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- One of the oldest

- Also known as the Sanskrit literature

- the first record emerged more than 4000 years ago in the countries of India and some regions of Pakistan

Major Themes: Wisdom, Religion, Worship, Social Norms

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Sanskrit: “Arranger” or “Compiler”

Also known as Krishna Dvaipayana

The central and revered sage who is also credited for writing several significant scriptures, such as the collection of legendary and didactic poem Mahabharata.

He was also a mentor of the descendants of Shantanu and best friend of Arjuna as mentioned in the epic.

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He is the author of the great Indian epic Ramayana.

He is considered as the first poet of

India or Adi Kavi of Sanskrit Literature.

He was born along the banks of the Ganges in ancient India to a sage by the name of Prachetasa.

His birth name was Ratnakara. He apparently got lost in the jungles as a child and was found by a hunter who raised him as his own son. When he grew up he became a hunter like his foster father but also took to being a bandit to supplement his livelihood. Once it so happened he met the Maharishi Narada and tried to rob him. However Narada convinced him of the evil of his ways and converted him into a 'Brahmarishi' or religious scholar. He narrated the story of Rama (Ramayana) to him and asked him to write it down for posterity. Ratnakara did penance for many years and an ant-hill grew around him.

Hence his new name 'Valmika' which in Sanskrit means an ant-hill. He came out of the anthill and penned the great epicsometime between the 4th and the 2nd century BC. "As long as there are rivers and mountains in the world, people will read the Ramayana."

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- The vast majority of the texts speak of gods and the benefits that men get when they are granted a favor from them. Likewise, they also relate the punishments they must assume for improper conduct. This reflects the importance of religious content.

- The elements that interact with man, both inanimate objects or not, have their own personality and qualities.

- The stories seek to leave some kind of value teaching for the reader.

- There is an intention to explain the origins of the world, so it is usual to find stories that talk about it.

- There is an accumulation of fantastic facts in which beings with supernatural and extraordinary qualities intervene.

- The protagonists of these stories have special and very unique features: they are gods or divine reincarnations, and they have great beauty, courage, and admirable moral behavior.

- There is an emphasis on the fact that the balance of the Universe depends on the respect that is given to all the living beings that live together. Any action taken against any of them will affect the next life.

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Exposition
Birth of the Pandavas and Kauravas brother in the kingdom of Hastinapur.

Rising Action
The tension between the Pandavas and Kauravas started to build as they argued about honoring and choosing the next ruler of the kingdom.

Climax
Pandavas have ended their 12 years of exile in Virata kingdom. They returned to Hastinapur yet Duryodhana refused which led to begin the Kurekshetra war for 18 days.

Falling Action
The Pandavas win the war against the Kauravas

Denouement
Years later, the only ones who survived were Yudhishthira and the dog, but later on, he then reached heaven along with his journey, he met his family including their cousins

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Yudhistira - eldest brother of Pandavas; first crown prince of the kingdom

Bhima - strongest and second brother among the 5 sons of Pandavas

Arjuna - the greatest warrior among the brothers; skilled archer

Nakula - fourth brother of Pandavas

Sahadeva - youngest brother of Pandavas

Draupadi - wife of the five Pandava brothers; a princess who is regarded as the most beautiful woman in the world.

Karna - the oldest Pandava brother but raised by his adoptive parent; fights alongside Duryodhana

Duryodhana - eldest brother of Kaurava; leader of the 100 (evil) sons of Dhritrashtra and Gandhari

Dushashana - second son of 100 sons of Kaurava

Dhritarashtra - father of the Kaurava brothers; blind king of Hastinapur

Kunthi - mother of the 5 Pandava brothers; wife of Pandu

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War

Love

Death

Family

Adventure

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“Victory comes to those who stay on the righteous path”

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This literary piece reminded us that "victory comes to those who stay on the righteous path." Sometimes people are driven to do bad things because of their greed and envy of others or of power. Let us be reminded that no evil deed prevails until the end and that being greedy and envious cannot do anything good for us; it can lead to our destruction. This literary piece proved that staying on the right path leads to victory because having pure intentions and being righteous is a powerful weapon. It wants us to understand that no matter what happens, we should always choose what is right, even if life and circumstances keep testing us.

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Exposition
An archery contest was held for the hunt of Sita. Rama won the contest and was declared as the future king.

Rising Action
Because of Kaikeyi's jealousy, she requested Rama to be exiled in the forest of Dandak and let her son be the regent king.\

Climax
Bharata followed Rama to convince him to return and be the king but he refused. So he took his brother's sandals as a proof that he is ruling in Rama's name.

Falling Action
A Raksha princess, Surpnakha, was rejected when she fell in love with Rama & Lakshmana. In revenge, Ravana sent a deer to tempt the the two brothers and stole Sita away.

Denouement
In the end of search, they successfully recovered Sita and returned to North India.

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Dasaratha - The King of Ayodhya. Dasaratha has three wives and four sons- Rama, Bharata, and the twins Lakshmana and Satrughna.

Rama - Dasaratha’s first born son, and the upholder of Dharma (correct conduct and duty). Rama, along with his wife Sita, have served as role models for thousands of generations in India and elsewhere.

Sita - Rama’s wife, the adopted daughter of King Janak. Sita was found in the furrows of a sacred field, and was regarded by the people of Janak’s kingdom as blessed child.

Bharata - Rama’s brother by Queen Kaikeyi. When Bharata learned of his mother’s scheme to banish Rama and place him on the throne, he put Rama’s sandals on the throne and ruled Ayodhya in his name.

Ravana - The 10-headed king of Lanka who abducted Sita, and known to be opponent of Rama.

Lakshmana - Rama’s younger brother from Dasaratha’s third wife, Sumitra. When Rama and Sita were exiled to the forest, Lakshmana followed in order to serve.

Surpnakha - The sister of Ravana, saw Rama and became impressed by his beauty. She transformed herself into a beautiful lady and went to Rama and asked him to marry her.

Hanuman - Who led an army of monkey and bears, and promised Sita that help would come soon. Who escaped through the use of his burning tail to set fire to all of Lanka.

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Romantic Love

Dharma

Brotherly Love

The conflict between good and evil

Loyalty

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1. Truth Triumphs - No matter how powerful evil is, it will always be defeated by Good. Truth always wins

2. Unity Can Overcome any Difficulty in Life - You should always stand by your family because when family is together you can win over any difficulty.

3. Relationships are valuable than money - Every relationship should be above than greed, anger or treachery.

4. Treat everyone equally - We should always treat everyone with equality and should not discriminate on the basis of status, sex, age, or cast.

5. We Should Always Keep Good Company - It is said that your company shapes you into a person you are.

6. Forgiveness is Greater Than Revenge - We should always keep a forgiving nature because - vengeance and revenge do not bring any good.

“Only the timid and the weak leave things to destiny, but the strong and the self-confident never bank on destiny or luck.” - Ramayana

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This literary piece reminded us that forgiveness is way better than vengeance. We human beings have a forgiving nature; even if other people cause us a lot of pain, we will always find a way to forgive. Some people might do bad things for us, but we always think that thinking of vengeance will not do us any good. Forgiveness should always prosper. As this story conveyed, forgiveness is the best revenge.