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1. Affordances can only be realized "in the interaction between organisms and objects in the environment" (p. 48).
2. Affordances have to be consciously "perceived by the observer" (p. 48).
3. Affordances are stable, and have functional significance
3. Types enabled by learning environment:
Educational Affordances: Opportunities to learn and acquire knowledge (as a result of the learning resources, assessment tools, feedback mechanisms, design and structure of the learning environment).
Social Affordances: Opportunities to collaborate and interact in a social space, for eg: Group tasks, Discussion forums, Networking opportunities.
Technological Affordances: Functionalities that are accessible because of technology, such as, Personalization, and interactivity.
Linguistic Affordances: Opportunities for communication and practicing target language. For instance: Language support channels, and Multilingual resources.

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Focuses more on the immediate and direct relationship between individuals and their environment, focusing especially on how the environment provides/ offers opportunities for action based on an individual's potentiality.

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The term affordance was first coined by James J. Gibson (1979, 2013).

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1. Non linearity
2. Self organization
3. Emergence
4. Feedback Loops
5. The idea that a minute change in one aspect/part of the system can have effects throughout the entire system.
6. It highlights the interconnectedness and interdependence of factors/components within intricate systems.

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It aims to comprehend complex systems and how they exhibit emergent properties and behavior patterns, which is only possible to decode if studied in connection with each other.

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It is used in diverse fields to study phenomena like ecosystems, economic markets, social systems and the human brain.

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Originally originated in the works of Lev Vygotsky and was further furnished by Alexei Leontiev in the Soviet Union.

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A Russian American developmental psychologist, developed this theory in 1970s.

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Complex and Interactive systems that influence human development.
To do that, it takes into account the impact of various environmental factors like immediate context like family and school, to broader contexts like culture and society.

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Understanding human activities and how they are shaped and impacted by cultural, historical, and societal elements.
Aims to examine the interplay b/w individuals, their cultural context and the tools they use during activities.

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The theory proposes four ecological systems:
1. Microsystem (direct interactions experienced by the learner in a given setting)
2. Mesosystem ( Microsystems interacting )
3. Exosystem ( Indirect influences, for eg: relationship between school and educational system)
4. Macrosystem ( Cultural values and norms)

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This theory emphasizes on mediation, role of tools and artifacts in shaping activities, and the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD).
It even places strong emphasis on the social and cultural dimensions of human development.