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A voter is a citizen who has the legal right to help make decisions for the nation.

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Susan B. Anthony and the right to vote for Women           Susan B. Anthony y el derecho al voto de las mujeres

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Susan B. Anthony and the right to vote for Women           Susan B. Anthony y el derecho al voto de las mujeres

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On November 5, 1872, American civil rights activist Susan B. Anthony voted in a presidential election.

Subjects

Social Studies, U.S. History

On November 5, 1872, American civil rights activist Susan B. Anthony voted in a presidential election. (She voted for the incumbent, Republican Ulysses S. Grant.) At that time, women were not allowed to vote. Two weeks later, Anthony was arrested, and eventually fined $100 for voting illegally. "I shall never pay a dollar of your unjust penalty," she said-and she never did. It was more than 40 years before the 19th Amendment granted women the right to vote in the United States. On November 2, 1920, more than 8 million American women voted.

Media Credits

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Editor

National Geographic Society

Producer

Mary Crooks, National Geographic Society

other

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On November 5, 1872, American civil rights activist Susan B. Anthony voted in a presidential election.

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Idea for Use in the Classroom

The Trail of Tears is the name given to the forced migration of the Cherokee people from their ancestral lands in Georgia, Alabama, Tennessee, and North Carolina to new territories west of the Mississippi River. The journey, undertaken in the fall and winter of 1838-1839, was fatal for one-fourth of the Cherokee population.

The Louisiana Purchase of 1803 doubled the size of United States territory. The expansion of white settlements in North America started encroaching on Native-American lands, ultimately creating the pressures that led to the removal of Native Americans. President Thomas Jefferson and others proposed setting aside tracts of the western lands for the indigenous nations.

The Cherokee had made significant efforts to assimilate into European-American culture. Many of them adopted Western dress and gave up hunting and gathering for a market economy based on export-oriented agriculture and became literate. In the 1820s the nation adopted a formal government with a written constitution.

Nonetheless, the prevailing sentiment in Georgia favored expelling the Cherokee. The land had simply become too valuable, first for cotton cultivation and later-after gold was discovered on Cherokee land in 1829-for prospecting. Georgia's state government asserted jurisdiction over the entire Cherokee territory, annulled the nation's laws, annexed the land, and began distributing plots by lottery.

The Cherokee Nation took its case to the United States Supreme Court. The legal battles that ensued raised profound questions concerning states' rights, the status and sovereignty of indigenous nations, and the separation of powers between branches of the federal government. In the first of two rulings on the matter, Chief Justice John Marshall denied the Cherokee legal standing as U.S. citizens before the Court. However, in Worcester v. Georgia (1832), Marshall held that Georgia could not extend its law over the sovereign lands of the Cherokee nation, and had no authority to displace the indigenous people.

The Cherokee had won a major legal victory, but it proved a hollow one, for in 1828, Andrew Jackson had been elected president. Earlier in his career, Jackson had defeated the Creeks and Seminoles on the battlefield, leading to the appropriation of their lands. Jackson was a tireless proponent of Native-American resettlement to the west. In May of 1830, he pushed the Indian Removal Act through Congress. This law authorized the president to designate lands west of the Mississippi for tribal use and to negotiate treaties ensuring their movement. Jackson supported Georgia's aggressive actions toward the Cherokee and had no intention of interfering to protect the nation, even after the Worcester ruling. The president reportedly uttered defiant words to the effect of, "John Marshall has made his decision; now let him enforce it."

A small, breakaway faction of Cherokee, called the Removal Party or Treaty Party, met with U.S. government representatives in 1835 and agreed to a land swap in the Treaty of New Echota. The Cherokee chief and national council argued that the treaty was fraudulent since the nation's duly constituted government had not been consulted, yet the U.S. Senate ratified the pact. Under President Martin Van Buren, Jackson's successor, federal agents rounded up the Cherokee in late 1837 and early 1838, driving them off their land and into detention camps in Tennessee and Alabama. A few Cherokee eluded their captors by hiding in the Smoky Mountains; today, their descendants are known as the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians.

Confined in stockades through the summer of 1838, the Cherokee grew weaker and began falling victim to diseases, such as dysentery. Their forced march, the Trail of Tears, began in October under the watch of armed troops. They marched, poorly equipped, alongside caravans of wagons, for more than four months, through blizzards and bitter winter weather. Their varying routes covered 1,609 kilometers (1,000 miles) or so, traversing parts of Tennessee, Kentucky, Illinois, Missouri, and Arkansas. Others traveled over water along the Tennessee, Ohio, Mississippi, and Arkansas rivers, until they reached the eastern edge of present-day Oklahoma. At every stop along the trail, funerals and burials were held. The death toll from the internment camps, the migration, and its aftermath topped 4,000, out of a population of more than 16,000. They died of exposure to the elements, malnutrition, various diseases, and sheer physical exhaustion.

Many Native American peoples in the south and north, comprising as many as 100,000 people, were removed from their homelands and relocated under similar conditions. The Choctaw, for example, had their own Trail of Tears. These journeys have come to symbolize the tragedy and injustice in the Native-American experience. The Trail of Tears was designated a National Historic Trail in 1987 through an act of Congress.

Media Credits

The audio, illustrations, photos, and videos are credited beneath the media asset, except for promotional images, which generally link to another page that contains the media credit. The Rights Holder for media is the person or group credited.

Director

Tyson Brown, National Geographic Society

Author

National Geographic Society

Production Managers

Gina Borgia, National Geographic Society

Jeanna Sullivan, National Geographic Society

Program Specialists

Sarah Appleton, National Geographic Society, National Geographic Society

Margot Willis, National Geographic Society

other

Last Updated

October 24, 2023

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The Indian Removal Act and the Trail of Tears

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The Cherokee adjusted to White U.S. culture and won a case at the Supreme Court, but were still forced off their land.

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First Contact in the Americas interactive timeline      Cronología interactiva del Primer Contacto en las Américas

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First Contact in the Americas interactive timeline      Cronología interactiva del Primer Contacto en las Américas

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"First contact" describes an initial encounter between cultures that were previously unaware of each other. In the Americas, "first contact" almost always refers to first contact between indigenous peoples and Europeans in the 16th and 17th centuries.

In reality, of course, the Americas were populated by millions of people from thousands of culturally distinct communities. There were thousands of "first contacts" between these groups, as well as later European immigrants.

When introducing concepts surrounding first contact in the Americas, groups such as Learning for Justice and United American Indians of New England have outstanding resources to help guide your pedagogy.

Here are some tips to keep in mind:

Naming

How are Europeans and Native Americans identified by name in first-contact stories?

Why do students think Europeans are likely to be identified by individual names and nationalities?

Why do students think Native Americans are less likely to be identified as individuals or with their cultural community (such as Inupiat or Aztec), and more likely to be identified with groups on a continental (Native American) or global (indigenous) scale? What impact might this identification have on individuals or communities?

How are Europeans described in first-contact stories? Discuss words like explorer, discoverer, merchant, immigrant, missionary, sailor, colonialist, colonizer. What associations do students make with these descriptive terms?

How are Native Americans described in first-contact stories? Are they described by their actions ("explorer"), status in their own society ("leader"), or by European assumptions about how that society works ("daughter of a chief")?

Representation

How are Europeans and Native Americans visually represented in first-contact stories?

In historic images by later European artists, what are people doing? How are they dressed? What is the physical environment?

How have Native American artists depicted first contact? Why do students think there might be significant differences between native and European representations of the same event?

Most representations of first contact were created decades, and even centuries, after the event. How do students think representations of an historic event change over time?

Legacy

How are 21st-century identities represented in first-contact stories?

How are European and American nationalities integrated with earlier imperial or colonial identities? (Is Spain equated with the Spanish Empire? Mexico with the Viceroyalty of New Spain?)

How are contemporary indigenous identities integrated with first-contact communities sometimes dismissed as "culturally extinct"?

Standards

Concepts surrounding first contact in the Americas are especially relevant for:

For Students

Consult the "Questions" tab to encourage further inquiry into first contact in the Americas.

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How do you introduce students to the concept of "first contact" between Indigenous and European groups in the Americas? We have a timeline and handy tips.

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Davy Crockett Biography                               biografía de Davy Crockett    

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Davy Crockett Biography                               biografía de Davy Crockett    

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biografía de davy crockett

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On August 17, 1786, Davy Crockett-the "King of the Wild Frontier" in American popular culture-was born near what is now Limestone, Tennessee.

Subjects

Social Studies, U.S. History

On August 17, 1786, David Crockett was born near what is now Limestone, Tennessee. Davy (he preferred David) Crockett became emblematic of the early 19th-century Old West, nicknamed "King of the Wild Frontier." Crockett initially found success in the military, opposing Native Americans in the Creek War in Alabama and Tennessee, and the British in Florida during the War of 1812. In the military, Crockett used his legendary hunting and tracking skills to support fellow soldiers. Crockett became an enormously popular figure, and was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives. He opposed the Indian Removal Act, the forced relocation of thousands of Native Americans from throughout the Southeast to what is now Oklahoma. His support for his onetime enemies cost Crockett his political career. After losing his seat in Congress, he allegedly told his constituents "You can all go to hell, and I'm going to Texas." He did go to Texas, which was then the Mexican state of Tejas. Crockett supported the Texas Revolution, in which Texans fought for independence from Mexico. Crockett was killed at the Battle of the Alamo. Davy Crockett's popularity soared again in the 1950s, when the "Davy Crockett" television miniseries was a hit for the Walt Disney Company, thanks in no small part to the catchy theme song.

Media Credits

The audio, illustrations, photos, and videos are credited beneath the media asset, except for promotional images, which generally link to another page that contains the media credit. The Rights Holder for media is the person or group credited.

Writer

National Geographic Society

Producer

National Geographic Society

other

Last Updated

August 19, 2022

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On August 17, 1786, Davy Crockett-the "King of the Wild Frontier" in American popular culture-was born near what is now Limestone, Tennessee.

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Sentences in Spanish about plants. Oraciones en español sobre plantas.

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Sentences in Spanish about plants. Oraciones en español sobre plantas.

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More Plant parts in Spanish.  Más Partes de plantas en español.

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More Plant parts in Spanish.  Más Partes de plantas en español.

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Plant Parts in Spanish.  Partes de Plantas en Español.

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Plant Parts in Spanish.  Partes de Plantas en Español.

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Energy resources for Spanish speaking learners. We try to provide as much of our curriculum as possible in Spanish, if you don't see something, let us know!

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States of Matter Game. Juego de los estados de la materia.

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States of Matter Game. Juego de los estados de la materia.

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States of Matter is an educational activity for kids to learn about the different properties of matter.

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Properties of Gas.  Propiedades del gas.

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Properties of Gas.  Propiedades del gas.

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Properties of Matter.  Propiedades de la materia.

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Properties of Matter.  Propiedades de la materia.

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How do seeds become plants?  Click on "CC" for Spanish Subtitles! ¿Cómo se convierten las semillas en plantas?  ¡Haz clic en "CC" para ver subtítulos en español!

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How do seeds become plants?  Click on "CC" for Spanish Subtitles! ¿Cómo se convierten las semillas en plantas?  ¡Haz clic en "CC" para ver subtítulos en español!

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How Does A Seed Become A Plant? | Backyard Science | SciShow Kids

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Persistence Awards.  Premios a la persistencia.

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Persistence Awards.  Premios a la persistencia.

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Perseverance Anchor Chart.  Gráfico de anclaje de perseverancia.

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Perseverance Anchor Chart.  Gráfico de anclaje de perseverancia.

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Good and Bad Choices Student Sort.  Clasificación de estudiantes con buenas y malas elecciones.

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Good and Bad Choices Student Sort.  Clasificación de estudiantes con buenas y malas elecciones.

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Citizenship Activities.  Actividades de ciudadanía.

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Citizenship Activities.  Actividades de ciudadanía.

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Actividades de ciudadanía.

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Citizenship is the quality of a person's response to membership in a community. Being a citizen doesn't automatically make you a good citizen, which is why teaching citizenship to elementary students is so important. By teaching children different themes of citizenship, you can help them learn how to positively contribute to their community. Be sure to focus on empathy, respect, compassion, diversity, and inclusion as you explore themes of citizenships with your class. Relate these themes to your students' lives to help them understand what a good citizen means.

These are five examples of how to incorporate citizenship into your lesson plans:

1. Encourage Children to Read Books About Citizenship

Place a variety of books about citizenship in your classroom library. Books that build social and emotional intelligence and explore themes of citizenship through real-world experiences encourage children to be good citizens now and in the future as adults.

2. Give Children the Opportunity to Free Write or Draw

Giving children an opportunity to share their own experiences through writing and art is one way of exploring citizenship themes. Here are a few of the example prompts.
Potential Writing Prompts

Describe a time you told the truth despite the consequences.

Write about someone you respect.

Describe a time you took responsibility for your words or actions.

Potential Drawing Prompts

Draw a time when you demonstrated bravery.

Draw the steps you would take if you saw someone making fun of a fellow classmate.

3. Discuss How Different Book Characters Display Good Citizenship

Choose a book to read together as a class. For example, you could choose to read The Colors of Us by Karen Katz to children and then discuss the ways Lena displayed good citizenship. Write important points from the class discussion on the board or on a large piece of paper to be displayed.

4. Make Citizenship Carnations

Reinforce the different themes of citizenship by having each child make their very own Citizenship Carnation. This activity promotes good citizenship and gives children an opportunity to create a visual reminder of what being a good citizen means. Here are some basic instructions for how to make the Citizenship Carnations:

Have children make a large flower (five petals) out of construction paper.

Have children write one theme of citizenship on each of the five petals.

Have children decorate their carnations.

5. Encourage Children to Grow into Good Citizens

Putting up a citizenship-themed bulletin board or classroom display is one way you can encourage children to be good citizens. One activity to try with your children is the Good Citizen Tree. Simply make a tree out of bulletin board paper, give children a paper apple, and have them write what they think describes a good citizen on the apple. Then, have your children place the apples on the tree.

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How to Teach Citizenship in the Elementary School Classroom | Kaplan Early Learning Company

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Here are five ways to teach citizenship in the elementary school classroom: 1. Encourage children to read books about citizenship 2. Give children the opportunity to free write or draw 3. Discuss how different book characters display good citizenship 4. Make citizenship carnations 5.

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Social-Emotional Learning - Being a Good Citizen. Aprendizaje socioemocional - ser un buen ciudadano.

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Social-Emotional Learning - Being a Good Citizen. Aprendizaje socioemocional - ser un buen ciudadano.

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SEL Being A Good Citizen I Citizenship for Kids

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Worksheet about plant vocabulary in Spanish.  Ficha sobre vocabulario de plantas en español.

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Worksheet about plant vocabulary in Spanish.  Ficha sobre vocabulario de plantas en español.

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State Names that are Native American in Origin.  Nombres de estados que son de origen nativo americano.

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State Names that are Native American in Origin.  Nombres de estados que son de origen nativo americano.

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For information on user permissions, please read our Terms of Service. If you have questions about how to cite anything on our website in your project or classroom presentation, please contact your teacher. They will best know the preferred format. When you reach out to them, you will need the page title, URL, and the date you accessed the resource.

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Read Aloud on how to accomplish goals.  Lea en voz alta sobre cómo lograr metas.

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Read Aloud on how to accomplish goals.  Lea en voz alta sobre cómo lograr metas.

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Perseverance Makes Me Stronger by Elizabeth Cole | READ ALOUD Books for Kids

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A read-aloud book about what perseverance means. Click on "CC" for Spanish Subtitles!  Un libro para leer en voz alta sobre lo que significa la perseverancia. ¡Haz clic en "CC" para ver subtítulos en español!  Un libro para leer en voz alta sobre lo que significa la perseverancia.

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A read-aloud book about what perseverance means. Click on "CC" for Spanish Subtitles!  Un libro para leer en voz alta sobre lo que significa la perseverancia. ¡Haz clic en "CC" para ver subtítulos en español!  Un libro para leer en voz alta sobre lo que significa la perseverancia.

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📖🏁 A Little Spot of Perseverance By Diane Alber READ ALOUD

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Read-Aloud Book About Perseverance.  Libro de lectura en voz alta sobre la perseverancia.

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Read-Aloud Book About Perseverance.  Libro de lectura en voz alta sobre la perseverancia.

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I Choose To Try Again by Elizabeth Estrada | A Story about Perseverance and Diligence | Read Aloud

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Seed Pollination Activity.  Actividad de polinización de semillas.

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Seed Pollination Activity.  Actividad de polinización de semillas.

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By Linda Kamp

In this unique pollination activity for kids, students develop a simple model that mimics the function of a butterfly, or any insect, pollinating flowers. Pollination is an important process in the life cycle of plants and a fun one for kids to demonstrate. Read on to learn a fun way to demonstrate pollination using macaroni & cheese powder!

Let me start by saying that getting to wear butterfly feet on your finger is pure joy for kids! I also want to mention that there are other ways to demonstrate pollination with Cheetos and cheese puffs, but I prefer this method using cheese powder and pipe cleaners, especially for 2nd and 3rd graders learning about the butterfly life cycle. The pipe cleaners, with their fuzzy bristles, more closely resemble the natural structure of an insect's legs that help it hold and transfer sticky pollen. While some plants have developed adaptations to help with seed dispersal, they depend on animals and insects for pollination. If you use Next Generation Science Standards, this activity aligns with NGSS 2-L52-2 for Plant Needs.

A Fun Pollination Activity for Kids
You will need:
To get started with this easy pollination activity you will need a few simple supplies that can all be found at the dollar store.

1 packet of macaroni & cheese powder for every 8-10 students

paper plate for each group

pipe cleaner

die cut paper flower

juice box

hand lens

Divide students into groups of four. Each group will need a paper plate with about a third of a packet of cheese powder to share.

Give each student a pipe cleaner cut in half. To make the butterfly feet, students fold over and gently twist it around their index finger. Bend the ends slightly to form butterfly "feet". Optional: We used a second one curling it to make "antennae".

Have students identify and explain how the pipe cleaner mimics the natural structure of a butterfly or insect's legs. The answer of course is the bristles. Bees, butterflies, and other insects have fuzzy legs and bodies to which pollen sticks. These help to hold and carry the pollen from flower to flower.

Simulating Pollination

Next, give each student a juice box and a paper flower to place on their straw. This represents a flower with nectar inside. Students simulate pollination by having their "butterfly" (finger) fly to the paper plate, gently landing on in the cheese powder before flying back to the flower on their juice box.

Finally, the butterfly flies back to the juice box flower, landing and gently tapping to see the drop and transfer of pollen. Students then use their "proboscis" to sip nectar from their flower (juice box).

Use a science journal or the pollination lab worksheet we used for students to make drawings and explain in writing how the materials they used and the steps taken simulate a butterfly/insect pollinating plants.

The pollination experiment lab sheet is included in this butterfly life cycle science unit.

What to do with all the leftover macaroni?
Click here to download this FREE Butterfly Facts commas in a series page.
Make commas of course! Use the leftover macaroni for students to work with commas in a series. Add this easy activity to your literacy centers for your class to practice reading skills using science content.
Do you need more science activities for teaching the life cycle of butterflies and plants?
I hope you'll try this easy pollination activity with your class! It's a fun way to help students understand the needs of plants and to create simple models that simulate pollination and the interdependency of living organisms.

Check out these comprehensive resources for teaching the Life Cycle of Butterflies and The Life Cycle of Plants. These complete science units for grades 1-3 include detailed lesson plans with 2-weeks of high engagement lessons, experiments, response activities, centers, and creative culminating writing projects.

Would you like FREE plant life cycle posters for your classroom?

Drop in your personal email address and I'll send them to you! (Your personal email is best as schools often block outside emails with attachments.) Be sure to check your spam and all "other" folders if you don't see the email in a few minutes.
You might also enjoy these additional science ideas. Click on the pictures to read the posts. Grab the FREE butterfly life cycle poster pack in this post:
Be sure to pin this pollination activity for later so you'll have it when you plan!

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Cheese Powder Pollination Activity for Kids

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Try this unique cheese powder pollination activity for kids to demonstrate how butterflies and insects help plants grow! It's high engagement fun ideal for students in 2nd, and 3rd grade learning about pollination, the life cycle of plants and the butterfly life cycle.

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Seed Coat Experiment.  Experimento de la cubierta de la semilla.

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Seed Coat Experiment.  Experimento de la cubierta de la semilla.

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Seed experiment #4b: Do seeds need their seed coat to grow?

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Teach kids about the needs of seeds with this seed experiment that answers the question: "Do seeds need their seed coat to grow?"

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Making Oobleck Putty. Hacer masilla Oobleck.

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Making Oobleck Putty. Hacer masilla Oobleck.

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Dr. Seuss wrote Bartholomew and the Oobleck. It's about a king who was tired of only sun, rain, snow and fog coming from the sky. He wanted something different. The result was green oobleck. It came down as liquid, like rain, but gooey and sticky, like glue, once it landed on everything. Here is a hands-on sensory activity preschoolers can help make and play with. The story is a little long for our little learners, so you might just want to skim through the book before introducing oobleck.

Making Oobleck with Preschoolers
Ingredients

1 1/2 Cups Corn Starch

1 Cup Water

Food Coloring

Optional: Glitter, sequins, or water beads (already soaked up with water)

Put corn starch in bowl. Add food coloring to the water and stir. Slowly add water to the corn starch while stirring. It will be hard to mix at first. Mix with your hands, if you don't mind food coloring on your hands for a few days.

When mixed properly, it is hard when you punch or squeeze it and melts between your fingers when you hold it in your hand. If it is too runny, add more corn starch; if too hard, add more water.

When done mixing, add any special items like glitter or hydrated water beads. You can also add more food coloring to deepen the color.

WARNING: This is very messy to make. For clean up on carpet, just let it dry and vacuum it up when it turns back to powder. Do NOT put it down the sink - it can create a clog! The best way to wash it off your hands is to go outside and use a garden hose.

When done for the day, put it is a sealed plastic bag or plastic container with a lid. Save it for another day. You may want to make individual containers for each child and label with the child's name. Then children will reuse only the oobleck they have handled themselves.

Why Make Oobleck?

Oobleck is messy, fun, and an awesome sensory activity. Children can help you make it, but warn them their hands may get a little food color on them that won't wash off right away if they are helping with the mixing. Mixing and using the oobleck builds hand muscles and develops dexterity in the fingers.

Making something from ingredients is a science experience. Mixing materials and seeing things change are basic science concepts. Following a recipe or steps teaches sequencing and cause/effect. If you display a written recipe to follow, children are seeing meaningful writing and why words and writing are important, building literacy understanding.

Oobleck allows children to explore science concepts related to matter. Water can change to ice with cold temperature or steam with hot temperature. Metals melt with high temperature and will bend or break with high pressure. Oobleck changes form (or state) with pressure. When you suddenly punch or apply force to oobleck, it becomes hard because the corn starch molecules are forced together. However, if you slowly run your hand through oobleck, it seems to melt. This slower movement allows the corn starch molecules to move out of the way, and appear like a liquid. (Expert fact: Oobleck is a non-Newtonian fluid!)

Oobleck can be incorporated into any theme you are studying. Here are a few of examples:

Space - use dark blue color and add white sequins and silver glitter. It will look like a solar system

Dinosaurs - Use light brown coloring and add things like little bones, brown fish tank gravel, or miniature dinosaurs. Once it is in the solid state, you can see dinosaurs popping out, like an archeological dig.

Weather - Connect back to the Dr Seuss book and talk about different kinds of weather. Challenge children to think about how it would be if oobleck fell from the sky instead of rain.

Contributed by Carla Goldberg
Photos by Colin Goldberg

Check out these other sensory recipe posts:
My Favorite Playdough Recipe

More Sensory Ideas
Cloud Dough Moldable Sensory Sand

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How to Make Oobleck: Recipe for Preschoolers and Pre-K - Pre-K Pages

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How to make oobleck, a substance that changes states based on pressure; fun sensory activity for preschool, pre-k, and kindergarten.

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This fun sensory bottle with oil and water will help your kids learn about colors, and they'll also have a blast shaking the bottle and making pretend "flames." You could use this to support your fire-safety theme. Don't you just love it when you can combine learning and fun? But making these DIY sensory bottles can be tricky, so keep reading for the step-by-step directions.

But making these sensory bottles using baby oil can be tricky, so keep reading for the step-by-step directions.

How to Make DIY Sensory Bottles with Oil and Water

Several years ago Dr. Jean shared a sensory bottles with baby oil recipe; I gave it a try and it worked! I did tweak a few of the ingredients from the original recipe because they were easier to find.

You may also be able to find these types of sensory bottles with oil from school supply stores, but they are pricey. Don't get me wrong, I ordered a set one year after I held a garage sale to pay for them (#truestory) and they were worth every penny.

Color Mixing Sensory Bottle Ingredients

Let's start with the ingredients you'll need to make your own orange sensory bottle with oil. Be sure to save or pin this blog post so you'll have the ingredients available on your mobile device while you're shopping.

1. Measure and Pour the Corn Syrup

Here's the thing about this bottle, it's not hard to make, but the steps have to be followed exactly in order for it to work. Are you ready to get started?

First things first, you're going to find out how much liquid your bottle holds and divide that number in half - I know, math!

Next, you're going to pour that amount of corn syrup into your liquid measuring cup PLUS a little more. Because corn syrup is so thick some of it will stick to the insides of the liquid measuring cup when you pour it into the bottle. Adding extra corn syrup will ensure that you end up with the right amount in your bottle - are you with me so far?

2. Mix in the Color

Now you're ready to add your red liquid watercolors to the corn syrup in your liquid measuring cup. I used craft sticks to mix my ingredients because they're what I had on hand, you can use a spoon if you prefer. Just 2 or 3 drops of liquid watercolor will be plenty unless your bottle is really large, in which case you can add a drop or two more.

Mix the corn syrup and the liquid watercolor together in the measuring cup and then pour it into your sensory bottle. Whew! You're halfway there, don't give up on me now - you've got this!

3. Add the Baby Oil or Mineral Oil

In another liquid measuring cup, add the correct amount of mineral oil according to the math you did in the previous step. Then, add a few drops of yellow food dye to the mineral oil and mix.

When your mineral oil and food dye are mixed thoroughly, pour the mixture into your sensory bottle. Now you should have a red layer on the bottom of your bottle and a yellow layer on top. Be sure to leave a little empty space at the top to allow the two liquids to mix together when you shake the bottle. Hooray! You did it!

4. Seal the Sensory Bottle

The final step is to seal the lid on the bottle. The VOSS bottles are known for lids that crack so use duct tape to seal your lid. If you're using another type of bottle you may consider using a hot glue gun to seal your lids. It doesn't really matter what you use, as long as the lid is sealed on tightly so little fingers can't pry it open. Shake your bottle and watch the colors mix!

Common Questions About Making Sensory Bottles with Oil

Any type of recipe always results in a million questions, so here are some of questions I am asked most often about recipes I share here at Pre-K Pages.

Where can I find mineral oil? Your local grocery store or pharmacy should carry mineral oil. I found it at my local pharmacy for less than three dollars for a large bottle. Mineral oil is similar to baby oil without the fragrance.

Where do I find red liquid watercolors? You can find red liquid watercolors on Amazon or from your favorite online teacher supply store.

Where do I find oil based food dye? This is where it gets a little tricky. Some craft stores carry this product under the name Wilton Primary Candy Dye, but they may or may not have it in stock in your area. Amazon is another source for Wilton Primary Candy Dye.

Where do I find VOSS plastic water bottles? These can also be difficult to find. If you want the smaller, child-friendly sized VOSS bottles they're extremely difficult to find in stores. You can try your local grocery stores and gas stations, but your best bet is probably Amazon.

Is Mineral Oil and Corn Syrup Safe for Sensory Bottles?

I know exactly what you're thinking! Are any of these ingredients toxic? Here's what Chemical Safety had to say about mineral oil:

"Mineral oil is a highly purified, lightweight ingredient used in baby lotions, cold creams, ointments and many other cosmetic and personal care products...Mineral oil is also an ingredient in some types of gummy candies, like Swedish fish, because it can help keep sweets from sticking together."
- Chemical Safety
We know corn syrup is used in many foods and therefore considered non-toxic. Just because some of the ingredients are non-toxic doesn't mean that you shouldn't use close supervision when introducing color mixing sensory bottles in the classroom. It's always best to err on the side of caution so I suggest checking the early childhood program safety regulations for your specific program to find out if they prohibit the use of mineral oil.

More Oil Sensory Bottle Ideas

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DIY Sensory Bottle with Oil & Water for Toddlers & Preschool

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How to make a color mixing sensory bottle for your fire safety theme in preschool, pre-k, or kindergarten. Make learning about color mixing fun!

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Can you make corn dance? I bet you can with this magical science activity the kids will love this fall. I have noticed there aren't many Thanksgiving themed science activities out there. We love doing science activities for the different holidays! This dancing corn Thanksgiving science activity can be done anytime of the year, but it's particularly fun during the Fall season. A simple science activity for everyone!

DANCING CORN THANKSGIVING SCIENCE EXPERIMENT!

DANCING CORN SCIENCE AND CHEMISTRY

Fall is the perfect time to experiment with pumpkins, apples, and even corn!

Our dancing corn science activity is an awesome example of a chemical reaction, and kids love these amazing reactions just as much as adults! This bubbling corn experiment appears almost magical but it really just uses baking soda and vinegar for a classic chemical reaction. You could also try carbonated water or a clear soda like we used here for dancing hearts.

MY LATEST VIDEOS

We have a whole season of fun Thanksgiving science activities to try! to try. Repeating experiments in different ways really helps to solidify understanding of the concepts being presented. Holidays and seasons present numerous occasions for you to re-invent some of these classic activities.

KITCHEN SCIENCE WITH DANCING CORN

Look no further than your kitchen pantry when you need an easy to set up, quick, and budget friendly science activity to do with the kids! Gather around the counter and try out simple science with a variety of ingredients you can add to your shopping list or that you already have!

The perfect kitchen science experiment when you are already in the kitchen! Baking a pie, cooking that turkey? Bring out the science too. Check your pantry, I bet you have everything thing you need to put together this dancing corn science activity.

We have tons more science activities here to try. Also click on the picture below or the link for more Thanksgiving themed science and STEM activities.

This might look more like play than learning, but it's so much more! Read our newest series on Next Generation Science Standards.

Let's keep it basic for our younger or junior scientists! Chemistry is all about the way different materials are put together, and how they are made up including atoms and molecules. It's also how these materials act under different conditions. Chemistry is often a base for physics, so you should plan to see some overlap!

EASY CHEMICAL REACTIONS

What might you experiment with in chemistry? Classically we think of a mad scientist and lots of bubbling beakers, and yes there are plenty of reactions between bases and acids to enjoy! Also, chemistry involves states of matter, changes, solutions, mixtures, and the list goes on and on.

We will be exploring simple chemistry you can do at home or in the classroom that isn't too crazy, but is still lots of fun for kids! All of our experiments are easy to set up and inexpensive for home or classroom use and groups!

You can check out some more chemistry activities here.

Can you see the expression on his face! He's 9 now and still loves it!

I love science that uses simple supplies, is playful, and isn't a pain to set up with a bunch of complicated directions. This experiment is so easy to do at home but you can also bring it into the classroom!

DANCIN CORN SUPPLIES

This fall science activity can get a bit messy in a fun way! Make sure to have a surface or area you can easily clean up. You can even start by placing your glass or jar in a pie dish or on a cookie sheet to catch the overflow.

For an interesting experiment and opportunity to extend this dancing corn science activity with older kids, try our other "dancing" method. Use club soda or clear soda and check out the results.
CHECK IT OUT: Try Our Pumpkin Volcano While You are at it!
Tall Jar or Glass {mason jars work well}

1/8-1/4 cup of popping corn

2 tbsps of baking soda

1 cup of vinegar (use as needed)

2 cups of water

DANCING CORN SCIENCE SET UP

Grab your ingredients and let's get started! You can use just about any tall glass or jar. An adult might want to assist with the measuring and pouring if necessary, but it's also great practice for junior scientists.

Remember you can also try this with a clear soda or (no baking soda and vinegar)!

You can then have the kiddos fill the jar with 2 cups of water to start.

Next, you can add about 2 tablespoons of baking soda and stir well to mix thoroughly. You can also talk about which solids dissolve in water!

If you want you can add a drop of food coloring.

Make sure to stir the mixture well!

WATCH THE SCIENCE MAGIC HAPPEN

Now you can add your popping corn kernels. You don't need to add too many for a fun dancing corn effect. At this point you have the perfect opportunity to talk about predictions and have your kids predict what they think will happen when the vinegar is added.

Now here comes the fun part of our dancing corn science activity. I would suggest adding the vinegar slowly. I filled a small party cup with vinegar.

My son doesn't do anything slowly, but he loves a good eruption!

DANCING CORN SCIENCE INFORMATION

Chemistry is all about states of matter including liquids, solids, and gasses. A chemical reaction occurs between two or more substances that change and form a new substance, and in this case a gas called carbon dioxide.In this case you have an acid (liquid: vinegar) and a base solid: baking soda) when combined make a gas called carbon dioxide which produces the eruption you can see.

The carbon dioxide escapes the mixture in the form of bubbles. You can even hear them if you listen closely. The bubbles are heavier than air, so the carbon dioxide collects at the surface of the apple or overflows the apple because of the small vessel we have given it.

The secret to the magic dancing corn is the baking soda and vinegar chemical reaction. The carbon dioxide bubbles lift the corn, but as the bubbles pop, the corn falls back down! You can repeat this experiment over and over again. We watched the corn "dance" for 30 minutes!

You can stir the mixture if you like or you can just observe it as is! Our dancing corn Thanksgiving science activity lasted for a good half hour but slowed down along the way as the chemical reaction faded. Another fun kitchen reaction is our wizard's brew thermogenic science activity .

We did explore adding a spoonful of baking soda to the mix and had another little eruption and of course more dancing corn! I have seen people comment saying that it isn't magic it's science.

Of course they are correct, but I believe simple science activities for kids can be a bit magical too! Not only are they having an awesome time, but you are also encouraging a further love of learning and interest in the sciences.!

PLAY WITH A DANCING CORN THANKSGIVING SCIENCE ACTIVITY THIS FALL!

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Make sure to check out these cool ideas below! Click on photos!

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Magical fall science with easy to set up dancing corn!

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Is it magic or is it science? Try this simple dancing corn Thanksgiving science activity for neat chemistry activity with the kids this fall!

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Color-Changing Capillary Action Flower Experiment.  Experimento de flores de acción capilar que cambian de color.

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Color-Changing Capillary Action Flower Experiment.  Experimento de flores de acción capilar que cambian de color.

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This color changing flowers science experiment is so easy to do and your kids will love watching the flowers change colors! Your kids will love learning about how plants drink water with this simple experiment. Perfect for a plants theme in your preschool, pre-k, or kindergarten classroom.

Color Changing Flowers

If you're looking for a fun science experiment that will engage your kids and keep them excited, then you should definitely try this one!

You can even invite your kids to record their observations on paper, just like real scientists do.

Color Changing Flowers Science Experiment

Here are the supplies you will need to do this experiment at home or in your classroom:

Water

Clear Cups

Food Coloring

White Carnations (or other white flower)

Scissors

I found white flowers at my local grocery store and the clear plastic cups at my local dollar store.

How to Set Up the Experiment

Start by using your scissors to trim the stems of your flowers. You don't want to leave the stems too long because it will take longer for the colored water to reach the petals. Ideally, trim the stems so just the top of the flowers are showing over the top of the cup.

Next, place one cup for each color of food coloring you will be using on a tray. Keeping the cups on a tray will allow you to do the experiment with a small group of children at a table, then easily move the flowers on the tray to your science center for observation.

Check out this research-based, playful learning unit in our curriculum shop!

A bundle of 26 of our most popular spring theme resources, including math, literacy, circle time, fine motor, dramatic play - and more!

Then, fill each cup about halfway with water and invite your students to add several drops of food coloring to each cup, only one color per cup.

Now you're ready to add your flowers. Invite your kids to take turns placing the cut flowers in the cups, making sure there is at least one flower in each cup. You could also turn this into a counting activity by inviting them to count as they place the flowers in the cups!

Observing Changes

Now your kids can go to the science center to observe the flowers on their own. It may take several hours or even days for the flowers to begin absorbing the colored water.

You will know the experiment is working when you begin to see the petals of the flowers changing colors.

Place some blank paper, clipboards, and pencils or markers next to the flowers and invite your kids to record any changes they notice, the fancy word for this is data collection!

You may notice that one or more flowers is taking longer than the others to absorb the food coloring. If this happens you can remove the flower, place it on a flat surface, and use an X-Acto knife or similar to cut slits from the bottom of the stem upwards about one to two inches. Be sure to do this part away from the children for safety.

The slits will allow the water to flow upwards towards the petals more easily.

As you can see from the pictures above, we didn't have much luck with our yellow flowers at all. The yellow color was very faint at best, but it made for great observations, questions, and class discussion!

If your flowers don't turn out quite the way you expected, you can turn it into a wonderful learning opportunity. Discuss what scientists do when their experiments don't work. Brainstorm ways you could change things next time. Give it another try and see if you get different results, you may be pleasantly surprised!

More Science Activities and Experiments

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Color Changing Flowers Science Experiment - Pre-K Pages

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This color changing flowers science experiment is so easy to do and your kids will love watching the flowers change colors! Your kids will love learning about how plants drink water with this simple experiment. Perfect for a plants theme in your preschool, pre-k, or kindergarten classroom.

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Sprouting Sweet Potatoes using toothpicks and a jar.   Brotar batatas con palillos y un frasco.

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Sprouting Sweet Potatoes using toothpicks and a jar.   Brotar batatas con palillos y un frasco.

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Have you ever sprouted sweet potatoes indoors with your kids? It's a super easy, almost foolproof science experiment that your kids can enjoy for many weeks; they get so excited when the roots and sweet potato sprouts start to appear! No potting soil required!

Sprouting Sweet Potatoes with Kids

Young children are naturally inquisitive and curious. Growing plants and inviting kids to observe the changes that occur is a great way to engage them.

A strong foundation in science learning is rooted in making observations, questioning, and exploring. Growing things, like sweet potatoes, in your science center will naturally lead to many opportunities to exercise these skills.

Supplies for Growing Sweet Potatoes In Water

Here are the supplies you need to get started sprouting sweet potatoes with kids.

I just love science projects that don't require a lot of expensive supplies or fancy equipment, don't you?

Sweet Potato Sprouts Science Experiment For Kids

You're not going to believe how easy to grow these sweet potato sprouts are.

First, use your knife to chop the sweet potato in half.

Next, fill the clear container with water. The clear container will allow kids to observe the growth of the roots. I used a plastic condiment jar, you can use whatever you feel most comfortable with or have on-hand.

Then, insert 4 toothpicks into the middle of your sweet potato half. You will want to position your toothpicks so that 1-2 inches of the cut portion of the sweet potato is submerged in water when placed in your container. The toothpicks will hold your sweet potato upright in the container and allow water to circulate under the bottom.

Be sure to check your water levels and add more water when necessary. As you can see here, my sweet potato needed some more water to cover the bottom!

How This Sweet Potato Sprouting Experiment Works

When the bottom, cut portion of the sweet potato is partially covered with water and the upper portion is exposed to air and sunlight, roots will begin to grow from the bottom and stems from the top.

Place your sweet potato in a location (ideally a sunny window) where it can receive sunlight. I have sprouted sweet potatoes in areas that received limited, indirect sunlight before with success so don't worry too much about how much sunlight you need.

Unlike other kitchen scraps such as lettuce, sweet potatoes do not sprout quickly. Patience grasshopper!

When your sweet potato plants start to sprout or grow roots, provide paper, clipboards, and pencils in your science center to encourage kids to record their observations about the changes they notice taking place. Ask them to tell you about the changes they see.

If you want to take it one step further with this science project, invite your kids to help you plant the sprouts in the dirt outside!

More Science For Kids Ideas

Science for Kids: Ice Cream in a Bag- Making ice cream in a bag is the perfect recipe for preschoolers! There is fine and gross motor work involved plus you get a yummy treat! Try this as a team building activity or a fun special science experiment for kids.

Color Changing Flowers Science Experiment - This color changing flowers science experiment is so easy to do and your kids will love watching the flowers change colors! Your kids will love learning about how plants drink water with this simple experiment. Perfect for a plants theme in your preschool, pre-k, or kindergarten classroom.

Dinosaur Eggs Fizzy Science Experiment - Dinosaurs are always a fun topic or theme to explore with preschoolers. Something about dinosaurs seems to grab the mind and imagination of children. This fun dinosaur science experiment is something your kids will love and add even more excitement to your dinosaur explorations.

Dancing Corn (Little Bins for Little Hands) - Can you make corn dance? You will with this Thanksgiving inspired science activity the kids will love this fall. This dancing corn experiment can be done any time of the year, but it's particularly fun during the Fall.

Pumpkin Volcano (Little Bins for Little Hands) - The amazement of a fizzy reaction is the perfect way to capture a kid's love of science, so why not encourage it with this fun pumpkin science activity with a volcano theme. This activity is a great way to show a chemical reaction!

More Science Ideas

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Sprouting Sweet Potato Preschool Science Experiment

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Sprout a sweet potato in your Preschool, Pre-K, or Kindergarten classroom. Kids can observe and record plant growth of the sweet potato sprouts.

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Growing Watercress Activity.  Actividad creciente de los berros.

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Growing Watercress Activity.  Actividad creciente de los berros.

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Actividad creciente de los berros.

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Growing Cress Heads and Cress Initials! - The Imagination Tree

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We have been having fun with an easy indoor growing project and learning lots of fun facts about nature and science along the way! Cakie filled up some plastic tubs with cotton wool balls and watered them until they were damp (but not soaking wet.)

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Newseum - Learning Fact from Fiction - Believe it or Not?

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Newseum - Learning Fact from Fiction - Believe it or Not?

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Students explore the basics of media literacy and practice using tools to evaluate the accuracy and reliability of a wide range of sources.

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Make Your Own Triconer Hat like a Colonist.  Haz tu propio sombrero Triconer como un colono.

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Make Your Own Triconer Hat like a Colonist.  Haz tu propio sombrero Triconer como un colono.

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Write Your Own Constitution.  Escribe tu propia constitución.

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Write Your Own Constitution.  Escribe tu propia constitución.

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Once you have chosen the basic form of government you are ready to write the introduction to your constitution. The introduction should explain the ideals that your society is based on and tell what kind of government you have chosen. Read the preamble to the sample constitutions at the bottom of this page for ideas.

After you have written your introduction you are ready to write the articles(individual parts) of your constitution. Your constitution should have eight articles and cover the topics below. Use the sample constitutions for ideas but put them in your own words. The following articles and ideas are a minimum for your constitution. To receive a grade of "A" on the constitution assignment your group will need to show that they have considered more than just the basic ideas I have listed.

How is citizenship determined in your nation? Can citizenship be revoked? Will there be citizens with different rights?

2.Who is allowed to vote

What is the criteria for the right to vote? What is the age for voting? Is there a literacy test or some other qualification for voting? Is voting mandatory or voluntary?

3.How are the leaders chosen

Are the leaders chosen through voting? Are there hereditary positions? What are the elected positions? Does the strongest rules?

4.What basic rights do people have

What rights are guaranteed by the government?(freedom of speech, freedom pf press, right to private property, etc.)

5.How is the judicial system organized

Is there a jury system? Is there a judge who decides cases? Are there different levels of courts? How can you appeal a conviction? What happens to the rights of those convicted of crimes, do they lose their citizenship?

6.How is the government funded

Will the government have the right to make taxes? Will the government control businesses and use that money to run the Island?

7.What property rights do people have

Can people own homes, businesses, land, etc.?

8.What provisions are there for changing the constitution?

Can the constitution be amended? If you want to change things do you have to scrap the whole thing and start over? Who decides on changes?

SAMPLE CONSTITUTIONS

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Writing Your Constitution - Building a Nation

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Once you have chosen the basic form of government you are ready to write the introduction to your constitution. The introduction should explain the ideals that your society is based on and tell what kind of government you have chosen. Read the preamble to the sample constitutions at the bottom of this page for ideas.

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The Constitution Quiz.  El cuestionario de Constitución.

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The Constitution Quiz.  El cuestionario de Constitución.

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Constitution Quiz, Constitution Day Materials, Pocket Constitution Book, US Constitution, Declaration of Independence, Bill of Rights

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The US Constitution, Bill of Rights, Declaration of Independence, Articles Of Confederation. Constitution IQ Quiz, Constitution Day Materials, Constitution Bookstore, Pocket Constitution Books, Constitution Amendments. Fascinating Facts about the Constitution, Founding Fathers, Supreme Court and more.

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The Constitution Schoolhouse Rock.  La Constitución - Schoolhouse Rock.

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The Constitution Schoolhouse Rock.  La Constitución - Schoolhouse Rock.

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Schoolhouse Rock! "The Preamble" to the Constitution, music by Lynn Ahrens

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WE THE KIDS - a talk-aloud book about the rights of Children.  WE THE KIDS: un libro hablado en voz alta sobre los derechos de los niños.

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WE THE KIDS - a talk-aloud book about the rights of Children.  WE THE KIDS: un libro hablado en voz alta sobre los derechos de los niños.

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The Constitution for Kids.  La Constitución para niños. 

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The Constitution for Kids.  La Constitución para niños. 

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Lizard and the Painted Rock.  A read-aloud book about Native American Culture.  El Lagarto y la Roca Pintada. Un libro de lectura en voz alta sobre la cultura nativa americana.

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Lizard and the Painted Rock.  A read-aloud book about Native American Culture.  El Lagarto y la Roca Pintada. Un libro de lectura en voz alta sobre la cultura nativa americana.

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Lizard and the Painted Rock ~Native American Heritage Folktale~ Patience ~Self Importance~

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Fry Bread - A read-aloud book about Native American Culture.  Fry Bread: un libro de lectura en voz alta sobre la cultura nativa americana.

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Fry Bread - A read-aloud book about Native American Culture.  Fry Bread: un libro de lectura en voz alta sobre la cultura nativa americana.

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Fry Bread: A Native American Family Story (Literally Cultured Read Aloud)

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Smithsonian Native American Music Archive.  Archivo de música nativa americana del Smithsonian.

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Smithsonian Native American Music Archive.  Archivo de música nativa americana del Smithsonian.

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Performance Videos | Smithsonian Institution

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Many of these performances feature traditional music and dancing while others feature contemporary music by Native American artists. ... Learn more

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Native American Games you can play at home!  ¡Juegos de nativos americanos que puedes jugar en casa!

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Native American Games you can play at home!  ¡Juegos de nativos americanos que puedes jugar en casa!

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For Kids

Native Americans used games to teach their children safety, strength, agility, and sportsmanship. The games were fun but they had purpose. The game of Sep, the Toe Toss game, the Hand Game, the Snow Snake game and other games listed below are real Native American games that you can play at home or at school. They were very popular games in olden times and are still fun and challenging today. Good luck!

The Hand Game (Nez Perce)

Butterfly Hide and Seek (Ojibwa)
Moccasin Game (Ojibwa) Lacrosse (Ojibwa) Snow Snake Game (Iroquois) Toe Toss Stick (Apache)
BEAR RACE (Northwest Coastal) No equipment needed. Northwest Coast Play. Outside, hallway, or classroom if room allows: "Players line up behind starting line. At a signal they begin to run imitating a bear's shuffling gait - place left hand and right foot forward at the same time, then right hand and left foot forward. The first over the finish line wins; or the one with the best imitation of a bear may win. Older Children can return to the starting line to make the race longer and more challenging. Lesson: Observe ways of nature around you (in this care, the bear's movements). It also teaches that speed is not always as important as correct play." MORE: A list of other Native American games you can play in your classroom, with instructions, make your own game setup or have your kid do it

These are fun and interactive Native American games you can play online. Flash games have been removed.

Hoop and Darts game, interactive

Dr. Dirt's Time Travel Machine - Life Long Ago - Flintnappers, interactive

World of the Caddo, interactive

Solve an Ancient Mystery, Plains Native Americans, interactive
Adventures into the Past, interactive Guess the Word before the Turtle Hides in His Shell, Interactive Match the Dwellings to the First American Group, interactive
Weave a Virtual Wampum Belt, interactive

Whose Feature Is It? interactive

Native American Stories

Native American Stories - Child of Water and Little Blue Rock, Wise Owl, Clever Coyote, The Invisible Warrior, How Raven Stole Crow's Potlatch, and more

Return to ..
Native Americans in Olden Times for Kids

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Real Native American Games you can play at home or at school, and Interactive Native American games to play online - Native Americans in Olden Times for Kids

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Native Americans used games to teach their children safety, strength, agility, and sportsmanship. The games were fun but they had purpose. The game of Sep, the Toe Toss game, the Hand Game, the Snow Snake game and other games listed below are real Native American games that you can play at home or at school.

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National Geographic Articles and Activities about Native Americans.  Artículos y actividades de National Geographic sobre los nativos americanos.

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National Geographic Articles and Activities about Native Americans.  Artículos y actividades de National Geographic sobre los nativos americanos.

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Education Search | National Geographic Society

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Search educational experiences to engage with National Geographic Explorers through live events, free maps, videos, interactives, and other resources.

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National Geographic Westward Expansion Resource Page.  Página de recursos de expansión hacia el oeste de National Geographic.

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National Geographic Westward Expansion Resource Page.  Página de recursos de expansión hacia el oeste de National Geographic.

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A significant push toward the west coast of North America began in the 1810s. It was intensified by the belief in manifest destiny, federally issued Indian removal acts, and economic promise. Pioneers traveled to Oregon and California using a network of trails leading west. In 1893 historian Frederick Jackson Turner declared the frontier closed, citing the 1890 census as evidence, and with that, the period of westward expansion ended.

Explore these resources to learn more about what happened between 1810 and 1893, as immigrants, American Indians, United States citizens, and freed slaves moved west.

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A significant push toward the west coast of North America began in the 1810s. It was intensified by the belief in manifest destiny, federally issued Indian removal acts, and economic promise. Pioneers traveled to Oregon and California using a network of trails leading west.

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Khan Academy Westward Expansion.  Click on "CC" to change the subtitles to Spanish! Explicación de la expansión hacia el oeste. ¡Haz clic en "CC" y cambia tus subtítulos a español! 

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Khan Academy Westward Expansion.  Click on "CC" to change the subtitles to Spanish! Explicación de la expansión hacia el oeste. ¡Haz clic en "CC" y cambia tus subtítulos a español! 

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Westward expansion: social and cultural development | AP US History | Khan Academy

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Westward Expansion Explanation.  Click on "CC" and change your captions to Spanish!  Explicación de la expansión hacia el oeste. ¡Haz clic en "CC" y cambia tus subtítulos a español!

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Westward Expansion Explanation.  Click on "CC" and change your captions to Spanish!  Explicación de la expansión hacia el oeste. ¡Haz clic en "CC" y cambia tus subtítulos a español!

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Westward Expansion: Crash Course US History #24

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Table of Contents

Manifest Destiny

Westward Expansion and Slavery

Westward Expansion and the Mexican War

Westward Expansion and the Compromise of 1850

Bleeding Kansas

In 1803, President Thomas Jefferson purchased the territory of Louisiana from the French government for $15 million. The Louisiana Purchase stretched from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains and from Canada to New Orleans, and it doubled the size of the United States. To Jefferson, westward expansion was the key to the nation's health: He believed that a republic depended on an independent, virtuous citizenry for its survival, and that independence and virtue went hand in hand with land ownership, especially the ownership of small farms. ("Those who labor in the earth," he wrote, "are the chosen people of God.") In order to provide enough land to sustain this ideal population of virtuous yeomen, the United States would have to continue to expand. The westward expansion of the United States is one of the defining themes of 19th-century American history, but it is not just the story of Jefferson's expanding "empire of liberty." On the contrary, as one historian writes, in the six decades after the Louisiana Purchase, westward expansion "very nearly destroy[ed] the republic."

Manifest Destiny

By 1840, nearly 7 million Americans-40 percent of the nation's population-lived in the trans-Appalachian West. Following a trail blazed by Lewis and Clark, most of these people had left their homes in the East in search of economic opportunity. Like Thomas Jefferson, many of these pioneers associated westward migration, land ownership and farming with freedom. In Europe, large numbers of factory workers formed a dependent and seemingly permanent working class; by contrast, in the United States, the western frontier offered the possibility of independence and upward mobility for all. In 1843, one thousand pioneers took to the Oregon Trail as part of the " Great Emigration."

Did you know? In 1853, the Gadsden Purchase added about 30,000 square miles of Mexican territory to the United States and fixed the boundaries of the "lower 48" where they are today.

In 1845, a journalist named John O'Sullivan put a name to the idea that helped pull many pioneers toward the western frontier. Westward migration was an essential part of the republican project, he argued, and it was Americans' " manifest destiny " to carry the "great experiment of liberty" to the edge of the continent: to "overspread and to possess the whole of the [land] which Providence has given us," O'Sullivan wrote. The survival of American freedom depended on it.

Westward Expansion and Slavery

Meanwhile, the question of whether or not slavery would be allowed in the new western states shadowed every conversation about the frontier. In 1820, the Missouri Compromise had attempted to resolve this question: It had admitted Missouri to the union as a slave state and Maine as a free state, preserving the fragile balance in Congress. More important, it had stipulated that in the future, slavery would be prohibited north of the southern boundary of Missouri (the 36º30' parallel) in the rest of the Louisiana Purchase.

However, the Missouri Compromise did not apply to new territories that were not part of the Louisiana Purchase, and so the issue of slavery continued to fester as the nation expanded. The Southern economy grew increasingly dependent on "King Cotton" and the system of forced labor that sustained it. Meanwhile, more and more Northerners came to believed that the expansion of slavery impinged upon their own liberty, both as citizens-the pro-slavery majority in Congress did not seem to represent their interests-and as yeoman farmers. They did not necessarily object to slavery itself, but they resented the way its expansion seemed to interfere with their own economic opportunity.

Westward Expansion and the Mexican War

Despite this sectional conflict, Americans kept on migrating West in the years after the Missouri Compromise was adopted. Thousands of people crossed the Rockies to the Oregon Territory, which belonged to Great Britain, and thousands more moved into the Mexican territories of California, New Mexico and Texas. In 1837, American settlers in Texas joined with their Tejano neighbors (Texans of Spanish origin) and won independence from Mexico. They petitioned to join the United States as a slave state.

This promised to upset the careful balance that the Missouri Compromise had achieved, and the annexation of Texas and other Mexican territories did not become a political priority until the enthusiastically expansionist cotton planter James K. Polk was elected to the presidency in 1844. Thanks to the maneuvering of Polk and his allies, Texas joined the union as a slave state in February 1846; in June, after negotiations with Great Britain, Oregon joined as a free state.

That same month, Polk declared war against Mexico, claiming (falsely) that the Mexican army had "invaded our territory and shed American blood on American soil." The Mexican-American War proved to be relatively unpopular, in part because many Northerners objected to what they saw as a war to expand the "slaveocracy." In 1846, Pennsylvania Congressman David Wilmot attached a proviso to a war-appropriations bill declaring that slavery should not be permitted in any part of the Mexican territory that the U.S. might acquire. Wilmot's measure failed to pass, but it made explicit once again the sectional conflict that haunted the process of westward expansion.

Westward Expansion and the Compromise of 1850

In 1848, the Treaty of Guadelupe Hidalgo ended the Mexican War and added more than 1 million square miles, an area larger than the Louisiana Purchase, to the United States. The acquisition of this land re-opened the question that the Missouri Compromise had ostensibly settled: What would be the status of slavery in new American territories? After two years of increasingly volatile debate over the issue, Kentucky Senator Henry Clay proposed another compromise. It had four parts: first, California would enter the Union as a free state; second, the status of slavery in the rest of the Mexican territory would be decided by the people who lived there; third, the slave trade (but not slavery) would be abolished in Washington, D.C.; and fourth, a new Fugitive Slave Act would enable Southerners to reclaim runaway slaves who had escaped to Northern states where slavery was not allowed.

Bleeding Kansas

But the larger question remained unanswered. In 1854, Illinois Senator Stephen A. Douglas proposed that two new states, Kansas and Nebraska, be established in the Louisiana Purchase west of Iowa and Missouri. According to the terms of the Missouri Compromise, both new states would prohibit slavery because both were north of the 36º30' parallel. However, since no Southern legislator would approve a plan that would give more power to "free-soil" Northerners, Douglas came up with a middle ground that he called "popular sovereignty": letting the settlers of the territories decide for themselves whether their states would be slave or free.

Northerners were outraged: Douglas, in their view, had caved to the demands of the "slaveocracy" at their expense. The battle for Kansas and Nebraska became a battle for the soul of the nation. Emigrants from Northern and Southern states tried to influence the vote. For example, thousands of Missourians flooded into Kansas in 1854 and 1855 to vote (fraudulently) in favor of slavery. "Free-soil" settlers established a rival government, and soon Kansas spiraled into civil war. Hundreds of people died in the fighting that ensued, known as " Bleeding Kansas."

A decade later, the civil war in Kansas over the expansion of slavery was followed by a national civil war over the same issue. As Thomas Jefferson had predicted, it was the question of slavery in the West-a place that seemed to be the emblem of American freedom-that proved to be "the knell of the union."
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Westward Expansion - Timeline, Events & Facts | HISTORY

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Westward expansion, the 19th-century movement of settlers into the American West, began with the Louisiana Purchase and was fueled by the Gold Rush, the Oregon Trail and a belief in "manifest destiny."

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CPR/First Aid/Narcan Training - To Be Determined

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