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Education - Cheder (Jewish Primary School)

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Recreational activites - Jewish Marketplace

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This photo was also taken by Roman Vishniac sometime in the late 1920s to early 1930s, and it features a small German family as well as the latest transportation technology. Roman Vishniac was known for his outstanding photography work surrounding Jewish life and the Holocaust. This photo gives us a sense of how citizens got around the city. The two cabs in the back and the carrige on the right along with the car on the left shows that cars were a common form of transportation. The caption states that the family is walking towards a theatre named the Ufa-Palast movie theater in Berlin.
https://th-thumbnailer.cdn-si-edu.com/1MwlW-GLHuR_ZUDUNVntyHVadXM=/fit-in/1072x0/https://tf-cmsv2-smithsonianmag-media.s3.amazonaws.com/filer/08/99/0899acff-9403-451b-a156-4f850ce1f000/vishniac_german_family_waking_between_taxicabsedit.jpg

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In this picture taken by Roman Vishniac in Mukacevo, Ukraine, several schoolboys are enjoying what looks like time outside of school. Taken somewhere between the years 1935-38, these children are well dressed which is probably a requirement of their school uniform.
https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/see-jewish-life-before-holocaust-newly-released-digital-archive-180952582/

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In this picture, a Jewish family is photographed sitting on the side of a road. This picture seems to be more casual as we can see them smiling and relaxed. This is a picture of the Robinsohn family out on a walk in 1928. They were a German-Jewish family from Hamburg who fled from the Nazis in the 1930s. https://www.theholocaustexplained.org/life-before-the-holocaust/

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In this image, two Jewish actors are performing presumably in front of a crowd. This photo is posed as you can see the shadows from the flash and the quality is very good. This image comes from Roman Vishniac who made it his goal to photograph impoverished Jewish communities. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/see-jewish-life-before-holocaust-newly-released-digital-archive-180952582/

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This picture shows a group potrait at a Jewish Primary School before the war in Bratislava, the current capital of Slovakia. Not only were Jews educated in school, they were also educated in their religion. Bratislava operated a Jewish primary school as well as a religous school where students studied Biblical stories. German was spoken throughout the schools, and classes were as big as 200 students. https://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/exhibitions/communities/bratislava/images/before/education/04.jpg
https://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/exhibitions/communities/bratislava/education.asp

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Practicing Judaism Before The Holocaust Pt. 1

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Practicing Judaism Before The Holocaust Pt. 1

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Practicing Judaism in Europe before The Holocaust looked different for everyone. Most Jews were members of a Zionist or Anti-Zionist movement. It was common that Jews had differing political perspectives, or spoke a different language. Jews varied in economic status and cultural practices. One of the biggest disputes that the Jewish community faced was how to retalliate against the Nazi army and government after they took control of large amounts of land in Europe.
https://dsvfmvr182ibt.cloudfront.net/prod/uploads/2018/10/WL5353_1200x800_acf_cropped.jpg
https://perspectives.ushmm.org/collection/jewish-religious-life-and-the-holocaust

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Before the Holocaust, many songs were written by Jews. These songs were preformed in the Ghettos and in the camps. This picture features the Mandolin Orchestra of a Jewish school in Grodno, Poland, dated 1932. In Night, we later learn that some characters play instruments.
https://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/exhibitions/music/prewar.asp

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Practicing Judaism Before The Holocaust Pt. 2

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Practicing Judaism Before The Holocaust Pt. 2

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In this picture, you can see several Jews in a Synagouge lighting candles. Jews in Europe had been accepted for a long period of time before the Holocaust and before Diaspora. Jews had become comfortable with practicing their religion in news countries. Taken at USHMM.

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In this picture, it looks like a women's sports team poses for a photo before a game. They are uniformally dressed, and the woman in the front is holding a ball. This picture was taken in Southeastern Europe, most likely in Turkey. In Turkey, sports were common activities used to keep the youth entertained. Taken at USHMM. https://www.salom.com.tr/SalomTurkey/arsiv/haber/96861/once-upon-a-time-there-were-jews-in-ankara

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This picture features what looks like a farmer posing for a photo with his cow, which is dragging a plow. Small busniess owning was a common choice made my Jews. However, this was proved a bad decision, as Jewish companies were boycotted right before the start of World War 2. Taken at USHMM.

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In this picture, young Jewish children are featured. Children often finished school early to help out with family jobs like trade and craft. Some would go on to University.
Taken at USHMM.
https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/jewish-life-in-europe-before-the-holocaust

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Before the Holocaust, Jews valued education. In communist states, the value of education was valued by the Jewish community. Lessons taught at Jewish schools revolved around religion, leading to increased tension between the Jews and Nazi Germany and eventually restrictions.
Taken at USHMM
https://blog.nli.org.il/en/hungarian_schools/

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Jewish schools typically were much more formal than those of Eastern European schools.
Taken at USHMM.
https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/jewish-life-in-europe-before-the-holocaust

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In this picture, a barber gives another man a haircut. It was not unusual for Jews to own companies. Even in Night, Elie's parents owned a store. Typical jobs included farmers, tailors, seamtresses, factory workers, accountants, doctors, and teachers.
Taken at USHMM.
https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/jewish-life-in-europe-before-the-holocaust

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In this picture, many people are working in a factory that required several operators. Before the Holocaust, many women only knew how to do household jobs, but this expanded into more jobs like creating clothing or textiles. Forced to work in workshops, they later went on to provide these items for the German army. Taken at USHMM https://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/women-in-holocaust

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In this picture taken in Berlin in 1935, Jews gather at the Jewish Cultural Society to engage in creative such as music and acting. Due to anti-semitic laws, many Jews were displaced from the work force, but the Jewish Cultural Society provided them with a place to continue to enjoy their hobbies. Activies included theatrical performances, concerts, exhibitions, operas, and lectures. Several Jews were musically educated, similarly to how Juilek was a talented violinist in Night. Taken at USHMM.

https://holocaustmusic.ort.org/politics-and-propaganda/third-reich/berlin-judischer-kulturbund/

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This picture shows many Jewish boys getting excited for a sporting event. Jewish kids who were expelled from schools became participants in sports clubs. They were banned from playing sports in their former schools. Their uniform includes the Star of David on their chest. The flag in the background is the face of Theodor Herzl, the founder of the Zionist movement. Zionism was the movement that recreated Jewish prescence in Israel, but originated in Eastern Europe.
Taken at USHMM.

https://www.history.com/topics/middle-east/zionism

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This is a sewing machine that could have belonged to someone that sewed for a living. This is important because it helps people visualise what types of clothes Jewish people wore and who made those clothes.  Seamstresses were common for Jewish women living before the Holocaust.
Taken at USHMM.
https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/jewish-life-in-europe-before-the-holocaust

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In this picture, you can see several Jews in a Synagouge lighting candles. Jews in Europe had been accepted for a long period of time before the Holocaust and before Diaspora. Jews had become comfortable with practicing their religion in new countries. Judaism was practiced in Shtetls, or villages. In Synagouges across Eastern Europe, Yiddish was spoken, like how the characters of Night do. Special clothing was worn by Jews for worshipping.
Taken at UHSMM

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This oboe was played by a Jewish citizen named Kurt Michaelis before the Holocaust. The caption states that he was one of hundreds of Jews who participated in the Jewish Cultural Society in Berlin before it was shut down by the Nazi's. This suggests that many Jews found a sense of community, belonging, and happiness through music. As mentioned before, concerts were a common event that took place at the Jewish Cultural Society, and this oboe must have been played in the band or orchestra. Taken at USHMM.

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In this image, 5 athletes who run track and field smile for the camera before their event. This could possibly be the relay team that consisted of a Jewish roster. The large audience in the background indicates that this was a large sporting event, possibly The Olympics.
Taken at USHMM.

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In this image, a smaller town hosts a market that draws in a large amount of people. The chaos and unorganized feature of this image adds to the level of detail hinting that this was not a regular occurance. In Night, the narrators parents are shopkeepers. Taken at USHMM.

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Music and Performance - Orchestra at a Jewish School in Poland