_on_the_underground.html

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Stephen Douglas, a Democratic Senator, and Abraham Lincoln, a Republican challenger were competing for the role of senator of Illinois in 1858. They fought about the issue of slavery and the hostile situation it was causing the nation being divided in two. Stephen believed in pro-slavery and Abraham believed in anti-slavery. So they started debating, and had a total of seven debates each three hours long. They had one in Ottawa on August 21st, Freeport on August 27th, Jonesboro on September 15th, Charleston on September 18th, Galeburg on October 7th, Quincy on October 13th, and Alton on October 15th. Eventually, Douglas defeated Lincoln in spot of senator, 54 votes to 46 votes. However, when Douglas became senator he didn't didn't stand up for what democrats believe in while Lincoln became a spokesman about the republican party and his beliefs.

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In the year of 1860, Abraham Lincoln became the 16th president of the United States. He was against John Breckinridge, a Southern Democrat, John Bell, a constitutional union candidate, and Stephen Douglas, the United States Senator of Illinois. Abraham was a kentucky-born lawyer and was a former whig representative to the Congress. Also, he gained national statue during campaign for senate seat.

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On April 12th, 1861, Confederate artillery open fired on this Federal fort in Charleston Harbor. This occurred because Lincoln chose to resupply Sumter in January but failed to do so. The Confederate then thought it would be an easy target, and decided to overrun it because Fort Sumter didn't have any supplies or weapons to fight back with. Fort Sumter finally surrendered 34 hours later. After, four years they eventually got it back by fighting for it.

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Union and Confederate Strengths and Weaknesses 

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Union and Confederate Strengths and Weaknesses 

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The Union had a bigger population than the Confederate. The North had a population of 22 million while the South had a population of only 9 million. Also, the North had a strong navy and the South didn't. The Union had many people to grow food and work in factories. Also, the factories were able to make supplies for the Union army railroads. However, the Confederate was really good at defending their homeland and definitely did not want to lose their property, country, and freedom. Also, they had really good soldiers because they were excellent shooters and there were former officers in the United States army. Although, the South had few factories to produce weapons, few railroads to move troops and soldiers, and few supplies.

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Guiding Question #3- How is Southern secession any different from the American Revolution? 

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Guiding Question #3- How is Southern secession any different from the American Revolution? 

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Southern secession is not much different from the American Revolution. During the Civil War, the south and the north had very different ideas on how America as a nation should be.

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Lee and Grant met in a home in Appomattox court house on a Sunday, April 9th. Two generals chatted briefly about their service as young officers in the Mexican- American War. Grant presented the terms of the surrender. Lee's troops merely had to turn over their weapons and leave. Grant offered food to Lee's starving troops. Lee, Grant and other officers signed the surrender. Lee at that time returned to his troops to tell them that this war was over.

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Before the War ended, northern leaders tested possible roles for freed African Americans. War happened in 1865-1877. It was the rebuild of the u.s. The process of the Federal Government to the readmit that defeated confederate states to the union. The problem throughout was disagreement in the process of Lincoln, Johnson and the congress.

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Jonson's plan was similar to Lincoln's Plan. And Lincoln's plan was, the proclamation of Amnesty and reconstruction(10% plan). Pardon all confederates except high-ranking officials and those accused of crimes against the prisoners of the war. Under this new plan, states could re-enter the union after 10% took an oath of allegiance. New state government formed reps. and sent to the congress. Johnson also believed that "white men alone must manage the south" so pardons 13,000 confederates.

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Many scalawags were farmers who had never owned slaves and had opposed secession and the war. Some scalawags were planters and other formerly wealthy southerners who had been financially ruined by the war. The scalawags allied with northern Republicans who came south to take part in the regions political and economic rebirth. Southern critics called these northerners as a reference to a type of cheap suitcase. Many carpetbaggers were educated people.

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13th- The 13th amendment abolished slavery in the United States. The 13th amendment was passed at the end of the Civil War before the southern states. The senate passed in April 1864, the house of congress did not. This is when Lincoln took the active role to pass through the congress. Lincoln insisted that the 13th amendment must be added to the Republican party. Lincolns effort was a success, passed the bill January 1865, with a vote of 119-56. The 13th amendment as long as the 14th and 15th, is one of the trio of the civil war amendments that expanded the Civil rights of Americans
14th-The 14th amendment was adopted on July 9, 1868. The 14th amendment failed to extend to the Bill of Rights to the states. It also failed to protect the rights of Black citizens. The citizens did not succeed in empowering the 14th amendment during the reconstruction
15th- The 15th amendment enacted in 1870. Black males were given the vote by the 15th amendment. The 15th amendment was in reality only the beginning of a struggle for equality that would continue for more than a century.
What does this picture mean? Shows how the 13th, 14th and the 15th amendments were treated, and also shows what the amendments mean in the case of the rights that were voted.

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The U.s. Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen and Abandoned Lands. This was established in 1865 by congress to help former black slaves and poor whites in the south of U.S. Civil War. The Freedmen's Bureau provided food, housing, and medical aid, established schools and offered legal assistance.
What does this picture mean?

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Founded in 1866. The Ku Klux Klan(KKK) extended into almost every southern state by 1870. The white southern resistance to the Republican Party's. Reconstruction, policies aimed at establishing political and economic equality for blacks.
What does this picture mean? This picture shows how the Ku Klux Klan wants to fight for its right and go against blacks. These people are all for whites. So this picture shows the way the knights dressed and showed us they want us to join to fight for what there rights are.

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The Act lifted the restriction on voting and holding of office by secessionists who were the rebels in the U.S. Civil war.

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The Compromise of 1876 effectively ended the Reconstruction era. Southern Democrats’ promises to protect civil and political rights of blacks were not kept, and the end of federal interference in southern affairs led to the widespread disenfranchisement of blacks voters. From the late 1870s onward, southern legislatures passed a series of laws requiring the separation of whites from “persons of color”

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Guiding Question #4- Reconstruction-Success or Failure?

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Guiding Question #4- Reconstruction-Success or Failure?

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The Reconstruction was a success. This is because the reconstruction had drafted in new things, such as 13th, 14th and 15th amendments. The reconstruction also finally settled the states rights, which had been a issue since the 1790s. However the reconstruction was also a failure because the 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments didn't end with a success right away. But in the end the reconstruction was a success.

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This project connects to TIOW because the book is all about a slavery. Back in these days, there were people with many different opinions about the subject. Sarah in the book is more representing the north side because she was anti-slavery. She didn't like how people even her own family owned slaves. This is why she wanted to help Handful get free. For instance, she tried to teach Handful how to read in order for her to get free. However, on the other hand Sarah's family represents the south because her family believes in slavery and is the reason why they own slaves in the first place.

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Level 1: What do you see?
I see 3 men fighting over a piece of paper. They look angry.

Level 2: What does the image represent?
This political cartoon showing Abraham Lincoln and Jefferson Davis fighting over the United States. Lincoln is on the left and Davis is on the right.
Level: What is the meaning?
This means there is no peace without separation at the time period because they couldn't agree on slave states or free states.

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https://docs.google.com/document/d/1-cPSjAZ1vjftQIECZchBA4wLQ8t6BhjVztQ3kjWnJ64/edit?pli=1