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Showed it was impossible to determine both the exact position and speed of electrons as they moved around an atom. His theory led to other theory's and led to more knowledge about atoms.

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He stipulated that electrons orbit the nucleus at fixed energies and distances, able to jump from one level to another, but not exist in the space between. His planetary model was proven to have flaws, as it was thought that electrons move in waves and not just one circular motion.

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To investigate atoms more closely, Rutherford shot small positively charged alpha particles at a sheet of gold foil. He concluded that atoms consisted largely of empty space with just a few electrons, while most of the mass was concentrated into the center, which became the nucleus.

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He discovered the electron, showed atoms as uniformly packed spheres of positive matter filled with negatively charged electrons.

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He showed that common substances always broke down into the same elements in the same proportions. He concluded that the various compounds were combinations of different elements each of a particular size and mass that could neither be created nor destroyed.