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1.Taxpayers: The Taxpayer is any physical or moral person obliged to pay contributions.

2.Marine Biodiversity: It is made up of plants, animals and other organisms that live in the salty water of the seas and oceans, or the brackish water of coastal estuaries.

3.Poisoning: Poisoning is contact with a substance that produces toxicity.

4.Freshwater: Freshwater is water that occurs naturally on Earth's surface in ice sheets, wetlands, ponds, lakes, rivers, and streams, and below the surface as groundwater in underground aquifers and streams.

5.Species: A group of people or things that are similar to each other because they have one or more common characteristics.

6.Wastewater Pollution: Wastewater contributes to nitrogen and phosphorus pollution.

7.Marine Life: All the animals, plants, and organisms that live in Earth's saltwater seas and oceans.

8.Overfishing: Overexploitation is considered when too many fish are caught and there are not enough adults to reproduce and maintain a healthy population.

9.Conscience: Knowledge of good and evil that allows a person to morally judge reality and actions, especially their own

10. Dead zones: Areas in the ocean with low oxygen levels due to excessive algae growth, leading to marine life die-offs.

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1. Christina Kellogg. 2023. Impactos en la vida marina. https://reefresilience.org/es/management-strategies/wastewater-pollution/impacts-on-marine-life/#:~:text=La%20contaminaci%C3%B3n%20de%20las%20aguas%20residuales%20tambi%C3%A9n%20puede%20alterar%20la,esenciales%20para%20la%20vida%20marina.

2. lineaverdehuelva.com. 2023. La contaminación de los mares y océanos es un problema grave. http://www.lineaverdehuelva.com/lv/consejos-ambientales/contaminantes/Contaminacion-del-oceano.asp#:~:text=en%20la%20soluci%C3%B3n.-,Los%20derrames%20de%20petr%C3%B3leo%2C%20residuos%20t%C3%B3xicos%2C%20el%20vertido%20ilegal%20y,vivos%2C%20incluidos%20los%20seres%20humanos.

3. Martín Echevarría Meza. 12 de Octubre 2022. Contaminación ambiental. https://contaminacionambiental.net/contaminacion-marina/#:~:text=Una%20de%20las%20peores%20consecuencias,mayor%C3%ADa%20de%20los%20seres%20vivos.

4. Nura Abbas. 21 septiembre 2021. Causas y consecuencias de la contaminación del mar. https://www.ecologiaverde.com/causas-y-consecuencias-de-la-contaminacion-del-mar-1539.html#anchor_1

5. World Wildlife Fund. 18 abril 2019. La contaminación por plásticos no es el mayor problema de los océanos. https://www.worldwildlife.org/descubre-wwf/historias/la-contaminacion-por-plasticos-no-es-el-mayor-problema-de-los-oceanos#:~:text=%C2%BFC%C3%B3mo%20afecta%20la%20sobrepesca%20a,otras%20pueden%20multiplicarse%20sin%20control.

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1. Direct consequences of Marine Pollution

2. How does overfishing affect the oceans?

3. Impacts on marine life

4. Main Causes of Marine Pollution

5. Problems caused by plastic waste in the sea

6. Conclusion

7. Glossary

8. Bibliography

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In conclusion, it is evident that water pollution has a profound impact on marine ecosystems, as examined in this study on plastic pollution and overfishing. The oceans, vital to life on our planet, face significant challenges due to these irresponsible human activities. The ubiquitous presence of plastics in our seas threatens the health of marine life, while overfishing depletes essential fish populations crucial to ecological balance. However, it is heartening to see that awareness about these issues is growing, and steps are being taken to address them. The pursuit of sustainable solutions, such as reducing single-use plastics and promoting responsible fishing practices, is essential to preserving the richness and diversity of marine ecosystems. Through collaboration and commitment, we can reverse the detrimental effects of water pollution and ensure a healthier, more balanced future for our waters and the creatures that inhabit them.

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Marine Pollution results in a significant decline of marine biodiversity especially in coastal areas in the medium term.

Decrease of biodiversity
Many animals die constantly from poisoning or suffocation.

Eutrophication
This is a very common chemical process in coastal areas, some rivers or aquatic environments highly exposed to pollution by detergents, pesticides, chemical residues, etc.

Diseases
some freshwater sources are the cause of various diseases, sometimes very serious, caused by direct contact with contaminated water or beaches and by the consumption of contaminated fish and molluscs.

Economic impact
The economic impact can have a significant economic impact on those populations involved in the fishing economy or tourism.

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Among the main causes of marine pollution are plastic, fertilisers, pesticides and agrochemicals in general.

- Plastic: current estimate is 5.1 mg of polymers.
- Agrochemicals: are the second most important pollutants, including pesticides, herbicides and fertilisers.
- Detergents
- Oils and fats: these are chemicals that are difficult to dissolve in water.
- Organic waste
- Petroleum and petroleum derivatives
- Heavy metals

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Catching too many fish can abruptly break the food chain and have multiple effects. Some species may decline in the face of the loss of their food source and others may multiply out of control. Thus, the entire ecosystem must readjust, sometimes with unpredictable consequences. For example, overfishing of bluefin tuna may be one of the reasons why squid populations are increasing, just as it may be contributing to intoxicating algal blooms.

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David Attenborough Explains What We Need to Do to Stop Over-Fishing

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The impacts of sewage pollution have been associated with human health, but the detrimental effects of sewage pollution on marine life, and the indirect impacts it has on people, cannot be overlooked. Sewage carries pathogens, nutrients, pollutants and solids into the ocean that can cause coral bleaching and disease and mortality for corals, fish and shellfish. Sewage pollution can also alter ocean temperature, pH, salinity and oxygen levels, disrupting biological processes and physical environments essential to marine life.

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The Hidden Dangers of Plastics Pollution for Marine Animals

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Problems caused by plastic waste in the sea

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Problems caused by plastic waste in the sea

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Plastics not only pollute coastlines, but also affect all marine life. Animals become entangled in them and mistake the smallest fragments for food, which can lead to poisoning and death.

Humans, due to the food chain, also ingest this material, although the consequences for their health have not yet been determined.

In addition, marine litter causes economic losses in sea-dependent sectors and in production in general: only about 5% of the value of plastic packaging remains in the economy. The rest ends up as litter, confirming the need to move towards a more circular approach.

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In the vast oceans of the world, marine ecosystems have borne witness to a growing menace: water pollution. This study focuses on two of the main contributors to this environmental crisis: plastic pollution and overfishing. These interrelated issues have led to a series of devastating effects on marine ecosystems, raising global concerns.