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PSNS and SNS ganglions and their neurotransmitters

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PREganglionic Nerve Fiber in SNS & PSNS -> ACh

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PREganglionic Nerve Fiber in SNS & PSNS -> ACh

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POSTgangalionic Nerve Fiber in SNS -> NE & Epi

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POSTgangalionic Nerve Fiber in SNS -> NE & Epi

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POSTganglionic Nerve Fiber in PSNS -> ACh

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POSTganglionic Nerve Fiber in PSNS -> ACh

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Nasal decongestant
Ocular decongestant

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Nasal decongestant

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Increase blood pressure

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Nasal decongestant
Increase blood pressure

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Bronchodilation, asthma, COPD

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Relief of urinary spasms, urgency, incontinence

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Antidote for cholinesterase

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Adrenergic Receptors -> Sympathomimetic & Sympatholytic

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Adrenergic Receptors -> Sympathomimetic & Sympatholytic

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Sympathomimetic:
>> Alpha-Adrenergic Drugs -> contract smooth muscle
>> Nonselective Beta-Adrenergic Drugs -> stimulate the heart &relax smooth muscle
>> Selective Beta-2 Adrenergic Drugs -> bronchodilators

Sympatholytic:
>>  Alpha-Adrenergic Blockers -> block alpha effects of NE & EPI
>> Nonselective Beta-Adrenergic Blockers -> block beta-1 & beta-2 effects of EPI
>> Selective Beta-1 Adrenergic Blockers -> block only beta-1 receptors
>> Adrenergic Neuronal Blockers -> reduce NE

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Alpha-1 Receptor -> Contraction of Smooth Muscle

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Alpha-1 Receptor -> Contraction of Smooth Muscle

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Organ + Response:
- Arteries & Veins => (Epi & NE) Vasoconstriction
- Iris Muscle => (Epi & NE) Pupil Dilation

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Alpha-2 Receptor -> Decrease Release of NE

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Alpha-2 Receptor -> Decrease Release of NE

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Organ + Response:
- Adrenergic Nerve Ending => (Epi & NE) Decrease Release of NE

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Beta-1 Receptor -> Stimulation of Cardiac Muscle

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Beta-1 Receptor -> Stimulation of Cardiac Muscle

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Organ + Response:
- Heart => (EPI) greater increase in HR, FOC, & atrioventricular conduction; (NE) moderate increase in HR, FOC, & atrioventricular conduction

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Beta-2 Receptor -> Relaxation of Smooth Muscle

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Beta-2 Receptor -> Relaxation of Smooth Muscle

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Organ + Response:
- Bronchiolar Smooth Muscle => (Epi) Bronchodilation
- Uterus => (Epi) Relaxation of Uterus
- Coronary & Skeletal Muscle + Blood Vessels => (Epi) Vasodilation

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Adrenergic Receptors include:
1) Alpha Receptors
a) Alpha-1 Receptors
- location: most arteries & veins; iris muscle (eye)
b) Alpha-2 Receptors
- location: adrenergic nerve ending
2) Beta Receptors
a) Beta-1 Receptors
- location: heart
b) Beta-2 Receptors
- location: bronchiolar (smooth muscle); uterus; coronary & skeletal muscle + blood vessels

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Cholinergic Receptors include:
1) Muscarinic Receptors
- location: cell membranes of visceral organs & glands
2) Nicotinic Receptors
a) Nicotinic-nerve (Nn) Receptors
- location: PSNS & SNS ganglia
b) Nicotinic-muscle (Nm) Receptors
- location: cell membranes of skeletal muscle

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Sympathetic Nervous System releases Norepinephrine (NE) & Epinephrine (Epi)

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Parasympathetic Nervous System releases Acetylcholine (ACh)

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Hitner, H. (2022). Pharmacology an introduction. McGraw-HillEducation.

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AKA: "fight or flight" system

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AKA: "rest and digest" system

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Organ + Response:
- GI Tract => increased GI motility & secretion
- Heart => decrease HR

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Cholinergic Drugs -> Direct-Acting & Indirect-Acting

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Cholinergic Drugs -> Direct-Acting & Indirect-Acting

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Direct-Acting Cholinergic Drugs:
bind to muscarinic receptors; increase GI secretion & motility, increase urinary tract function, pupil constriction, decrease HR, bronchoconstriction

Indirect-Acting Cholinergic Drugs:
inhibit acetylcholinesterase (allows accumulation of ACh at cholinergic receptor sites)

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Nicotinic-Neural (Nn) Receptor -> ACh released from preganglionic nerve endings

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Nicotinic-Neural (Nn) Receptor -> ACh released from preganglionic nerve endings

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Organ + Response:
- Autonomic Ganglia => Depolarization (leading to post ganglionic impulse)

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Nicotinic-Muscle (Nm) Receptor -> ACh released from somatic nerve ending to contract skeletal muscle

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Nicotinic-Muscle (Nm) Receptor -> ACh released from somatic nerve ending to contract skeletal muscle

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Organ + Response:
- Skeletal Muscle => contraction of sk. muscle