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Robert Aivazian - The impact of Liv golf and its rivalry with the PGA Tour

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Robert Aivazian - The impact of Liv golf and its rivalry with the PGA Tour

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The PGA Tour has held the throne when it comes to Global golf tours. The PGA Tour is one of the most prominent and well-known professional golf tours in the world. It stands for the "Professional Golfers' Association Tour." The PGA Tour is primarily based in the United States but includes events in other countries as well.

The PGA Tour is a prestigious and highly competitive golf tour that has played a central role in the growth and popularization of professional golf, both in the United States and worldwide. It remains a major focus of attention for golf enthusiasts and fans.

The Liv golf tour is a Saudi Arabian-run tour and competes with the PGA tour. The tour came about in 2022 and has taken the golf world by storm. The Liv golf tour differs from the PGA tour in certain rule changes and how the matches are played. However possibly the most important difference between the two tours, Liv Golf pays its golfers drastically more than the PGA tour.

On average the winner of a Liv golf event will get paid 10 million more dollars than each PGA event, and the minimum amount varies by the hundred thousand.

Not only that but Liv golf has been paying former PGA tour golfers to join Liv. Notable names include:

Dustin Johnson
PGA tour earnings over 14 seasons: 75mil
Liv tour signing deal paid 150 mil

Brooks Koepka
PGA tour earnings over 7 seasons: 306,396
Liv tour signed a deal paid 53 mil

As you can see the Liv golf tour pays their athletes extreme amounts more than the PGA tour does and is re-shaping the professional golf world

approaches to this topic

-The Political Effects of Golfers Switching Tours
-The future of the reality of professional golf
-The effects on youth golfers (idols, professional golfers to look up to)
-Why are all golfers not choosing more money and signing with Liv?
-Explore reputation and how  image may be blemished/ enhanced

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Cade Campbell - Mental Health Within Collegiate Sports 

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Cade Campbell - Mental Health Within Collegiate Sports 

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Collegiate athletes undergo a lot of stress and workload. Many colleges don't have the proper support system for athletes and students on campus. 30% of female and 25% of male collegiate athletes struggle with at least some kind of mental illness. This is a major problem within collegiate sports and should get more attention than it does. A contradiction to this research could be that sports at a high level can reduce mental illness.

Some of the possible research topics for this project could be:
- Finding statistics of mental illnesses in certain sports
- Impacts of mental health on performance
- Impacts of coaching and sport on mental health.
- Impacts of school workload on athletes mental health and sport performance
- Does playing sports at a higher level increase or decrease mental illness.

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The cost of taking a stance.

I believe there has been a significant evolution in how athletes express their activism. Athletes have substantial influence with their extensive following and platform, raising questions about the potential financial repercussions of taking a stand. Do they experience financial losses or gains? What does this dynamic look like in today's society?"

We can explore

1. Present cases of athletes who have lost contracts due to taking a stand

2. Look for data that shows how much they have lost financially

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Veda Kalwala - Women coaches in Male dominated Sports

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Veda Kalwala - Women coaches in Male dominated Sports

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Although there are more women playing sports, there are barely any female coaches at the professional level. It is found that this disproportion is found even at lower levels too and some girls say that they have never been coached by a women there whole life. Many people have started to realize how big the gap is and have looked into the reasons why but it goes deeper than that. One thing that was also found is that Title IX was made to disallow any discrimination based on gender and apparently this was a huge reason for the decrease in women coaches. Many universities combined women and mens sports, keeping a male coach to supervise. "Title IX has led to more girls playing sports, the proportion of women coaching female teams dropped substantially: from 90% in 1972 to 42% in 2014."

Possible Approaches:
- What are the reasons for the gender disparity between coaches?
- The gap between payment for male and female coaches

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Despite more female players, coaching remains male-dominated

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Early this February, the NFL’s Washington Redskins hired their first female coaching intern, Jennifer King, who earned her master’s in sports administration from Liberty University. She is now part of a group of women breaking gender barriers in coaching professional athletics, along with Jen Welter…

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Talent Versus Hard Work; How Biology and Environment Plays a Big Role in Becoming a Professional Athlete

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Talent Versus Hard Work; How Biology and Environment Plays a Big Role in Becoming a Professional Athlete

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With 28 Olympic medals, Michael Phelps is recognized as one of the most important athletes in history. With the most Olympic medals earned through his years performing swimming, through many studies and interviews around his life we were able to recognize many factors that made him become that athlete that he is known for today. From genetic advantages such as having longer-than-average arms and a torso that is proportionally longer as compared to his legs, to having an extreme calorie intake to be able to perform rigorous and heavy workouts every day, Michael Phelps outputs a dilemma where we ask if biology or hard work, or a combination of both bring athletes to greatness.

Similarly, how does science support the belief of “naturals” or athletes who were born with the skill sets to perform in sports well.

To navigate this dilemma, I can take in consideration the stories of many successful athletes. Find their background and the factors that went into their success. I can also investigate how the environment, roll models, or traumas shape their path to success. From a scientific standpoint, I can research about the “natural” athletes and maybe find correlations from their parents' genetics and the sport they are performing.

- Elian Montano

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Jack Van Thyne -- Youth Specialization in Sports based on race gender and background

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Jack Van Thyne -- Youth Specialization in Sports based on race gender and background

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Imagine a world where young athletes are nurtured, empowered, and guided to become the best versions of themselves, both on and off the field. That's the heart of our discussion on 'Youth Specialization in Sports.' We'll explore the growing trend of kids focusing on a single sport from a very young age. But this isn't just about sports; it's about their physical and mental well-being, their development as individuals, and the influence of parents, coaches, and communities. Join us in understanding the challenges, the potential benefits, and the impact on these young athletes' lives as we strive to create a more balanced, equitable, and healthier future for our youth in the world of sports.

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Dan Sunchu - The effect of Saudi money across sports

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Dan Sunchu - The effect of Saudi money across sports

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Over the past few years, Saudi money has had a sizable impact on professional sports. For several decades, the same professional leagues such as the PGA tour, Premier League, and La Liga have been considered the highest level of sport. This meant that these same leagues hosted the best athletes in the world at that sport. However, Saudi backed investors are now creating leagues to specifically disrupt the professional games of golf and soccer. Big stars such as Cristiano Ronaldo and Brooks Koepka have made their way to Saudi for soccer and golf respectively. Hearing about such stars playing in leagues other than the PGA tour or Premier League respectively would have been considered a sin decades ago, but it's now common within the world of sports. The biggest and best stars of golf and soccer aren't necessarily playing the best competition, instead they're playing in much less competitive Saudi leagues for loads of money.

Possible Approaches:
- Engaging in whether or not the influence of Saudi money is "good" for sports overall
- Explore how Saudi money is impacting other professional leagues in terms of talent, money, and fans
- Talk about the ethical side of playing for Saudi money
- Delve into the impact of Saudi money on athletes themselves, EX: How it may change their approach?
- Explore the entertainment factor of Saudi sports leagues
- Bring up the topic of what it means to be a "professional" within sports

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Cristiano Ronaldo joined Saudi Arabia's Al Nassr in January, a move that helped propel him to the top of the highest-paid athletes list.
Yasser Bakhsh/Stringer/Getty Images

Star soccer players and golfers are enjoying Middle Eastern riches, but some worry that the new, well-heeled ownership groups could be destroying the competitive balance.

L ionel Messi's ties to the Saudis have cost him with his club, Paris Saint-Germain, but they're also paying off-big time.

The soccer star returned to the PSG lineup Saturday after serving a two-week suspension for missing a practice to go to Saudi Arabia. That trip was reportedly an obligation under his multimillion-dollar deal as a tourism ambassador for the kingdom, and speculation has since intensified that he could leave France to join the Saudi club Al Hilal this summer. Such a contract could be worth hundreds of millions of dollars a year, although both Messi's representatives and the team have denied that they have any agreement in place.

Messi isn't the only sports star with Middle Eastern connections. The world's 50 highest-paid athletes include seven golfers from the Saudi-backed LIV Golf tour plus Messi's rival Cristiano Ronaldo, who left European soccer to jump to Saudi Arabia's Al Nassr in January, as well as boxer Anthony Joshua, who fought Oleksandr Usyk in the country in August. Kylian Mbappé and Neymar play alongside Messi under Qatari ownership at Paris Saint-Germain-and Neymar endorses Qatar Airways-while Formula 1's Lewis Hamilton and Max Verstappen are racing in four Middle Eastern countries this year.

Here's a look at that big spending, and its ripple effects.

Where is the Middle East spending its money?

Since Sheikh Mansour bin Zayed Al Nahyan and his United Arab Emirates-based private-equity firm acquired Manchester City in 2008, Middle Eastern owners have poured into European soccer. Two of the biggest deals have been the 2011 sale of Paris Saint-Germain to Qatar Sports Investments, which is affiliated with the country's sovereign wealth fund, and the 2020 acquisition of Newcastle United by Saudi Arabia's Public Investment Fund. More recently, Sheikh Jassim Bin Hamad Al Thani of Qatar has been among the bidders for Manchester United, and the Saudis are reportedly exploring buying stakes in other European soccer teams, including Belgium's KV Oostende.

That push into soccer has come on a domestic level as well, with Qatar hosting the World Cup-at an estimated cost of $220 billion -and the Saudi Pro League attracting Ronaldo in recent months. The other major development of the last year was the launch of the LIV Golf tour, which has lured stars like Mickelson and Johnson away from the PGA Tour with guaranteed payments reportedly worth as much as $200 million, half of which the golfers are believed to have received upfront.

Saudi Arabia has also hosted marquee boxing and mixed-martial-arts fights and WWE events, and it and Qatar joined the Formula 1 schedule in 2021, alongside Bahrain (the site of a race since 2004) and the United Arab Emirates (2009). Meanwhile, the U.A.E. launched a new, and well-funded, cricket league in January, and Saudi Arabia said in September that it was embarking on a $38 billion plan to become an esports hub by 2030. And then there are sports sponsorships: The Saudi Public Investment Fund said it had committed $2.3 billion to long-term soccer sponsorships in the first eight months of 2022.

Is the spending making its way to athletes?

Golfers have felt the impact immediately. In LIV Golf's inaugural season last year, the tour's eight events had a total prize pool of $255 million, with individual tournament winners claiming $4 million and Johnson snagging $18 million as the season-long individual champion. Even better, the tour uses a no-cut format, meaning any player who shows up to a tournament gets paid, no matter how poorly they play. (PGA Tour events typically cut roughly half of their players on Fridays, halfway through the tournament. Players who get cut earn nothing for competing.) Forbes estimates that the seven LIV golfers who rank among the world's highest-paid athletes combined to make $499 million over the last 12 months from their signing bonuses and prize money.

The golfers who remained with the PGA Tour have benefited, too, as the organization has scrambled to keep pace by bolstering its prize pools and bonuses. Jon Rahm has already set a regular-season tour record this year with $14.5 million in prize money, with nearly three months still to play.

Around the soccer world, Ronaldo's contract is seen as a result of his particular circumstances and is not thought to have much bearing on the broader player market. A Saudi offer for Messi-which has been rumored to be as high as $440 million a year-would similarly have little connection to the traditional economics of sports. The Middle Eastern-based clubs simply have no way of directly recouping that money. Consider that Italian powerhouse Juventus had total revenue in 2022 of $440 million (at the current exchange rate), according to Deloitte, and that was the 11th-highest mark in all of soccer.

On the other hand, Middle Eastern owners' big spending in Europe is thought to be driving up player costs across the board. Manchester City signed Jack Grealish for $139 million-a British transfer-fee record-in 2021 and followed it up the next summer with a $63 million fee for Erling Haaland. With Messi, Mbappé and ‎Neymar, Paris Saint-Germain has three of soccer's four highest-paid players on one roster. Those sorts of deals reset the market for players, just as the Middle Eastern investors' sky-high bids for teams are driving up valuations across the sport.

So what's the problem?

On the plus side, LIV Golf has rolled out the red carpet for its players, splurging on their travel and accommodations. European soccer clubs under Middle Eastern ownership have invested heavily in their facilities, their coaches and their communities. That kind of spending has been welcome, especially after the mismanagement and penny-pinching that came with a wave of Chinese owners entering the sport in the last decade.

The main concern has been competitive balance. It can feel as if the new owners have limitless capital-the Saudi Public Investment Fund has an astounding $620 billion in assets under management-and because Europe's soccer leagues don't possess an American-style salary cap, the only thing stopping oil-rich teams from buying up all the best players is a set of rules called Financial Fair Play. Those regulations aim to keep club expenses from exceeding club revenue. Still, many believe they codify a European hierarchy rather than level the playing field: Only a club with good players can make big money, but only a club with big money can acquire good players. And there are worries clubs may try to skirt the rules with phony sponsorships to artificially inflate their revenue. Those issues are particularly acute with sovereign wealth funds: If a country owns both a team and, say, an airline, why not just transfer some money from one to the other to get around the rules?

To be fair, this is nothing new-much of the same could be said about the spending by Russian oligarchs who bought soccer teams ten or 20 years ago. And there is some optimism that the financial regulations could become more effective after the Premier League in February accused Manchester City of more than 100 infractions. The team has denied the allegations, but if it is found guilty, the punishment could be as severe as relegation to English soccer's second tier.

Critics have also raised concerns about the Middle Eastern countries' human rights records, and whether their investments are "sportswashing"-sponsoring athletics to improve a government's public standing and distract from bad behavior. That makes a certain amount of sense, but some wonder why, for instance, China and Russia didn't elicit the same level of critique when they hosted the Olympics in recent years. Others point out that, when ultra-wealthy bidders are involved, the prices of teams are often influenced by factors beyond simple economics, noting that Rob Walton's winning bid for the Denver Broncos last June was 25% higher than Forbes' valuation of the team and at least $400 million higher than the next-best offer. Strategic factors and ego sometimes trump the simple financial calculus.

RELATED ARTICLES

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Saudi Money Is Supercharging Athletes' Pay - And Shaking Up The Sports World

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Star soccer players and golfers are enjoying Middle Eastern riches, but some worry that the new, well-heeled ownership groups could be destroying the competitive balance.

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This is an image of two tennis greats, Federer and Nadal at Federer's last match before his retirement. They are both crying and holding hands.
-Ageism across different sports
-Rivalries
-Individual vs. Team sports
-The GOAT / the end of an era
-gender and emotionality
-Retirement

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The image shows a runner winning a race, and the article talks about if visualisation works. It talks about the process of visualisation and the positive effects on the mind and performance. I included the image because an athlete seeing themself winning is a big part of visualisation in sports.

Key points of this topic
- Does positive visualisation actually help athletes to perform well?
- When do athletes do positive visualisation?
- Does mediation in general help athletes?
- Wider uses and benefits for positive visualisation and positive mindset
- Posotive visualisation helps athletes have a clear view of their goals and what they want to acheive
- Not only used in competition, athletes visualise performance in training too
- Helping athletes be confident when going into competitions

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Visualization can definitely help a person become clearer about what they want to achieve and more determined to follow through and make it happen.

If you aren't clear about the exact goals that you want to achieve, you will likely spend a lot of time going around in circles. Likewise, if you aren't determined enough to succeed, you might give up when things begin to become challenging.

Preparing Yourself For Success

Over the years, many studies have shown that visualization helps you to mentally prepare so that you feel confident enough to take action when an opportunity to achieve your goal presents itself. It allows you to experience what success might look like and feel like, even before you take any action.

Here's an example of how visualization helps a man build up the confidence to approach women:

To make visualization really work, you must follow through on what you've been visualizing. In other words, you have to take action and head towards the vision. Just sitting around and thinking about what you want doesn't get you very far, as you have probably already discovered in life so far.

Olympic Mindset

Jamaican sprinter Usain Bolt is the fastest man on earth.

He won gold medals in both the 100 meters and 200 meters events at the 2008 Beijing Olympics and the following year he confirmed his status as the world's fastest man by setting a new world record time of 9.58 seconds for 100 meters at the 2009 Athletics World Championships.

In a track side interview after his phenomenal performance he said, "I just visualized and then executed my plan." So, does that mean visualization was the reason he won the race? Of course not, but it definitely would be one of the many tools and techniques that he uses in combination to perform at such an elite level.

The same applies to my success with women. I have had sex with more than 250 women because I use powerful techniques that make women feel incredible levels of attraction and lust for me. I spent a bit of time visualizing that things would go well and imagining how I would do it...and then I did it.

Muscle Memory

The term 'visualization' describes a technique used in sport by top class athletes, also known as mental rehearsal or imagery. It's a learned mental skill that, in a nutshell, involves the athlete relaxing in a comfortable position and thinking about their sport. It sounds very simple but, like all skills in life, it requires dedicated time and practice to master.

Scientific research has found that thinking about a physical activity literally stimulates the brain to send electrical signals to the muscles involved in that particular physical activity, even though no actual physical movement is taking place.

For example: A soccer player can visualize himself kicking the ball in a detailed image in his mind's-eye and the muscles involved in that movement will be stimulated by electrical impulses sent from his brain.

The benefit of this type of thinking is that is strengthens the neural pathways and helps promote what is termed "muscle memory." This means that by mastering the art of visualization, an athlete can mentally practice their sport and develop the successful patterns of movement needed without the need to physically fatigue the required muscles in the process.

Clear Vision

Being able to visualize a winning performance has obvious advantages in sport, but it is also a useful technique that can be used to equal advantage across all areas of life. Learning how to visualize is like having your own inner cinema screen on which you can play any movie of your choice.

You can produce, direct, and star in your very own movie and watch the story of your success unfold in front of your mind's-eye. Just as an athlete can have the starring role in a story of sports success, you can have the starring role in your own movie of your own success whether it's related to your career or your personal life.

Of course, like the athletes do, you also need to take action and go after what you are visualizing. Otherwise, it will just remain a private fantasy.

Virtual Reality

Visualizing positive outcomes under every conceivable set of circumstances is a tried, tested and proven method of coping with competitive stress in the sports world but it's equally effective in the business world.

A sportsman can visualize the precise thoughts and actions needed to secure a win and a businessman can do exactly the same in terms of visualizing the thoughts and actions that will lead to him securing an important deal.

Former British javelin thrower Steve Backley, now a motivational speaker, used visualization throughout his entire competitive career. He says he prepared himself for the high pressure environment of competitive sport at top level by imagining himself in a losing position in the last round of a major competition with only one throw left.

He then 'saw' himself throwing a technically perfect final throw to win the competition.

Visualization is all about creating positive images so although Backley's vision began fairly negatively, the end result was totally positive. He used visualization to not only see a winning performance but also to see how a winning performance could still be achieved under less than perfect conditions.

Seeing is Believing

Champion athletes don't get to the top of their game without first believing that they are capable of becoming a champion and spending endless hours visualizing themselves at the top of their game.

Most professional athletes also practice mental skills training alongside physical skills training to achieve peak fitness and the winning 'edge'. In sport, this is often referred to as having the 'mental edge' with the winner being the athlete who has the most belief in their ability as opposed to simply having superior physical ability.

The Easy Way to Practice Visualization

Relax - You need to be comfortable to be able to concentrate on your vision, so find a quiet, peaceful place and a position that allows you to totally relax. Initially, you'll need to be in a place where you won't be disturbed or distracted but with practice, you'll be able to remain focused even when lots of other things are going on around you.

Begin at the end - Create a mental image of yourself as the success you want to become.

If it is about your success with finding a perfect girlfriend, the image might be of you and a loving girlfriend embracing and kissing, then telling each other how much you love each other. If your visualization is about your career, you might picture yourself being praised by a boss for doing such a great job while working in your ultimate dream job.

Build your story - Now that you've crafted the closing scene of your success movie, you must go back to the start and begin building the rest of the movie scene by scene. Each scene tells the story of how you are going to get from where you are to where you want to be at the end of the visualization movie.

Make it real - add as much detail as possible to each image. Go beyond simply viewing the movie, give it the 3D, cinema surround-sound treatment and bring each scene to life.

See the images and also hear everything that's going on, smell everything around you, taste the food, and feel every emotion just as you would in reality. Use all of your senses to make your visualization experience as 'real' as possible.

When you first begin, you may find it difficult to maintain concentration for more than a few minutes at a time, so try to schedule short periods of time to practice every few days.

As your skills develop, you will be able to stay focused for longer periods of time and you will also be able to add greater texture to your images, allowing you to play out every stage of your journey to success in your mind's-eye.

Of course, visualization is only one element of preparation for success but being able to see a positive outcome and being able to believe in that positive outcome is essential if you are to achieve that success.

It might be unrealistic to visualize yourself crossing the finish line ahead of Usain Bolt, but you'll definitely be able to 'win the race' that you're trying to win in your life - whether that be the race to find a great girlfriend, build a successful career or live a truly fulfilling and happy life.

So, Does Visualization Actually Work?

Yes.

In my opinion, I think that positive visualization helps a person become more successful because it makes you feel more confident, more clear on what you want and more determined to get there.

I don't think that visualization is the answer to success, but it is a useful tool that I use and that I recommend to others.

Want to Know the SECRET to Success With Women?

Watch this hidden video where Dan exposes his BIGGEST secret to success with women, which allows you to easily get laid or get a girlfriend.

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Visualization: Does it Actually Work? - The Modern Man

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Can you use visualization to improve your success with women or in life in general? Or is it just a whole lot of 'hocus pocus' from the self-help industry?

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Yumi & Jerry - The Influence of Esports on Traditional Sports

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Yumi & Jerry - The Influence of Esports on Traditional Sports

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Traditional sports encompass physical activities deeply rooted in culture and tradition, requiring athleticism, teamwork, and real-world venues like stadiums. Examples include soccer, basketball, and the Olympics, boasting rich histories and dedicated fan bases. In contrast, esports, or electronic sports, revolve around video game competitions using gaming consoles and computers in virtual environments. Titles like League of Legends and Dota 2 have gained immense popularity, drawing millions of viewers and substantial investment. Despite their differences, traditional sports and esports share commonalities. They both thrive on intense competition, demand skill, and strategy, feature professional leagues, and have dedicated fan bases. Furthermore, their impact on each other is notable. Traditional sports recognize esports' potential to engage digital-native audiences and explore integration. Simultaneously, esports' growth as a spectator sport competes for investment and viewership while introducing innovative technologies and broadcasting methods that influence traditional sports. Ultimately, both domains benefit from increased exposure and mutual support, expanding their appeal to diverse audiences.

Media and Sponsorship: How are major brands adapting their sports marketing strategies to incorporate esports, and what implications does this have for the future of both industries?
- analyze the strategies used by major brands to bridge the gap between esports and traditional sports
- examine the impact on sponsorship deals, media coverage, and revenue generation
- provide insights into the evolving landscape of sports marketing.

Cultural Impact: How are esports influencing the perception of sportsmanship, and what broader cultural impacts do they have on society?
- examine how the values and norms of sportsmanship are evolving in the context of esports, as well as the broader societal effects of this evolution.
- delve into questions related to identity, inclusivity, and the role of esports in shaping cultural attitudes towards competition and entertainment.

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The rise of esports: impact on the Asian Games and traditional sports

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Gabriel Rothman Tierney-Racism in Player Analysis

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Gabriel Rothman Tierney-Racism in Player Analysis

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People resposible for analyzing and evaluating players sills and abilities(coaches, scouts, commentators, analysts,etc) frequently demonstate racial bias in their analysis.

-Associate positive terms such as hardworking, good teammate, skilled, smart with white players while Black players are way more likely to be depicted as relying on their natural gifts.
-Remains even when white players are more physically gifted
-influences how players are guided to develop and are used by their teams
-Shown in multiple sports such as soccer, basketball, football
-Jeremy Lin predraft being described as 'deceptively athletic', and being cast as a shooter despite his real talent being athleticism.

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March Madness and college basketball’s racial bias problem | Brookings

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Racial stereotypes pervade society, and college basketball is no different.

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Katelyn Sullivan- Violence Against Women and the NFL

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Katelyn Sullivan- Violence Against Women and the NFL

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Over the years, there have been quite a few cases involving individuals from within the National Football League regarding sexual assault and domestic violence. Unfortunately these incidents have often been overlooked or not appropriately addressed by the organization. These men have often gone unpunished and their reputations untarnished. This article addresses this issue and how we need to find a solution that holds these individuals accountable for their actions while also establishing an environment that makes victims feel safe about coming forward.

Possible approaches:
-Effects on the Feminist Movement
-Idolization of players despite allegations and influence on young males
-Discouragement of women coming forward
-League reputation
-Player and employee moral and dynamic
-Fan engagement
-Reinforcement of harmful stereotypes and patterns in society
-Lack of accountability -> repeated actions

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N.F.L. Players Pay a Small Price When Accused of Violence Against Women (Published 2022)

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A peer-reviewed study found that players who are arrested in these cases generally do not suffer major career consequences.

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Ying Zhao - The impact of the Covid-19 on the Olympic Games

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Ying Zhao - The impact of the Covid-19 on the Olympic Games

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The article discusses that the Olympic Games were postponed for a year due to COVID-19, but Japan still advises support staff and athletes to avoid public transportation, tourist attractions, restaurants and bars to avoid contracting or spreading airborne diseases. Opportunity.

-Mental health and athletes: Athletes’ mental health has received special attention during the COVID-19, as competition uncertainty and cancellations can be stressful for them.
：Does research into the psychology of athletes maintain health needs and how sports teams can support them?

-The social impact of the Olympic Games: The social impact of the COVID-19 on the Olympic Games is a topic worthy of multi-faceted research.
：The impact of the Olympics on the local economy, tourism, employment and social participation.

-Sports and public health policy: Health safety measures and policies of different countries during the Olympic Games during the COVID-19.
：Are the effects and impacts of these policies effective?

-Digital transformation of the Olympic Games: Digital transformation is an emerging field.
：How are the Olympics accelerating digital transformation, including online competitions, virtual audience interaction and digital advertising?

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The Olympic Games are considered to be the world's most prestigious sports competition, with more than 200 nations participating. However, this year's Olympic Games, which are being hosted by Japan, are facing complications due to the global Covid-19 pandemic. In late July, approximately 11,000 athletes and 4,000 athletic support staff will gather for more than two weeks of competition at various hosting cities. Another 5,000 athletes will attend the Paralympics, which follows shortly after. According to the Tokyo 2020 Playbooks, which were developed by the International Olympic Committee (IOC), the International Paralympic Committee and the Tokyo 2020 Organising Committee to ensure that all participants and spectators remain safe and healthy during the ongoing Covid-19 pandemic, both spectators and athletes should take responsibilities to supply their own face coverings and are advised to be vaccinated against Covid-19 before the Games begin.

Some of Japan's most senior advisers on the Covid-19 pandemic have warned that allowing millions of spectators at the Tokyo Olympics and Paralympics will facilitate the spread of the virus both domestically and internationally. The Olympics were originally scheduled to take place in 2020 but were postponed for a year because of the Covid-19 pandemic. Currently, Japan's Government has extended a state of emergency covering major cities until late June, which has led to further calls to postpone or cancel the Olympic Games.

GlobalData's latest Coronavirus Disease 2019 dashboard highlights a downward trend in new Covid-19 case numbers for Japan as it's coming off its fourth wave of infection since the beginning of the pandemic. The number of daily new cases has sharply declined from a peak of more than 7,000 cases on May 12 to just under 2,000 cases on June 16. The total number of confirmed cases in Japan is currently at 779,500 cases, placing the country 34th in a number of cases globally. GlobalData's analysis shows that Japan was initially considered to have had one of the most successful responses to the pandemic due to using a cluster-based approach, compared to South Korea's large-scale testing initiatives. However, Japan has been criticised for reopening its economy too soon after its first wave and has paid a heavy price for it, as seen in the multiple waves that followed.

Various concerns have been raised over hosting the Olympics, as the prestigious event only occurs once every four years. One of these concerns is that the Olympics could lead to the spread of more contagious Covid-19 variants, particularly as the event brings large numbers of athletes, media outlets, domestic spectators, local volunteers and officials together in one place. Many guidelines and policies are being put into place to mitigate this risk, including advising support staff and athletes to avoid public transport, tourist attractions, restaurants and bars to avoid chances of catching or spreading the airborne disease. Although the IOC has warned that non-compliance with the guidelines could lead to individuals being disqualified from competing, there is no real indication of how these countermeasures will be enforced.

Japan's vaccination rate has been relatively slow and is adding to concerns about the possible spread of Covid-19. According to reports from Our World in Data, 26.4 million doses were administrated and around 7.11 million people have been fully vaccinated in Japan. However, for Japan's 125.36 million inhabitants, this equates to just over 5% of its total population being fully vaccinated. Medical workers and those ages 65 years and older were prioritised to receive vaccines and vaccinations for those under 65 years of age will start in the next few weeks, which means that only a small proportion of the population will be fully vaccinated if the Olympic Games continue as scheduled. As such, GlobalData expects that Japan will see increased daily case numbers and a further strain on the country's healthcare system after the Games have ended.

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The effect of the Covid-19 pandemic on the Tokyo Olympic Games

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There are warnings that having millions of spectators at the Olympic Games in Tokyo will facilitate the spread of Covid-19, which creates complications.

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Premkumar Senthilkumar - Athletes as role models 

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Premkumar Senthilkumar - Athletes as role models 

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A role model is essentially someone you look up to and admire, someone whose behavior and success inspire you, especially if you're younger. Role models can have a profound impact on your values, education, and career choices. They can either be a positive force by encouraging you to set high goals, instilling good values, and offering mentorship, or they can lead you down a negative path if they exhibit harmful behavior or unrealistic expectations. When it comes to athletes as role models, there's always been a debate. Some, like Charles Barkley, argue that being a sports superstar doesn't automatically make you a role model, while others believe athletes have an incredible opportunity to influence the next generation positively. Good athlete role models exhibit qualities like enthusiasm, altruism, high moral values, community involvement, and empathy, but it's essential to remember that even they have imperfections, so it's wise not to get too attached to them as role models to avoid potential disillusionment; it's a great idea to consider a variety of role models from different fields and backgrounds for a more well-rounded perspective on life and values.
Sure, a role model is essentially someone you look up to and admire, someone whose behavior and success inspire you, especially if you're younger. Role models can have a profound impact on your values, education, and career choices. They can either be a positive force by encouraging you to set high goals, instilling good values, and offering mentorship, or they can lead you down a negative path if they exhibit harmful behavior or unrealistic expectations. When it comes to athletes as role models, there's always been a debate. Some, like Charles Barkley, argue that being a sports superstar doesn't automatically make you a role model, while others believe athletes have an incredible opportunity to influence the next generation positively. Good athlete role models exhibit qualities like enthusiasm, altruism, high moral values, community involvement, and empathy, but it's essential to remember that even they have imperfections, so it's wise not to get too attached to them as role models to avoid potential disillusionment; it's a great idea to consider a variety of role models from different fields and backgrounds for a more well-rounded perspective on life and values.

Some possible approaches are:
- What is the historical perspective on athletes as role models, and how has it evolved over time?

- How do different demographic groups, such as parents, educators, young people, and sports fans, perceive athletes as role models?

- What qualities and behaviors are typically associated with positive role models, and how do athletes match up to these expectations?

- To what extent should athletes be held responsible for the behavior and actions of their fans, especially younger ones who look up to them?

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The term role model is defined as "a person whose behavior, example, or success is or can be emulated by others, especially younger people" ( Random House Dictionary). Accordingly, a brain surgeon or airline pilot can be a role model for similarly motivated boys and girls. Role models may have a considerable impact on a person's values, education, and chosen training objectives. For example, they have been shown to have significant effects on female students' self-confidence in pursuing careers in science, technology, engineering, and mathematical (STEM) fields.
What about sports stars as role models?
There's a history of speculation and argument about athletes taking on the status of role models. In 1993, Nike ran a ground-breaking TV commercial from early April through the end of the NBA playoffs. The ad featured Charles Barkley proclaiming "I am not a role model." At the time, he was a superstar hoopster for the Phoenix Suns, and his comment generated quite a stir, as he staunchly defended his position.
What was so controversial about what "Sir Charles" said?
He emphasized that athletes' ability to make baskets or catch touchdown passes has nothing to do with being a role model. That is, having sporting ability doesn't automatically qualify a person to be a role model. Rather, Barkley believed that's a job for parents. I agree and would include teachers and coaches who spend a huge amount of time with kids and influence their upbringing and future success.
Like it or not, our society has a strong dependence on athletes as role models for children and adolescents.
Athletes are role models whether or not they choose to take on the responsibility, and whether they are good or bad role models. But athlete "hero worship" wasn't always as prevalent as it is today. There was a time when others served as America's role models (civic leaders, clergy, legal and medical experts, etc.). It might be argued that the shift reflects decay in our nation's moral standards.

On the other hand, some exceptional athletes have important messages for their fans. For example, former heavyweight boxing champ Lennox Lewis made a significant contribution to youngsters' understanding of appropriate masculine behavior, when he made a public service announcement that "Real men don't hit women." The point is clear: Athletes have an incredible opportunity to use their celebrity power to positively influence the next generation.
What are the qualities that make an athlete a good role model?

Enthusiastic about being a role model. The athlete welcomes the platform for promoting positive societal change-a willing crusader for good.

Altruistic mission. The athlete uses the position to share messages of inspiration and hope-a selfless drive to benefit others.

Makes a commitment to behaving in ways that reflect high moral values. The athlete acts in ways that support personal integrity.

Presents himself or herself in a realistic and responsible manner. "I'm not a role model because I'm a superstar jock, but because I'm a great person." The athlete also helps fans realize that he or she isn't perfect. After all, role models are only people with weaknesses and flaws. They're not immaculate idols.

Freely devotes time and energy to community activities. The athlete makes appearances at neighborhood events, serves on local boards, works with charity organizations, etc.

Champions a mastery goal orientation. The athlete focuses on personal effort and accomplishments instead of making comparisons with others. In a sense, mastery-oriented people compare themselves with themselves. They can feel success and satisfaction when they have learned something new, seen skill improvement in themselves, or given maximum effort. Legendary UCLA basketball coach John Wooden captured the essence of a mastery orientation in his famous definition of success: "Success is peace of mind which is a direct result of self-satisfaction in knowing you made the effort to do the best of which you are capable." (For more information, see my Psychology Today post titled "How to Be a Winner.")

Possesses a keen sense of empathy. The athlete has the capacity to share or recognize emotions experienced by others. Empathy involves putting yourself in other people's shoes and seeing how much you can truly understand them. It includes caring for others and having a desire to help them. Empathy motivates pro-social behavior designed to aid in solving communal challenges. As emphasized by Stephen R. Covey, author of The Seven Habits of Highly Effective People, "When you show empathy toward others, their defensive energy goes down, and positive energy replaces it. That's when you can get more creative in solving problems."

Displays a healthy balance between striving for excellence and having fun in the process. The athlete promotes the virtues of working hard to achieve goals and the importance of enjoying the journey.

A word of caution is warranted.
Youngsters who believe their sports heroes are the most fantastic people in the world and can do no wrong are vulnerable to disappointment. Why? Because examples of fallen stars are many, such as Alex Rodriguez and Lance Armstrong who admitted to the use of performance-enhancing drugs. When a revered athlete goes astray, it can create disillusionment and even trauma. So, here's the bottom line: Kids shouldn't be allowed to become too attached to athletes as role models.

Learn more about parenting and coaching young athletes here.

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What are the qualities that make an athlete a good role model?

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Sponsorship worth of professional tennis players worldwide as of July 2019(in million U.S. dollars)

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Andrew Wan - The Harsh Reality Behind How Much Tennis Players Make

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Andrew Wan - The Harsh Reality Behind How Much Tennis Players Make

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In individual sports like tennis, wealth is often concentrated at the very top. For star players like Roger Federer and Rafael Nadal, sponsorships and tournament winnings add up to millions of dollars every tournament. However, for players outside of the top 100, is is difficult to break even and make a decent salary, considering expenses like travel costs and coaches.

Possible approaches:
- Impact of sponsorships in sports
- Prize pool balance between top and bottom
- Competitiveness of sports environment
- Sustainability of professional careers

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Statistics on depressive symptoms by sport & gender in NCAA (National Collegiate Athletics Association) division 1 athletes.

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Lily Sanchez - Mental health (depression) in sports, especially amongst gender.

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Lily Sanchez - Mental health (depression) in sports, especially amongst gender.

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- Women in sports are about 2x more likely to experience depressive symptoms than men in sports.
-  How some specific sports are more likely to be clinically depressed. (EX: female track and field athletes have highest prevalence of clinically relevant depressive symptoms)

Approaches to this topic:
- Looking into possible stressors unique to the athletic experience (EX: Injuries related to their sport, overtraining, & high-pressure expectations injuries).
- What sports have higher prevalance of bad mental health?
- Stigmas against mental health (why don't most athletes seek out help?)
+ EX: Bad mental health = sign of weakness.
- How do leagues support athletes with mental health?
+ Are there any resources for their athletes?
- How is mental health a barrier to an athlete's performance?

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Audrey Jacobs - Eating Disorders in Athletes

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Audrey Jacobs - Eating Disorders in Athletes

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Eating disorders in athletes is a critical and often overlooked issue that demands more attention, especially in young athletes competing in collegiate sports. For this topic, it's essential to understand the challenges athletes face when they strive for peak performance and the possible ways to address these concerns. This article addresses cyclist Shannon Malseed problems with nutrition  after winning her first Australian National Road Race Championships .

Possible approaches:
1. Pressure to Perform : Intense pressure to excel in sports can contribute to eating disorders. Athletes may resort to extreme dieting and exercise to meet performance expectations.

2. Body Image Idealization: athletes are often idolized for their physiques, creating an unrealistic ideal body image, which can lead to a distorted self-image and unhealthy behaviors.

3. Peer Influence and Team Culture:

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hen cyclist Shannon Malseed stood atop the podium, victorious after winning her first Australian National Road Race Championships in 2018, she was grinning with the taste of success and the leanest she had ever been. But on the inside, Malseed was hurting, and often starving hungry.

"I just thought that that's what I needed to do to be the best," Malseed says about her gruelling training and eating plans which developed into an unhealthy relationship with food. It was fuelled, she says, by a culture of restrictive eating amongst competitive cyclists driven to drop weight to boost their performance, and reinforced by offhand comments from coaching staff. "I thought, maybe you just have to cope with these things. Maybe this is how it is."

But soon after her national title, Malseed's performance went downhill. Years of training and eating only the bare minimum caught up with her in her first year of professional racing. "I couldn't finish races. I couldn't stay with the peloton; I was getting dropped all the time," she says. Then she started breaking bones.

"I realised that didn't love the sport anymore," says Malseed, who is now retired. "I didn't want to sacrifice my body anymore, my mental health and my relationships."

What Malseed experienced was a condition known as low energy availability that can, and did, escalate into a syndrome called relative energy deficiency in sport, or Red-S. It is a mismatch between an athlete's energy intake and energy output that means little energy is left to fuel their body's essential needs.

Frequent illness, sluggish recovery, low iron levels and fatigue are common warning signs of the condition. Women might also have disrupted menstrual cycles or lose their periods. Red-S is often seen in endurance athletes and weight-classed sports, such as rowing, where it can quickly derail performance and sporting careers.

"It can affect female and male athletes in any sport, at any time," says Dr Kimberley Wells, a sport and exercise medicine registrar. But it is usually not until athletes are confronted with serious injuries, such as broken bones and stress fractures, that they realise something is amiss, Wells says.

Female athletes like Malseed have also had to reckon with power dynamics and toxic cultures in elite sports that normalise extreme diets and equate low weight with better performance. "Often an athlete is driven to think about their performance now and not their health, later," says Wells.

Shannon Malseed at the Santos Women's Tour in 2018. Photograph: Kei Tsuji/Getty Images

However, an energy imbalance leading to Red-S can occur in many different scenarios, not only with disordered eating, says dietitian Louise Burke, professor of sports nutrition at the Australian Catholic University.

Athletes may at times - after injury or an off-season, for example - need to lose weight or intensify their training, but they could be doing so in a way that is too fast or too extreme. "Sometimes the eagerness to get results means the energy restriction is much greater than the body is happy to handle," Burke says. Athletes may also face financial hardship and simply cannot afford to buy the food they need to eat, she says.

In a recent study of Australian athletes, Burke and her colleagues at the Australian Institute of Sport found that across eight sports and 112 female athletes, nearly 40% of the group had between two and three symptoms of Red-S, and some showed signs of mental illness.

But many cases go unrecognised, says Burke, especially in male athletes and because the stigma surrounding disordered eating discourages people from seeking help. "What we're trying to do now is to de-stigmatise it," Burke says, "to recognise that [low energy availability] exists in many forms, and it can be managed well [to help athletes] meet their goals, in a safer way."

Sports dietitian Jessica Rothwell, a former racewalker and current national high performance nutrition lead for Athletics Australia, says that with the right nutrition, athletes can continue to train consistently, unhampered by injury or illness, to bring about training adaptations and body composition changes that lead to good performance.

But managing energy needs and exercise can be challenging for junior athletes who might not have access to the same nutritional support as elite athletes, she says. These young contenders may also idealise the ultra-lean bodies of senior competitors before understanding that maintaining peak body composition year-round is often unsustainable.

Former racewalker Jessica Rothwell. Photograph: Matt King/Getty Images

"What I wish I had known," says Rothwell, "is how to periodise your training and nutrition across various training periods, how much food you actually needed to eat and what that looks like practically, particularly at that junior level."

Rothwell says it can be a fine line for athletes between optimising peak body composition and falling into a chronic state of low energy availability so education is key, especially through puberty, adolescence, and in their transition from junior to senior sport. "It's really about helping them to understand how to fuel their bodies, and how to do it properly" to optimise health and performance, and to prevent injury and illness, she says.

Sports professionals and coaches also need to be clear on the rationale for assessing and monitoring body composition, to ensure the athlete is not placed at any risk, Rothwell says.

Wells, a former professional cyclist herself, says "old-school thinking" that blames food intake or perceived excess weight as a reason for poor performance still persists in sport.

But sporting bodies are trying to address the issue with education programs such as the AIS' female performance and health initiative, led by Dr Rachel Harris. The initiative supports research into optimal athlete performance and has education modules for athletes, coaches, parents and support staff to raise awareness of female-specific health considerations.

However, Wells says some sports have more funding and education than other codes, so knowledge of Red-S still varies between sports. And according to Wells and Rothwell, the syndrome is also common amongst recreational athletes who would not identify as elite but whose energy requirements are significant all the same.

"There are a lot of people running around in the community, who are low in energy and it's leaching strength from their bones, it's affecting their fertility," says Wells. "Unfortunately, the consequences of doing that show up years down the track. But once it reaches that point, it is really hard to intervene to get back what you lost."

Malseed turned things around with the support of a dietitian and sports physician. But she says most elite cyclists are focused on making quick gains to win races without contemplating the lifelong consequences of their extreme training and eating habits.

"To try and come back from the detriment that you've put on the body and your mind takes a lot longer [than dropping weight to get results]," says Malseed. "It takes a bloody long time to heal."

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Eating disorders and energy deficiency: athletes straddle fine line in pursuit of goals | Clare Watson

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A mismatch between energy intake and output can lead to long-lasting health consequences and elite sport is just the tip of the iceberg, experts say

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Mexican Liga MX team "America" welcomes their newest transfer player Kevin Alvarez. 

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In major soccer leagues, there's such a thing as transferring players or "selling" players to other clubs or leagues. Players are transferred because they are doing poorly, or they are doing exceptional, and in some cases, to get a contract with higher pay. In the case of Kevin Alvarez, the soccer team America "bought" him from his debut team Pachuca because he was doing exceptionally well. Although not confirmed, fans speculate that he was offered more money to leave.

Some possible approaches are:

- Effects on soccer players (mental health, self improvement)
- Effects on national teams
- Effects on clubs
- Effects on fandoms (how does this change fans perspective of a team or a player?)

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Addie Brandt - Sports and the Environment

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Addie Brandt - Sports and the Environment

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This paper explores the impacts that sports have on the environment, particularly from a waste management perspective. Some possible categories could be the
1. far reaching influence of sports culture - possibility of positively influencing ppl's opinion on the environment (social)
2. waste that fans/players produce (single use plastics, travel...etc)
3. sports facilities - disruption of ecosystems, water and energy use

- "estimates that the four major professional leagues (NFL, MLB, NBA, NHL) generate approximately 35,000 metric tons of carbon dioxide (CO2) each year from their fans’ waste activities alone"(1)
- "With construction costs that reach over $1 billon, facilities’ monthly utility bills can exceed $200,000 with annual consumption at over 23 million kW" (1)
- "Aside from the obvious environmental benefits, weaving sustainability into the franchise brand and products allows environmental initiatives to be leveraged for product differentiation; this is especially important as competition for fans’ attentions and dollars remains fierce"(2)

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Javier “Chicharito” Hernandez, a professional soccer player, is shown praying before a soccer match, something he is said to always do before a match.

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Somara Oliva- Superstitions, Rituals, and Habits in Sports

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Somara Oliva- Superstitions, Rituals, and Habits in Sports

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Athletes have their own set of rituals and superstitions that may help them perform better, or that speak success into existence, in a way. I was curious about athletes’ strict habits and how they can affect them professionally and personally. I was interested in knowing how important these steps are in their routine and how bad, if at all, it would throw them off if they were to not follow their routine.

Some approaches:

Superstitions and rituals that athletes have before an important game or event

The meaning behind these superstitions

Do they work?

Habits that athletes also endure to maximize their performance

Diets

Workouts

Pressure

Strict habits impact the athlete

Maybe how they view themselves or their skills

Implications the habits can project onto the athlete

How/Can they affect their teammates?

How do these habits affect their social life?

What happens if they don’t do them?

What are the psychological aspects?

Placebo effect?

Manifesting?

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Many sports combine athleticism with artistry, such as dressage, figure skating, rhythmic gymnastics, and synchronized swimming. Choreography and artistic presentation are central to their competitions. Cooperation and synchronization are also crucial.

Some potential research topics:

Performance art and sports: similarity, connection

Art and competition (more general)

Messages through artistic gestures: athletes may use choreography to represent their culture or address social and political issues

Collaboration and interdependence: individual skills and talents are essential, but the synergy and coordination within a group ultimately lead to success.

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Devin Mason- College Athlete Compensation Beyond Scholarship

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Devin Mason- College Athlete Compensation Beyond Scholarship

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The pay of college athletes has always been a controversial topic. With the addition of NIL to the very few ways college athletes can get paid, superstar athletes at these big Power 5 colleges are making loads of money from sponsorships, endorsements, and even social media posts. The problem arises when talking about the athletes who are not as popular, or may have a fraction of the followers a popular player does. The companies looking to sponsor athletes are looking for ones with a large following that will generate revenue for the company. There is a lot of money for players to make in the NIL space and being a superstar could get you paid. As an athlete with a little less influence NIL is an option that is a little less popular. Whether it is because companies don't reach out or you send them a proposal and there is no response. With income sources not being diverse for student athletes it makes it very hard for players to make any money. Here are some approaches you can take as to why college athletes should receive some type of compensation.
-College athletes, particularly those in high-revenue sports like football and basketball, generate substantial income for their universities and the NCAA through ticket sales, television contracts, merchandise, and sponsorships. These athletes often spend a significant amount of time training and competing, which can make it challenging to hold part-time jobs to support themselves. Offering additional compensation acknowledges their contribution to the revenue stream and provides a more equitable distribution of the income they help generate.
-College athletes often have schedules that rival or even exceed those of full-time jobs. They must balance their academic responsibilities with rigorous training, practice sessions, and competition. Providing additional compensation can help them cover the costs associated with their sport, such as travel expenses, specialized equipment, and the physical costs associated with playing college sports.
-Offering additional compensation can provide an opportunity for college athletes to learn valuable life skills, such as budgeting and financial management. Many athletes do not have the time to work part-time jobs while in college, so financial education can be especially important as they transition to the professional world

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Matthew W- The Positive Impacts that Sporting Events have on the Economy

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Matthew W- The Positive Impacts that Sporting Events have on the Economy

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1. Economic Stimulus: Large sporting events can provide a significant economic stimulus to the host region. They attract tourists, spectators, and participants from around the world, leading to increased spending on accommodation, transportation, food, and entertainment. Local businesses, such as hotels, restaurants, and shops, often experience a surge in revenue during these events. (FIFA World Cup in NZ 2023)

2.  Infrastructure Development: Preparing to host a major sporting event typically involves significant infrastructure development. Host cities and regions invest in building or upgrading stadiums, transportation networks, hotels, and other facilities. These investments not only enhance the event experience but also leave a lasting legacy by improving the area's overall infrastructure and attractiveness for future development and tourism. (RWC NZ 2011)
3. Increased International Exposure: Hosting a major sporting event provides an opportunity for a host city or country to showcase itself on the international stage. This exposure can lead to increased tourism, foreign investment, and trade opportunities. Positive media coverage and global attention can also enhance the region's image and reputation, which can have long-term economic benefits. (CWC New Zealand 2015)

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Brian Kim - Rehabilitation techniques in sports

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Brian Kim - Rehabilitation techniques in sports

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A lot of injuries happen when athletes frequently play in a competitive environment. As more athletes continue to frequently play, there is most likely a high chance that in one of those careers, they would get an injury. Rehabilitation is a way to combat sports injuries and to reduce the injury in happening again. This practice enables doctors and medical professionals to help athletes recover through non-strenuous methods.

Approaches to this topic:
- How does this practice both benefit doctors and athletes?
- What types of therapy methods do doctors use?
- What makes a difference of doing rehab and not doing a rehab?
- How did this practice evolve through time?
- Are there different rehab techniques that medical professionals use to children and adult athletes?

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The image above shows the University of Alabama baseball coach, Brad Bohannon, who was fired for suspicious wagering activity. The legalization and regulation of sports gambling have raised concerns about its impact on the integrity of sports. This phenomenon has led to match-fixing and corruption, addiction and financial problems, and crime and illegal activities.

A few approaches to take to this topic:
-  Inherent association of sports and corruption
- Individual identity and how this drives mental health problems
- Education and Awareness
- Addiction and extreme impact on financial problems
- Match-fixing and loss of integrity within sports

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Maanya Pagare - Sports and their socio-economic contexts

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Maanya Pagare - Sports and their socio-economic contexts

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Looking into the socio-economic history behind several popular sports can be an interesting endeavour. The image above depicts a variant of a cricket, called gully cricket. I feel like this image is appropriate for my topic as it shows one of the reasons why cricket is such a popular sport today - its ease. Some approaches I've found interesting are :

The relationship between income levels and the sports they play - is there a trend?

What classifies a sport as elite?

What makes a sport popular?

How can we attribute a sports popularity to its socio-economic factors?

How easy/difficult is it for sports to make it to the mainstream?

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Lia Thomas is a biological male who transitioned to be a female and has been competing in female swimming. They went from 65th on the men's team to 1st on the women's team in the 500-yard freestyle, and 554th on the men's team to 5th on the women's team in the 200-yard freestyle. There is a very large controversy over whether athletes like Lia should be able to compete with the opposite sex and if they make the sport unfair.

Approaches:

Study the effects of hormone replacement therapy on athletic performance, and investigate the differences between male and female performance

Examine the ethical balance between fairness and inclusivity and explore arguments both for and against the inclusion of transgender athletes in sports

Investigate the potential for new or revised sporting categories

Understand the mental health aspects of transgender individuals in sports, like experiences of discrimination, acceptance, and body image

Research the policies of major sporting bodies, like the International Olympic Committee or NCAA, and their stance on transgender athletes (could also look at legal challenges transgender athletes face)

Examine how media represents transgender athletes and the effects of that representation, and include how transgender inclusivity might affect sports' economics, like sponsorships and viewers

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The red areas on the bottom figures are the lesions.

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Source: https://www.clearvuehealth.com/cte/football/

Shockingly, a 2017 study found that 99% of the brains donated by NFL players had signs of chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE). This disease is caused by repetitive concussive blows to the head and results in brain lesions that cause behavioral changes like depression, aggression, and dementia-like symptoms. The above chart shows the percentage of brains affected by CTE at different levels of football, showing that even people as young as 15/16 could be affected by this incurable, progressive neurodegenerative disease. Researchers also cannot confirm that a patient has CTE until they autopsy their brain meaning that there is potential for misdiagnosis which could lead to emotional and mental stress for the patients and their families because they have unexplainable symptoms that do not respond to treatments.

Ways this topic could be approached:

Exploring who gets CTE based on: sport, age, race, gender, etc.

What do the current precautions against CTE look like (helmets, padding, rules)? What future precautions are people working on (better equipment, testing, therapeutics)?

How are patients and families affected by the disease (NYT)?

How are leagues responding to this data?

How are players responding? What can player input about CTE tell us about their attitudes, beliefs, fears about CTE?

How do they respond to serious/fatal injuries on the field (Tua Tagovailoa, Damar Hamlin)?

How are children/teenagers with still developing brains affected by CTE? How does that affect them later in life?

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This is the free merch people would receive by simply attending the games.

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Anthea - Chengdu FISU World University Games gives citizens merch.

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Anthea - Chengdu FISU World University Games gives citizens merch.

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Citizens started receiving one of 20 different merch and gift packages from the Chengdu FISU committee. One of them (shown in the video) included a booklet full of useful English phrases to use with foreigners, a skipping rope, and fans for the hot summer. It shows how sports committees are trying to improve their public relationships and perhaps decrease public outcry for disruption of certain activities. They also made all games free to watch for locals in Chengdu. Contrasted with the unaffordable ticket prices during the Olympic games, this seems like a great way to incorporate the whole city into participating in the games.

A few approaches to this topic are:
- How have sports games developed with all the protests surrounding their oppression of citizens during the process?
- Why were the Chengdu games so inclusive of foreigners and why was the government willing to spend so much money to gift their citizens?
- What makes Chengdu different from other Chinese cities like Beijing or Shenzhen that also recently held international sporting events?

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Alani Reynoso- Social Status: Youth Participation in Sport

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Alani Reynoso- Social Status: Youth Participation in Sport

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This chart from the Sports & Fitness Industry Association shows youth participation in sport and how:

Gender, income, and to a lesser extent race, are significant predictors of participation

The income gap increase between 2012 and 2020

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Reasons for low participation:

Lack of access to facilities, and transportation

Cost of the equipment needed to play a sport, as well as registration fees and actually having to pay to play

Ex: 1 time registration fee vs reoccurring fees

How much a sport is presented: for example rec. leagues and sports such as baseball, basketball, and soccer are more accessible

Time and Commitment: Often times students have to take care of family obligations or part time jobs

Joining sports at a younger age gives you an advantage of being able to be in sports for the long term

Possible approaches:

Is participation in youth sport equal between lower and higher income households?

Are disparities simply about different financial means?

How has the supply of youth sport in the U.S. changed from years past?

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Injuries in youth sports have become increasingly common over the past few decades. As more and more children participate in competitive sports at younger ages, there has been a rise in overuse and traumatic injuries. Doctors and medical professionals have sounded the alarm about this trend, arguing that steps need to be taken to protect young athletes.

Some possible approaches to this problem are:
- overspecializing in one particular sport (leads to overuse of the same muscles)
- competitiveness, winning over safety (athletes continuing to play on an injury)
- helicopter parents/coaches

Some possible solutions to consider:
- diversification of sports (playing multiple sports that work out different muscles)
- improved protocols and regulations
- longer implications in social/mental developments (cte/role in relationships)

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My picture from an As game where fans all wore "Sell the Team" t-shirts to protest changing the owner of the A's to someone who would keep the team in Oakland. 

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Amara McEvoy - Oakland Athletics Leaving Oakland

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Amara McEvoy - Oakland Athletics Leaving Oakland

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- The Oakland A's, GS Warriors, and Las Vegas Raiders were all Oakland teams, and all plan to leave or have already left Oakland.
- Common denominator of having money-hungry billionaire owners who don't care about Oakland, the people, or the fans.
- Issues that come up when sports teams leave primarily BIPOC and low-income cities like Oakland:
- money from the teams can no longer be fed into Oakland communities
- no local professional role models for Oakland youth to look up to, be mentored by
- Oakland youth already struggle with early introductions to violence and drug use so removing sports as an activity to watch and be encouraged to do is detrimental to an already persistent issue
- recreational sports facilities should replace these now vacant lots but instead, there's probably just going to be new expensive housing, condos, a mall, or something ridiculous and not beneficial to the community

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JL Paniangvait - Controversies in Formula 1 Racing

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JL Paniangvait - Controversies in Formula 1 Racing

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The article discusses how the time they describe as the "golden age" for Ferrari in Formula 1 was also when there was the largest number of casualties due to racing on the race track. This prompted me to think about a few topics or approaches this topic can be thought about surrounding the controversies that could be raised about the culture of Formula 1 racing:
- the controversy and the balancing act the car developers have to make the car safe but still make it fast to beat competitors / how much of the safety of drivers are the engineers willing to compromise
- mental health of drivers having the pressure to constantly outperform and having to put the pressure of the expectations of so many people behind the scenes to you performing well on the race
- for rookies to perform well, rookies who get placed on a team to perform well in fear of not getting dropped
- the stress of being moved between teams, being promoted to a team, not performing well enough, and then being demoted again
- drivers feeling bad if the car is being developed in a way that is more specifically tailored for one of the racers more than the other

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The image above shoes a football stadium in disrepair after football hooligans rioted after a game. Football hooliganism is the term used to describe the rioting and violence by football fans in association with the game. This phenomenon has claimed many lives and almost always results in significant injuries of fans.

A few approaches to take to this topic:
- Group identity and how this drives violence
- Fandom and extreme significance of sports in fans' lives
- Nationalism and patriotism
- Comparison between fans of football compared to other sports
- Inherent association of sports with violence