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Energy transformation, also known as energy conversion, is the process of changing energy from one form to another. In physics, energy is a quantity that provides the capacity to perform work (e.g. lifting an object) or provides heat. In addition to being convertible, according to the law of conservation of energy, energy is transferable to a different location or object, but it cannot be created or destroyed.

The energy in many of its forms may be used in natural processes, or to provide some service to society such as heating, refrigeration, lighting or performing mechanical work to operate machines. For example, to heat a home, the furnace burns fuel, whose chemical potential energy is converted into thermal energy, which is then transferred to the home's air to raise its temperature

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Examples of sets of energy conversions in machinesEdit

A coal-fired power plant involves these energy transformations:

Chemical energy in the coal is converted into thermal energy in the exhaust gases of combustionThermal energy of the exhaust gases converted into thermal energy of steam through heat exchangeThermal energy of steam converted to mechanical energy in the turbineMechanical energy of the turbine converted to electrical energy by the generator, which is the ultimate output

In such a system, the first and fourth steps are highly efficient, but the second and third steps are less efficient. The most efficient gas-fired electrical power stations can achieve 50% conversion efficiency. Oil- and coal-fired stations are less efficient.

In a conventional the following energy transformations occur:

Chemical energy in the fuel is converted into kinetic energy of expanding gas via combustionKinetic energy of expanding gas converted to the linear piston movementLinear piston movement converted to rotary crankshaft movementRotary crankshaft movement passed into transmission assemblyRotary movement passed out of transmission assemblyRotary movement passed through a differentialRotary movement passed out of differential to drive wheelsRotary movement of drive wheels converted to linear motion of the vehicle

Other energy conversionsEdit

Lamatalaventosa Wind Farm

There are many different machines andtransducers that convert one energy form into another. A short list of examples follows:

Thermoelectric (Heat → Electrical energy)Geothermal power (Heat→ Electrical energy)Heat engines, such as the internal combustion engine used in cars, or thesteam engine (Heat → Mechanical energy)Ocean thermal power (Heat → Electrical energy)Hydroelectric dams (Gravitational potential energy → Electrical energy)Electric generator (Kinetic energy orMechanical work → Electrical energy)Fuel cells (Chemical energy → Electrical energy)Battery (electricity) (Chemical energy → Electrical energy)Fire (Chemical energy → Heat and Light)Electric lamp (Electrical energy → Heat and Light)Microphone (Sound → Electrical energy)Wave power (Mechanical energy → Electrical energy)Windmills (Wind energy → Electrical energy or Mechanical energy)Piezoelectrics (Strain → Electrical energy)Friction (Kinetic energy → Heat)Electric heater (Electric energy → Heat)Photosynthesis (Electromagnetic radiation → Chemical energy)ATP hydrolysis (Chemical energy in adenosine triphosphate → mechanical energy)

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Energy transformation