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William Kidd's "crew largely abandoned him to join pirate crews. Its significance here was the reaction of the English government,

which charged Kidd himself with piracy, suppressed evidence at his trial" Shows the thin line between privateering and pirating.

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Phillip II Religious motivations for Spanish Armada

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Phillip II Religious motivations for Spanish Armada

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Phillip II of Spain was enraged by the execution of Mary Queen of Scots as she was catholic but she was also the daughter of Catherine of Aragon who was the daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella. Phillip II vowed to attack England which first led to the idea of the Spanish Armada

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Elizabeth I was informed that the invasion (the Spanish armada) was near, Elizabeth declared to her troops, "I know I have the body of a weak feeble woman, but I have the heart and stomach of a king, and of a king of England, too"

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“Henry’s historians ‘traced’ (i.e., made up) his right to it back to Brutus of Trot, stating that his authority existed before Rome did” allowing for King Henry VIII's argument to become the supreme ruler of England

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“I know I have the body of a weak and feeble woman, but I have the heart and stomach of a king, and of a king of England, too.”

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"Kidd’s execution did not mark the end of English piracy but it did mark the beginning of an era in which uncontrolled piracy became bad for England’s imperial project. Quite the opposite had been true for the previous 200 years."

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"The tide in English fortunes turned when Elizabeth endorsed her official pirates, the sea dogs, to bring some of that wealth back to England."

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From the robber economy of Elizabeth’s sea dogs to the establishment of the Bank of England, piracy had served a purpose in the growth of the English Empire. The British Empire that emerged in 1707 was a new power that looked for legitimate policies to increase its standing. Piracy was no longer one of them.

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"From the robber economy of Elizabeth’s sea dogs to the establishment of the Bank of England, piracy had served a purpose in the growth of the English Empire."

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Richard Hakluyt argued that "if the pope could give Ferdinand and Isabella the right to occupy 'such islands and lands... as you may have discovered or are about to discover' outside Christendom, the English crown had a duty to 'enlarge and advance... the faith of Christ' on behalf of Protestantism; Spain's rested on Popery

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The British Empire was established on the back of pirates who enriched the Crown with Spanish treasure that funded the expansion of the Royal Navy.

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Growing up in a period of intense religious strife, his anti-Catholic sentiment was deeply ingrained. This antagonism aligned neatly with England’s policy of undermining Spanish dominance, especially as Philip II of Spain sought to suppress Protestantism across Europe. Dean Swift

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Sir Francis Drake - A protestant privateer

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Sir Francis Drake - A protestant privateer

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"A passionate Protestant, he came of age when the brand-new Reformation was still being threatened by the Catholic church."

Winchester

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1534 Henry VIII declares himself the "supreme head of the church of England"

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"However, an opportunity lay in the fact that Spain’s resources were floating across the Atlantic from its colonies. The tide in English fortunes turned when Elizabeth endorsed her official pirates, the sea dogs, to bring some of that wealth back to England"

Hetherington

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"The intentions of the Pope are ... to invade this realm (England), and to gain the Crown and the realm with its
wealth to devour it."

Elizabeth

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"He blew with his winds and they were scattered" - commemorative medal 1588

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In 1707 the British empire was at it's peak with a currency that dwarfed other European empires. Due to this more rouge pirates emerged than English privateers which was now a political and financial liability leading to Mary II and William III outlawing piracy to make a "new power that looked for legitimate policies to increase its standing". (Hetherington)

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"From the robber economy of Elizabeth’s sea dogs to the establishment of the Bank of England, piracy had served a purpose in the growth of the English Empire."

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"Their voyages took them to blank spaces on their maps. Recording what they found in these spaces contributed to future plans for British imperial expansion".

(Hetherington, 2021)

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"Some years the profit from privateering even exceeded the mid-16th century CE annual income of England".

(Cartwright, 2020)

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“Piracy was essential to the legal development of empire.”

-Lauren Benton

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“Elizabeth was a consummate politician, a ruler who understood that image, symbolism, and caution were as important as action.”

John Guy

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While privateering and piracy were legally different, in practice they were the same thing.

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"Piracy can be seen as a mercantilist policy"

(Hetherington, 2021)

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"The expansion of English control in the Caribbean relied on the security that English pirates provided." 

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"The expansion of English control in the Caribbean relied on the security that English pirates provided." 

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"The influx of money from the sea dogs' raiding led to an increase in the naval capacity of England, which ultimately helped to ward off the Spanish Armada in 1588"

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"The influx of money from the sea dogs' raiding led to an increase in the naval capacity of England, which ultimately helped to ward off the Spanish Armada in 1588"

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"The English government not only winked at Morgan's activity, but they actively encouraged it."

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"robbing the Spaniard thus became a matter of strategy"

Ferguson

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1533 was the legal foundation for the English Reformation. This made accepting papal authority, or following papal rulings in church, faith or other matters illegal.

"...this realm of England is an empire, and so hath been accepted in the world, governed by one supreme head and king"

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"In 1668 he (Morgan) attacked El Puerto del Principe in Cuba, Portobello in present day Venezuela"

Niall Ferguson

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"Encompassing Peru and Mexico, the wealthiest and most populous territories on the American continent."

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"Morgan and his fellow 'buccaneers' were thieves, trying to steal the proceeds of someone else's Empire."

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"The English government not only winked at Morgan's activity; it positively encouraged him"

Niall Ferguson

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"Since the time of Henry VII, Englishmen had dreamt of finding an 'El Dorado' of their own, in the hope that England too could become rich on American metals. Time and Time again they had drawn a blank."

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"Since the time of Henry VII, Englishmen had dreamt of finding an 'El Dorado' of their own, in the hope that England too could become rich on American metals. Time and Time again they had drawn a blank."

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Motivations for piracy, Niall Ferguson

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"full and free authority, faculty and power to sail to all parts, regions and coasts of the eastern, western and northern sea, under our banners, flags and ensigns"

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"England's conception of Empire was thus formed in reaction to that of her Spanish rival. England's empire was based on Protestantism; Spain's rested on Popery." ( Niall Ferguson. Empire)