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1952-
Queen Reigning of Great Britain and the Commonwealth Kingdoms of the Windsor Dynasty. Supreme Commander of the British Armed Forces. Supreme Ruler of the Church of England. Head of the Commonwealth of Nations. The current monarch in fifteen independent states: Australia, Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Grenada, Canada, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Solomon Islands , Tuvalu, Jamaica.

She ascended the throne on February 6, 1952 at the age of twenty-five, after the death of her father, King George VI.

He holds the record among all British monarchs in terms of age [12] and length of time on the throne [13] [14] [15] [16].

Since January 23, 2015, after the death of the King of Saudi Arabia Abdullah ibn Abdul-Aziz Al Saud, he is the oldest acting monarch in the world [17].

Since October 13, 2016, after the death of the King of Thailand Bhumibol Adulyadej, he is the longest-reigning current head of state in the world [18].

Since November 21, 2017, after the resignation of Zimbabwean President Robert Mugabe, for six months she was the oldest of the current heads of state in the world, then she lost the primacy to the Prime Minister of Malaysia Mahathir Mohamad for a year and a half. Since February 29, 2020, she is again the oldest of the current heads of state in the world.

The reign of Elizabeth II was a very broad period in British and world history. The process of decolonization ended, which was marked by the final collapse of the British Empire and its transformation into the Commonwealth of Nations. Under Elizabeth II, Great Britain joined and left the European Union. Among other events of this period, it is worth noting the long ethnopolitical conflict in Northern Ireland, the Falklands War, the participation of Great Britain in the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. In these conditions, Elizabeth II was able to maintain the prestige and popularity of the British monarchy.

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1936-1952
King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the Dominions of the British Commonwealth from December 11, 1936 until his death on February 6, 1952. It is known primarily as a symbol of the struggle of Great Britain and the countries of the British Empire against Nazi Germany in World War II.

He ascended the throne after the abdication of his brother, Edward VIII.

George's reign was marked by the collapse of the British Empire and its transformation into the Commonwealth of Nations. He was the last emperor of India (from December 12, 1936 to August 15, 1947) and the last king of Ireland (until April 18, 1949). He held the title of Head of the Commonwealth since April 29, 1949.

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1936
King of Great Britain, Ireland and British Overseas Dominions, Emperor of India for 10 months: from January 20 to December 11, 1936; was not crowned. Abdicated to marry a divorced Wallis Simpson, to which the British government did not agree. At the same time, he said: "I found it impossible ... to fulfill the duties of a king without the help and support of the woman I love."

Soon after his abdication, on March 8, 1937, he received the title of Duke of Windsor. He is known for his personal contacts with the leadership of Nazi Germany, which took place after the abdication. In 1940-1945 he was the governor of the Bahamas, after the war he lived in France.

His act was sung by Harry Belafonte in the song "Love Alone". Also about the story of Edward and Wallis, Madonna's film “WE. We believe in love. "

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1910-1936
King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland from May 6, 1910 until his death; second son of the Prince and Princess of Wales (later Edward VII and Queen Alexandra). From the Saxe-Coburg-Gotha dynasty, since 1917 from the Windsor dynasty.

Born June 3, 1865 at Marlborough House (London); at baptism he received the name Georg Frederic Ernst Albert. His father is Edward VII, the eldest son of the British Queen Victoria; mother - Alexandra Datskaya. She is the sister of Maria Fedorovna - the wife of the Russian Emperor Alexander III and the mother of the last Russian emperor Nicholas II. George V was outwardly very similar to Nicholas II, his maternal cousin: George's mother, Alexander, and Nicholas's mother, Dagmar, were daughters of King Christian IX of Denmark and Queen Louise of Hesse-Kassel [11].

The German Emperor Wilhelm II was also his cousin (Wilhelm was the son of the sister of George V's father - the English princess and the German Empress Victoria, the eldest daughter of the British Queen Victoria).

As the second son, Georg received a naval education. In September 1877, 12-year-old Georg, along with his brother, was enlisted as a cadet on the training ship HMS Britannia [12]. For three years from 1879 he served as a midshipman on the corvette HMS Bacchante.

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1901-1910
King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, Emperor of India from January 22, 1901 until his death on May 6, 1910, Austrian Field Marshal (May 1, 1904), the first of the Saxe-Coburg-Gotha (now Windsor) dynasty.

Second child and eldest son of Queen Victoria and Prince Consort Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. Since his mother lived for a long time, he was the heir until the age of 59; until 2008 (60th birthday of Prince Charles) was the oldest Prince of Wales in British history.

The heir was practically not admitted to public affairs; moreover, it is believed that Victoria felt hatred for her eldest son, unreasonably considering him guilty of the death of his father, Prince Albert [8].

In 1875-1876, the Prince of Wales made a long trip to India, visiting Greece, Malta, Egypt, Aden, Gibraltar, Italy, Spain and Portugal along the way; the heir's journey mattered to European diplomacy

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1837-1901
Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from June 20, 1837 until her death. Empress of India from May 1, 1876 (proclamation in India - January 1, 1877).

Victoria was the daughter of Edward, Duke of Kent, fourth son of George III. Both died in 1820 and Victoria grew up under the control of her German mother Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld. She inherited the throne at age 18, as all three of her father's older brothers died, leaving no legitimate children. By this time, the United Kingdom represented an established constitutional monarchy, where the king had practically no political power. Victoria tried to influence government policy and the appointment of ministers. For the people, she became a national symbol and was considered a person of strict morality.

In 1840 Victoria married Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. The marriages of their nine children with royal and noble families strengthened the ties between the dynasties of Europe and earned Victoria the nickname "Grandmother of Europe." When Albert died in 1861, Victoria went into mourning and stopped appearing in public. As a result, republicanism gained momentum, but later the queen's popularity was restored. Queen Victoria's gold and diamond anniversaries were celebrated throughout the empire.

Victoria stayed on the throne for 63 years, seven months and two days; She was the longest-reigning monarch in British history (in Europe, the longest-reigning monarch is Louis XIV, who reigned for 72 years) until the 68th anniversary of the reign of Elizabeth II. The Victorian era was a period of industrial, cultural, political, scientific and military development in Great Britain and the time of the greatest heyday of the British Empire. She was the last British monarch from the Hanoverian dynasty. Her son and heir Edward VII belonged to the Saxe-Coburg-Gotha dynasty through his father's line.

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1830-1837
Wilhelm was the third son of George III and younger brother of George IV.

In his youth, the future king served in the navy, and later bore the nickname "Sailor King". He served in North America, but practically did not participate in hostilities. Wilhelm inherited the throne after the death of his two older brothers, who left no legitimate descendants, at the age of 64. Over the seven years of his reign, several important reforms were carried out: the legislation on the poor was revised, the municipalities were democratized, child labor was for the first time limited, and slavery was abolished throughout the British Empire. Wilhelm was the last British monarch to appoint a prime minister against the will of parliament. He granted the Kingdom of Hanover a liberal constitution.

Both legitimate children of William IV died in childhood, so his niece Victoria inherited the British throne, and his younger brother Ernst Augustus became King of Hanover.

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1820-1830
King of Great Britain and Hanover from January 29, 1820, from the Hanoverian dynasty. In fact, he headed the country much earlier, from the turn of the century, when the mental illness of his father, George III, worsened. On February 5, 1811, George III was declared incapacitated, and from that time his eldest son was proclaimed Prince Regent and remained so until his father's death on January 29, 1820. The period 1811-1820 is called the era of the Regency (English Regency). During the reign of George IV, the expansion of the borders of Britain continued (in particular, the British were expanding in Central Asia). In Europe, after the Napoleonic Wars, Great Britain had great authority and was one of the leading powers. During this period, the industrial revolution entered its final phase.

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1760- 1820
King of Great Britain and Elector (from 12 October 1814 King) of Hanover from 25 October 1760, from the Hanoverian dynasty.

The long reign of George III (59 years - the third longest after the reigns of Elizabeth II and Victoria) was marked by revolutionary events in the world: the separation of the American colonies from the British crown and the formation of the United States, the Great French Revolution and the Napoleonic wars. George also went down in history as a victim of a serious mental illness, due to which a regency was established over him from 1811.

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1727-1760
King of Great Britain and Ireland, Elector of Hanover and Duke of Braunschweig-Luneburg from 11 (22) June 1727, son of George I. The last monarch of Britain, born outside of Britain.

As king since 1727, George had relatively little influence on British domestic politics, which was largely controlled by the British Parliament. As Elector of the Holy Roman Empire, he spent 12 summers in Hanover, where he had more direct control over government policy. He had a difficult relationship with his eldest son Frederick, who supported the parliamentary opposition. During the War of Austrian Succession, Georg fought in the Battle of Dettingen in 1743 and thus became the last British monarch to personally lead troops into battle.

In 1745, supporters of the Catholic pretender to the British throne, James Stewart ("Old Pretender"), led by James' son Carl Stewart ("Young Challenger" or "Bonnie Prince Charlie"), tried and failed to overthrow George during the last Jacobite uprising. Following the unexpected death of Prince Frederick in 1751, George's grandson, George III, became heir and eventually king.

Sympathized with the Whig party. In the early years of his reign, the Whig leader Robert Walpole, who is considered the first de facto prime minister of Great Britain, played an important role.

During the life of George, two calendars were used: the Julian calendar (old style) and the Gregorian calendar (new style). Hanover switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on February 19 (March 1) 1700. Great Britain took over on 3 (14) September 1752. The year began to start on January 1, rather than March 25 (this day was formerly the English New Year).

George II introduced the tradition of celebrating the official birthday of the monarch during the warmer months. The decision was made due to the fact that it was not very convenient to hold official celebrations on a calendar birthday - in cold and rainy November - and most of the entertainment events had to be abandoned. For the first time, two birthdays of the British monarch were celebrated in 1748, and since the twentieth century, the official birthday of the British king (queen) has been celebrated on the first, second, rarely third Saturday in June.

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1714-1727
George Ludwig of Hanover was born on May 28, 1660 in Hanover in the territory of the Holy Roman Empire.

As the son of Ernst August, the first Elector of Brunswick, Prince George Ludwig obtained the British crown thanks to his mother, Princess Sophia of Hanover, granddaughter of James I, and the Succession Act passed by the English Parliament in 1701. According to this Act, Catholics could not occupy the thrones of England and Scotland; Princess Sophia turned out to be the closest Protestant relative of the House of Stuarts.

In 1682, George married his cousin, Princess Sophia Dorothea of ​​Zell. From this marriage, two children were born - the son George (the future English king George II) and the daughter Sophia Dorothea (the future mother of the Prussian king Frederick the Great). But the union did not last long - in 1687, the prince broke up with his wife.

In 1698, after the death of his father, Georg Ludwig inherited the Brunswick elector. Such luminaries of culture and science as mathematician Gottfried von Leibniz and composer Georg Handel worked at his court. The latter went to England in 1714 with his patron.

George's mother, Sophia, heiress to the English throne, passed away a few weeks before the death of Queen Anne of Britain on August 1, 1714. At first, George did not want to take the British throne, but Hanoverian advisers persuaded him to accept the crown. He arrived in London on 18 September and was crowned at Westminster Abbey.

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1702-1714
Queen of England, Scotland and Ireland since 8 March 1702. The first monarch of the United Kingdom of Great Britain (on May 1, 1707, the kingdoms of England and Scotland formed a single sovereign state). She remained Queen of Great Britain and Ireland until her death. The last representative of the Stuart dynasty on the English throne.

Anna was born during the reign of her uncle Charles II, who had no legitimate children. Her father Jacob was the first in the line of succession, but he was not popular in England, as he was a Catholic. Anna and her older sister Maria, being the next in the line of succession, were brought up in Protestantism by order of Charles II. After the death of her brother, her father became king, but three years after accession - in 1688 - he was overthrown as a result of the "Glorious Revolution". The younger brother of Anna and Mary, the son of Jacob II from his second marriage, the Catholic Jacob "Old Pretender" and his offspring were excluded from the line of succession, which sowed the seeds of several Jacobite uprisings in the future. The eldest daughter of Jacob, Queen Mary II, and her husband and cousin, Protestant William III of Orange, ascended the throne, who began to rule together.

Although the sisters were close, soon after Mary's accession to the throne, disagreements arose between them over Anna's finances, her position and choice of acquaintances, and they became distant from each other. Wilhelm and Mary had no children; after Mary's death in 1694, Wilhelm continued to rule independently. Anna inherited the throne after his death in 1702.

As ruler, Anna favored the politics of the moderate Tories, who shared her Anglican views (as opposed to their Whig opponents). Nevertheless, the Whigs gained great influence during the War of the Spanish Succession, but in 1710 Anna stripped many of them from office. With close friend Sarah Churchill, Duchess of Marlborough, the queen broke up due to political differences.

All her life Anna suffered from health problems. After her 30th birthday, she began to limp especially badly and quickly gain weight. Despite her marriage to George of Denmark and 17 pregnancies, she died without leaving any heirs, becoming the last monarch of the Stuart family. According to the "Act of Succession" of 1701, the throne was inherited by George I of the Hanoverian dynasty (who was a descendant of the Stuarts through his maternal grandmother - Elizabeth, daughter of James I).