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To summarize article 3, Skinner did research on mice and found that the mother mice that had a chemical in their environment then had future offspring with defects/diseases, specifically low sperm count. He found in the bigger picture that humans were also affected by their past generations environments. This shows evidence of epigenetics because of the environment affected the different generations. Researching Epigenetics is important and necessary because it can help many answers to why some diseases are caused or where they come from. It provides answers and further knowledge on genes.

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This article was about a scientist named Skinner who tested how chemicals effect multiple generations of mice. He looked to see if when exposing a rat to a chemical, if those conditions were apparent in the grandchild. He also found that a mother mouse mouse that had a chemical in their environment led to offspring with disease, defects, and lower sperm count.

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From learning through what happens on the epigenetic level from animal studies, I believe that by researching epigenetic inheritance is useful because it begins to set that pathway into finding more efficient ways of helping to develop better treatments, targeting diseases that has been induced by chemicals such as methylmercury. The environmental chemicals in the air can leave their marks in the human epigenome and impact the overall health, showing that the abnormal changes in gene expression could be due to pollution-induced epigenetic mechanisms, passing on to generations, making the intended research of epigenetic inheritance useful. 

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From learning through what happens on the epigenetic level from animal studies, I believe that by researching epigenetic inheritance is useful because it begins to set that pathway into finding more efficient ways of helping to develop better treatments, targeting diseases that has been induced by chemicals such as methylmercury. The environmental chemicals in the air can leave their marks in the human epigenome and impact the overall health, showing that the abnormal changes in gene expression could be due to pollution-induced epigenetic mechanisms, passing on to generations, making the intended research of epigenetic inheritance useful. 

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The research conducted in article 3 from the experiments of exposing mice to chemicals then breeding them showed epigenetics through analyzing the generations. After the generations were analyzed it was found that great grand children can carry the same destructive properties from the chemicals exposed to mice or humans of earlier generations. This is a form of epigenetics because the harmful things exposed to first generations carry through to the later generations.

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My article was number one. It began talking about how our genetic is actually very dynamic. It explained how DNA in our cells is packed up in a condensed string, and how it wraps around proteins called histones. There are two forms of regulation that can affect DNA and histones. Those two forms would be histone modification and DNA methylation. Both are pretty much the same concept that we used in our little game last class.

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The information in article #2 was about the notion that organisms pass down adaptations acquired during their lifetimes to their offspring. Sonia Sultan and Jacob Herman conducted an experiment where they would grow polygonum persicaria. Some plants would grow in normal soil while the others grew in dry soil, then the offsprings from both would be grown in dry soil. They concluded a disrupted 15%-20% of DNA methylation, leading to the idea that epigenetics had a role in this form of adaptation.

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This article talks about how certain elements/ exposure to things; can impact the epigenetics of a living organism. The research that is conducted in article one, talks about how to when an organism is introduced to a type of chemical, or outside substance; It can have an effect on the epigenetics. The research in this article, does have evidence that supports its claims. Such as when a child is exposed to air pollution, it can have damage on the brain and the gene activities that protect it against neuroinflammation. I do believe that researching epigenetic inheritance is useful, because if research is conducted correctly, biologists can discover many treatments in how to cure diseases such as cancer, all simply due to the fact that they can find the issues that occur in the epigenetic patterns.

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A recent discovery has possibly proved that environmental factors that affect the methylation in your great-grandparents DNA can affect your own, even if you are not exposed to those same environmental factors. The scientists discovered this when they exposed pregnant rats to certain chemicals and it lowered their sperm and egg count. When they later tested the fourth generation of these rats, they discovered that those rats also had a low sperm and egg count. To further prove this theory, they found that the methylation patterns formed in the pregnant rats were the same as those of the fourth generation. This discovery shows how important it is to study epigenetics, and allow us to know the risks we have for certain diseases that our great-grandparents had.

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1. The research conducted in article two was done by Sonia Sultan and Jacob Herman of Wesleyan University. Where they took plants and grew some in dry soil while they grew others in normal soil. They then raised offspring from all of the plants in dry soil. They learned that plants whose parents were grown in dry soil were more prepared for also being grown in dry soil. They grew larger as seedlings, made it so that their roots were set down deeper into the ground, and made broader leaves for themselves. They also found that in demethylated plants the effect went away. The authors used plants from 12 populations with distinct differences, and found that not all of the plants showed this transgenerational effect.

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Michael Skinner, a biologist at Washington State University, discovered that parents that were exposed to toxins could pass them down to fourth and fifth-generation offspring. The toxins alter the molecules that latch onto DNA strands in the fetus, and the affected DNA strand is eventually passed down by the carriers. The toxins passed down could eventually cause diseases in the kidney, ovaries, prostate and the immune system.

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Article #1 explains where epigenetics can and how it changes the person or animal. Example was… Material in the pollution from cities associated with decrease in methylation. Blood samples were taken before and after, researches found up- or down-regulation of gene activities that normally protect against neuroinflammation and oxidative stress. The changes in gene activity associate with Alzheimer’s disease.

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Our DNA expresses itself in different forms, leading to different organs and tissues in an embryo’s development. In article one, the given studies explain how a high or low epigenetic methylation can affect the phenotypes and how their bodies functions. It also goes on about how maternal care, for animals and humans, can impact your epigenetics as well. Many factors in a person, or animals, life can affect your epigenomes and affect your overall health.

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Michael skinner was trying to disturb the process of an unborn fetus becoming either female or male in rats. During his studies the chemical wasn't affecting the rats sex at all. They then accidentally bread the rats and ended up with great-grandchildren rats. Since they had the grandchild rats they decided to analyze them anyway. They found that the mothers that were exposed to the chemical that was supposed to disturb the sex of the rat ended up affecting three generations after that mother. They then wanted to see what would happen if they tried breading more rats with different chemicals that gave the rats diseases. When they looked at the fourth generation from those rats they had those same diseases showed up. They then exposed rats to environmental things like, bug spray, jet fuel, ect. and this left a distinct pattern of methyl group attachments that showed up in their great grandchildren. This let them figure out that your grandparents environment and the chemicals they were exposed to have left a fingerprint in you that can be traced. 

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Michael skinner was trying to disturb the process of an unborn fetus becoming either female or male in rats. During his studies the chemical wasn't affecting the rats sex at all. They then accidentally bread the rats and ended up with great-grandchildren rats. Since they had the grandchild rats they decided to analyze them anyway. They found that the mothers that were exposed to the chemical that was supposed to disturb the sex of the rat ended up affecting three generations after that mother. They then wanted to see what would happen if they tried breading more rats with different chemicals that gave the rats diseases. When they looked at the fourth generation from those rats they had those same diseases showed up. They then exposed rats to environmental things like, bug spray, jet fuel, ect. and this left a distinct pattern of methyl group attachments that showed up in their great grandchildren. This let them figure out that your grandparents environment and the chemicals they were exposed to have left a fingerprint in you that can be traced. 

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Yes, I do believe that researching epigenetic inheritance would be very advantageous for a multitude of reasons, including but not limited too, selective evolution of the human race, a warning for disease, and overall improvement of life.  Firstly selective evolution, with further research into epigenetics you could possibly choose how/ which genes express themselves in an embryo, allowing for one person to be more adept in certain environments, potentially allowing humans to thrive where we otherwise couldn’t before.  Secondly, disease could be seen much earlier or in some cases prevented, my reasoning only applies to diseases that carry over genetically, but still many of these diseases are no less deadly than the plague.  Finally, knowing how epigenetic inheritance works could allow for programs that allow people of certain genetic exposures to excel, for example, if you know that you are a visual learner then going to a school that is a majority taught in a visual way, you would learn at a faster rate than if you went to a general school and would be happier for it.

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Article #2 Transgenerational epigenetics prepares plants for drought

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Article #2 Transgenerational epigenetics prepares plants for drought

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Conventional wisdom is where the organisms pass down adaptations acquired during its lifetime. The offspring can overturned long ago. The concept is getting a second chance. Growing can show parent’s environment sometimes does influence offspring. They grow them in dry soil and other plant. 16% to 20%. plants whose parents endured drought were better perpared to face the hardship.