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Years lived: 1510-1590
Description: A French Physician most known for being a surgeon in the European Renaissance and is regarded by medical historians as the father of modern surgery.

Significance: He became a barber-surgeon around the year 1533 and he was employed as a barber-surgeon to treat wounds during and after the wars and also cut hair for the soldiers. He began gaining popularity from serving four French monarchs as their personal surgeon. He created a treatment once used to heal faster and many scientific instruments and practices.

https://www.britannica.com/science/surgery-medicine

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Years lived: 1514-1560
Description: A Renaissance Physician who changed the study of biology and the practice of medicine by his knowledge of human anatomy.

Significance: Using his descriptiveness and observations he made during dissections he made the first comprehensive textbooks in anatomy. He had attended a University in Paris and devoted most of his time to studying the human body.

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Andreas-Vesalius

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Date range: 1543-1687
Description: A scientific drastic change of thought is a new view of nature that replaces the Greek view that dominated science for almost 2,000 years. The emphasis on abstract reasoning, quantitative cognition, a grasp of how nature works, the idea of nature as a machine, and the creation of an experimental scientific method characterized the Scientific Revolution.

Significance: People have started to question certain religious beliefs due to the importance placed on evidence, reason, and critical thinking. This has led to experimentation in order to uncover the truth about nature. As a result, British colonists began to revolt against their own colonies as they questioned their rights being taken away by the law.

https://www.britannica.com/science/Scientific-Revolution

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Years lived: 1561-1626
Description: An English Philosopher and statesman. He served as an attorney general and was best known for promoting the scientific method.

Significance: He believed that philosophy and the natural world must be inductive. He discovered the scientific method in 1620 and discovered the law of science by analyzing data from knowledge, experience, and observations.

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Francis-Bacon-Viscount-Saint-Alban

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Years lived: 1578-1657
Description: An English Philosopher who was the first to recognize the full circulation of the blood in the human body. He also provided experiments and details to support his idea. He was the physician to James 1 in 1618 and the physician to Charles 1.

Significance: William Harvey recognized the scientific method and evaluated it in his work by providing proof and this showed how he supported the scientific revolution.

https://www.britannica.com/biography/William-Harvey

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Years lived: 1596-1650
Description: A French philosopher, scientist, and mathematician. He was known as a seminal figure in modern philosophy and science

Significance: He was credited as the father of analytic geometry. He used this method to descover infinitesimal calculus and analysis. He stated the use of algebraic formulas to describe geometric figures and thus, formed a new branch of math.

https://www.worldhistory.org/Rene_Descartes/

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Years lived: 1627-1691
Description: Robert Boyle was an Anglo-Irish natural. He is a philosopher, chemist, alchemist, and inventor.

Significance: He discovered the volume of gas of how it decreases with increasing pressure and vice versa. He was known as the first modern chemist. This was crucial as it explains how gasses behave.

https://www.sciencehistory.org/education/scientific-biographies/robert-boyle/

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Years lived: 1632-1704
Description: Most well-known philosophers and political theorists during the 17th century. He was the founder of the British empiricism school of thought.

Significance: He contributed significantly to its development. He developed the impact on educational theory, tolerance, and theology. Locke analyzed the human mind and how it functioned and wrote a book and an essay on human understanding. He presented an empiricist theory that holds ideas about choices within interactions in the outside world.

https://iep.utm.edu/locke/

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Years lived: 1632-1723
Description: An unlikely scientist was him and he was a businessman from Delft, Holland. He came from a family of tradesmen or poverty. He never had a college degree and he spoke only his native Dutch.

Significance: His significant scientific discoveries in biology were possible because of his diligence, unending curiosity, and open mind. He discovered bacteria, parasites, sperm, blood cells, tiny nematodes, rotifers, and other microscopic organisms.

https://ucmp.berkeley.edu/history/leeuwenhoek.html

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Years lived: 1643-1727
Description: An English mathematician who developed the theory of universal gravity. He is best known for inventing calculus in the late 1660s.

Significance: He made important advances in optics beginning in the middle of the 1660s and spanning four decades. Moreover, the course of his 60 years of intense intellectual activity invested in no time. He studied theology and biblical texts, alchemy, chemistry, math, and physics.

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Isaac-Newton

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Date range: 1685-1815
Description: An intellectual movement known as the Age of Enlightenment dominated the 18th century in Europe. This movement promoted ideas like liberty, progress, tolerance, fraternity, constitutional government, and separation of church and state.

Significance: This was based on the primary source of power and legitimacy. In the middle of this intellectual movement, they frequently cited as the commencement. Typically, the French historians place the time between 17-1789.

https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-hccc-worldhistory2/chapter/the-age-of-enlightenment/

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Years lived: 1689-1755
Description: One of the greatest political thinkers of the Age of Enlightenment to dominate the 18th century in Europe. He created a realistic description of the many types of governance and factors of growth that came out of his curiosity and sense of humor.

Significance: To emphasize the importance of preventing corruption in governments, he shared a story. He believed that any government that wasn't already despotic was constantly at risk of becoming one. To prevent despotism, he suggested having multiple bodies vote for legislative, executive, and judicial power when it comes to law.

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Montesquieu

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Years lived: 1694-1755
Description: Voltaire was a writer, philosopher, poet, dramatist, historian, and polemicist of the French Enlightenment.

Significance: Voltairs literary and rhetorical contribution to the Enlightenment interested neither in music nor art, he was fundamentally a man of language. Voltaire criticized the Catholic Church and promoted the ideas of religious freedom, freedom of expression, and the separation of church and state.

https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-hccc-worldhistory2/chapter/voltaire/#:~:text=Voltaire%20was%20a%20French%20Enlightenment,separation%20of%20church%20and%20state.

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Years lived: 1712-1778
Description: He was one of the most influential thinkers during the Enlightenment in eighteenth-century Europe. He focused and pursued his major philosophical work. Discourse on the Sciences and Arts was his winning response to an essay contest by the Academy of Dijon in 1750.

Significance: Jean-Jacques Rousseau was an influential political thinker born in Geneva in 1712. His ideas on the relationship between the individual and society played a crucial role in the French Revolution.

https://www.bl.uk/learning/timeline/item126710.html#:~:text=Jean%2DJacques%20Rousseau%2C%20born%20in,eventually%20to%20the%20French%20Revolution.

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Years lived: 1749-1823
Description: He was the son of the Rev. Stephen Jenner, the vicar of Berkeley. Edward Jenner was born on May 17, 1749. At the age of five, Edward lost his parents and moved in with his older brother. Early in his academic career, he showed interest in science and the natural world that lasted the remainder of his life.

Significance: He apprenticed with a physician at 13 and studied with John Hunter, making advancements in surgery and biology. He discovered a better use for potassium antimony tartrate and returned to Berkeley in 1773 to start his medical practice. He also studied birds and wrote medical papers, as well as lighthearted poetry.

https://www.jenner.ac.uk/about/edward-jenner

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Date range: 1775-1778
Description: From 1765 to 1783, the American Revolution erupted as 13 of Britain's North American colonies rebelled against imperial rule.

Significance: The colonial population was subject to taxes imposed by the British crown and Parliament without their consent, leading to a continuous cycle of rebellion and harsh rules. This eventually culminated in a full-blown rebellion, which resulted in the establishment of the United States of America with the assistance of France.

https://www.bostonteapartyship.com/american-revolution#:~:text=The%20American%20Revolution%20was%20an,the%20British%20monarchy%20and%20Parliament

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Date: 1776
Description: The Congress members signed this parchment on August 2, 1776, inside the Pennsylvania State House, which was eventually called

Independence Hall. John Hancock of Massachusetts, the president of the Congress, signed the document with the first and largest signature.

The atmosphere in the room was anything but joyful. They all understood the seriousness of what they were doing -a high treason against the British Crown that might result in each man's death.

Significance:  Year's after the event, Pennsylvanian Benjamin Rush recalled the "pensive and dreadful stillness" that filled the room as we were called one by one to the President of Congress's desk to sign what "many at the time believed to be our own death warrants."

http://hic.org/resource/signing=

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Date: 1788
Description: A settlement was negotiated in

February 1788 under which

Massachusetts and the other states would consent to ratify the document in exchange for the guarantee that revisions would be quickly submitted.

Significance: Thus,

Massachusetts was the first state to narrowly ratify the Constitution, followed by Maryland and South Carolina. Thus, Massachusetts was the first state to narrowly ratify the Constitution, followed by Maryland and South Carolina. After New Hampshire became the ninth state to ratify the U.S. Constitution on June 21, 1788, it was decided that the U.S.

Constitution's first day of operation would be March 4, 1789. Virginia ratified the Constitution in June, and New York did the same in July.

https://www.senate.gov/about/origins-foundations/senate-and-constitution/constitution.htm