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Write an individual response (~100 words total) to the reading, answering the question.

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Write an individual response (~100 words total) to the reading, answering the question.

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In your opinion: to what extent has Hong Kong’s urban density determined its level of sustainability?

Some guides:
1. Please create a post for your response by clicking + and add group number + your name as Subject (e.g. A1-Kaia Li)
2. Your answer will be released before workshop on Wednesday.
3. You are encouraged to read and like your classmate's answer, or leave comment to them.

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People always picture sustainability as the country sides, with sparse built environment. But in my opinion, Hong Kong's urban density has not determined its level of urban sustainability to a large extent.

On one hand, even though the urban density is a impedance to sustainability, for example by production of high levels of waste, but I also think that the high density has also provided some extra opportunities to counterbalance this through innovations

For Environmental sustainability, Hong Kong's density actually allows public transport to be the dominant way of commuting (e.g. MTR) due to sufficient demand supporting the maintenance of these transport routes, which in turn reduce the carbon emissions from transport.

For Economic sustainability, the development of new types of building typology such as platforms allows ease of access to shopping utilities, boosting the consumer industry in Hong Kong.

For Social sustainability, the demands of the population are also met more rapidly due to the larger voices of communities, which allow development of systems that match the needs of the population, such as the mini-bus systems.

Thus there is not a big hindrance caused by the urban density in Hong Kong to its level of sustainability.

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A high-rise high density urban community is well-matched term to describe the density level in Hong Kong. A denser metropolitan city can offer higher opportunities for sustainable action, and this is proven why Hong Kong is a famously livable city favored globally.

Only when a city has a well-developed sustainable development program can its citizens feel livable. Imagine crowded areas often appear everywhere including the streets or residential places, while usually smaller areas give a sense of people are unsafe and uncomfortable, but people in Hong Kong can still think that it's a livable place. This reflected that there are many sustainable actions such as creativity sustainable building or road planning techniques applied behind.

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After the first introduction of the concept of sustainable development in 1992, people often define it as environmental, economic, and social sustainability. I think Hong Kong’s high-rise high urban density structure, to a large extent, determines level of sustainability of Hong Kong.

Hong Kong is regarded as one of the most densely populated countries in the world, in which it determines the structure of public housing. From the H-blocks from 1950s to the Massive block in 1960s, the buildings were becoming much taller than ever before, thereby, a large population can be picked into a small area. This may sacrifice a fraction of land which is used for housing and commercial building. Yet, at the same time, it preserves a large percentage of green space. For social aspect, necessities are undoubtedly attainable by all citizen in Hong Kong as most population is centralized in certain area while most of the universal rights are ensured.

Although Hong Kong may arguably reach environmental and social sustainability, I don’t think it achieves the remaining. For economic aspect, Hong Kong is extremely depended on other country’s resources due to the lack of agriculture and industry.

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Hong Kong’s urban density determined its level of sustainability to a greater extent. High urban density offers several advantages for sustainability.
1. public transport, such as MTR, can be more economically viable and efficient under a higher urban density as public transport services can cover more populations. Thus, people are less reliance on private cars
2. More efficient land use. The more the population, the greater the demand for housing and infrastructure. Thus, society must find a way to house and serve many people with limited land resources. For example, the public housing
3. increase the economic opportunity

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Regarding the social level, the concentrated urban density intensifies housing inequality. Hong Kong’s high-density development widen the gap between dense central areas and sub-urban districts. High-income groups live on Hong Kong Island whereas low-income groups live in Kowloon or New Territories. Thus, ownership rates and number of rooms per person are higher with high-income residence.

Concerning the economic level, the high urban density generates high cost of living among residents. Currently many citizens live in relative proximity in cities which have an abundance of infrastructure and facilities. However, it comes with the living cost higher that is than in 96% of cities in the world.

Finally on the environmental level, the high urban density sacrificed natural resources for urban development. In Hong Kong, districts are separated by mountains, raising a need for faster public transport. Therefore, MTR and tunnel highways are constructed with forest clearing and reclamation being common.

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To a large extent that Hong Kong's urban density determined its level of sustainability. Hong Kong is a dense city with many skyscrapers, transport infrastructures, etc. These actually offer advantages such as efficient land use and transport systems. Hong Kong, therefore, operates more efficiently when residents live in denser urban surroundings and the level of sustainability is high. However, due to the high density of Hong Kong, it is less capable to plan and develop more elements that are beneficial to Hong Kong's sustainability. Therefore, Hong Kong is somehow relatively unsustainable.

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Hong Kong's urban density, in my opinion, determines its level of sustainability to a large extent.

When urban density rises, so does the demand for housing, sanitation, water, infrastructure, and education. With the increasing demand for the aforementioned, the Hong Kong government began to expand access to clean water and education, as well as provide housing that can accommodate the growing population. This demonstrates that Hong Kong's level of sustainability in clean water and sanitation, education and infrastructure is increasing, as all of the above were difficult to obtain prior to the population explosion.

However, with increased urban density, some aspects of sustainability, such as the environment, are sacrificed. More people require more energy and resources. In addition, reclamation is required in Hong Kong to address the housing shortage.

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As one of the most densely populated cities in the world – with one of its districts, Mong Kok, being the most densely populated place on Earth – Hong Kong is also estimated as one of the most sustainable cities worldwide and second in Asia. In the case of Hong Kong and many densely urbanised cities, high urban density allows an increase in efficiency and opportunities to strive for greater advancement in sustainability. These potential advantages include efficient land use, encouragement of less emissive transportation modes, and increased management in waste consumption.
However, urban density may also affect the level of sustainability of a densely populated city negatively to an extent. The increase in population correlates with an increase in material and resource consumption and potential greater environmental impacts which includes carbon dioxide emissions, waste production, and water consumption.

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To a large extent, Hong Kong urban density determined its level of sustainability. Since HK is a compacted city,numerous projects and programs are put into place to keep the environment livable.

Firstly, Hong Kong has a well-developed public transportation infrastructure in place, such the MTR. Economically speaking,it lowers the transport costs of moving goods, people and ideas. High passenger flow in the stations facilitates commercial activities(retailing,promotion etc),thus fosters the economic development. For the environmental aspect, MTR cuts down the use of private cars which reduces the pollutants and land pressure. Tunnel highways prevent traffic congestion and reduce the emission of pollutants.

Secondly, sustainable land use planning are carried out by the government. For instances, urban renewal(Redevelopment,Revitalisation,Rehabilitation ),reclamation,rezoning of lands etc. Many measures are being taken to provide a good living environment for Hong Kong residents.

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Being an area with high population density, it can be seen that Hong Kong’s level of sustainability is greatly affected by its urban density. With the increasing housing demand, not only is the population simply looking for a place to stay, but also the essential aspects of achieving a quality life. As such, the high demand of quality education, improved sanitation, clean water, and accessible public transportation have allowed Hong Kong to develop into a dense, yet one of the most sustainable cities in Asia. However, with the fast growing population, issues such as affordable housing, excess waste, and deforestation also arise. Hence, it is clear that Hong Kong’s urban density determines its level of sustainability to a great extent as it affects not only on an economic scale, but also on a social and environmental scale.

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In my opinion, to a small extent has Hong Kong’s urban density determined its level of sustainability. Due to the limited land supply  along with soaring population in Hong Kong, many skyscrapers that are densely built exist in the city. On one hand, this worsens the public health of Hong Kong people as they have to always live in a cramped area where they are unable to move or exercise freely. On top of that, the existence of high-rise buildings worsen the air quality in the city. The natural scenery is being blocked and residents are unable to smell the fresh air in a cramped community.

On the other hand, Hong Kong’s urban density also facilitates the transportation of citizens. To illustrate, it is more economical and convenient for Hong Kong people to travel around the city in a blink of an eye with the use of public transport such as bus, minibus, MTR and so on so forth. Moreover, the limited land can be used in a more efficient way for different purposes such as residential, commercial etc. In a nutshell, there are both upsides and downsides for Hong Kong’s urban density and that’s why to a small extent has Hong Kong’s urban density determined its level of sustainability.

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Places that are more dense have to efficiently manage and organize their space for different functions and facilities, such as energy systems, as they can become more efficient in denser spaces (ex. Decentralized energy systems). Through the influx of refugees and increasing populations, Hong Kong has become more dense verticality, which provides room for efficient transportation options (mtr, trams, taxis). However, despite having a higher urban density, Hong Kong’s green space presence is relatively high, thus contributing to biodiversity and cleaner air.

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Hong Kong's urban density has largely determined its level of sustainability.

First, well connected infrastructure and high degree on using public transportation shows higher effectiveness in terms of transportation, logistics. For example, well developed infrastructures help transporting patients to hospital in close proximity could be a factor of being highest life expectancy in the world.
On the other hand, the transportation system model is yet to be well-planned and diversified in order to further increase its social sustainability.

Besides, due to the geography of Hong Kong, flat land is limited for development that favours current high urban density. In the area of new town and well-planned urban areas, it is an advantage to sustainability. Instead, poorly-developed or aging inner cities brings more adverse than good, such as hygiene, ventilation problems lower the living quality and sustainability.

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From my point of view, the highly dense urban of Hong Kong has reduced its social sustainability. In Hong Kong, high-rise residential buildings with packed living units are oftenly built due to the demand for housing. Inhabitants are constantly living too close together, giving rise to stress and pressure on individuals due to the lack of private space. Conflicts arouse easily between people and neighbourhoods, especially within families and affect one's social relationships and emotions. This living environment also reflected the reason behing the low level of happiness of Hong Kong citizens.

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Hong Kong is known to have one of the highest urban density and this would greatly impact and determine the city's level of sustainability. Given the high-density nature of Hong Kong, multiple opportunities for a more sustainable city can be maximised. For example, Hong Kong could take advantage of the chance to have a more efficient use of the limited land that is available while reducing the energy and even the infrastructure costs. The high-density nature could also allow the city to maximise public transport as well as the other public services and facilities. Thus, through constant planning and innovation for the built environment, Hong Kong may provide a sustainable quality of life for its large population.

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On one hand, Hong Kong is one of the city with high urban density; on another hand, 40% of the land in Hong Kong is regarded as country park, providing a sanctuary for the wildlife animals in Hong Kong. In my opinion, Hong Kong’s urban density determined its level of sustainability to a large extent, both advantageously and detrimentally.

In urban areas of Hong Kong, for instance, the central business district, there is usually a better housing, education, water and medical infrastructure. With the continual growth in population through birth and immigration, the demand for these infrastructure would rise as a result. There would be more debate over how to use the land of Hong Kong more effectively to meet the demands of people for different infrastructures. For instance, reclamation to increase the land for development of residential estates would be damaging to the marine animals. As a result, making the sustainability of Hong Kong taking a huge step backwards in term of ‘Life Below Water’ and ‘Climate Action’ in SDGs.

Furthermore, with little land available in Hong Kong, the land and property price also skyrocketed in these recent years. Causing the residents in Hong Kong to have no choice but to suffer in high capital prices. Unfortunately, there is still a group of people who could not afford to pay for a decent place to live and had to live in small compact spaces in the last resort. In this sense, the disparity between the rich and poor intensifies and potentially leading to intergenerational poverty. Consequentially, the sustainability of Hong Kong deteriorates in term of ‘No Poverty’ in SDGs.

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To a large extent, Hong Kong's urban density determines its level of sustainability.

Hong Kong is known as one of the densest cities in the world. On the negative side, this leads to the housing shortage, air pollution and health risk. It is doubtful whether the supply of housing can meet the needs of our future generation.

Speaking in a positive way, urban density provides a more walkable city life and a wide variety of transportation options, which are the key features of the level of sustainability. For example, unlike the suburbia in America, Hong Kong people are not required to rely on automobiles to commute. Yet, there are various options such as MTR, buses or minibus. The coverage of MTR is also one of the most comprehensive in the world. With a higher chance of adopting public transport, carbon emission from cars and traffic congestion can be avoided.

Therefore, from both negative and positive perspectives, urban density is a major factor that determines the level of sustainability in Hong Kong.

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Hong Kong has always been known for its high urban density, mainly due to having a high population yet limited developable land. In my opinion, to a large extent has Hong Kong’s urban density determined its level of sustainability, in the three main pillars of economic viability, social equity and environmental protection.

In terms of economic viability, a high urban density has a positive effect on the economic development of Hong Kong, as a high urban density would result in a higher productivity as there are more labour available, resulting in a greater economic growth. Moreover, with a high urban density, there would be more shops and stores catering to the needs of a higher population density, increasing the ease for people to spend and consume, promoting the economic growth.

In terms of social equity, a high urban density is likely to result in an increased level of inequality, as it facilitates economic growth which would make things more expensive, along with housing becoming more expensive, it would be less affordable by poor people. However, the government has found ways to mitigate the problem by introducing public housings and developing more public transports, as well as establishing an extensive network of public services and community facilities, which would increase the quality of life of residents.

In terms of environmental protection, with a higher urban density, Hong Kong tends to have a lot of different types of public transports catering to the needs of different citizens, such as minibus and MTR, which could effectively reduce the carbon emissions. However, a higher urban density also leads to more severe problem of pollution, as there is a high energy consumption, resulting in poor air and water quality.

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Hong Kong is an ultra-compact city, and its high urban density determines its level of sustainability to a large extent in both good and bad ways.

Environment-wise, high urban density can reduce greenhouse gas emissions from vehicles. Due to the high construction density, the use of automobiles can be reduced, thus encouraging walking and public transport development with high connectivity such as MTR and buses. As a result, taking public transportation greatly reduces CO2 emissions compared with driving alone. However, the urban heat island effect also occurs in HK. Because of the closely packed buildings and paved surfaces, HK experiences much warmer temperatures than nearby rural areas, thereby contributing to higher air pollution levels and worsening water quality.

Health-wise, high urban density can put a strain on citizens’ mental well-being. Hong Kong is a small city but densely populated, and land for housing is always lacking. Some citizens cannot afford the notoriously high rents and live in ‘cage homes’ and cubicle apartments with small living spaces. Under poor living conditions, their physical and mental health are both negatively affected.

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Urban density has to a large extent determined Hong Kong’s level of sustainability.

On the positive side, a compact urbanscape means that the infrastructure can effectively service a large number of people. For instance, the MTR in Hong Kong services over 4.6 million of passenger per day before the pandemic in 2019, that’s over half of Hong Kong’s total population. This would be hard to achieve in sparely spaces suburbs.

In Hong Kong, the proximity to daily necessities like markets, business centres, institution services, recreational activities, means that travelling distance can be greatly reduced hence air pollution. In addition, the use of low-carbon mass transit transport like MTR, can results in a lower carbon footprint as compared to private car driving.

Nevertheless, some aspects of sustainability is still sacrificed, like the environmental aspect, a too-dense urban area like the Yau Tsim Mong District, will cause hygiene, ventilation and fire hazards. And the process of reclaiming large area of for development will also heavily pollutes the ocean.

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Urban density has to a large extent determined Hong Kong’s level of sustainability.

A compact urbanscape means that the infrastructure can effectively service a large number of people. For instance, the MTR in Hong Kong services over 4.6 million of passenger per day before the pandemic in 2019, that’s over half of Hong Kong’s total population. This would be hard to achieve in sparely spaces suburbs.

In Hong Kong, the proximity to daily necessities like markets, business centres, institution services, recreational activities, means that travelling distance can be greatly reduced hence air pollution. In addition, the use of low-carbon mass transit transport like MTR, can results in a lower carbon footprint as compared to private car driving.

Nevertheless, some aspects of sustainability is still sacrificed, like the environmental aspect, a too-dense urban area like the Yau Tsim Mong District, will cause hygiene, ventilation and fire hazards. And the process of reclaiming large area of for development will also heavily pollutes the ocean.

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Personally, I think that the low urban density in Hong Kong has established the level of sustainability. First of all, Hong Kong is the top 20 most densely populated cities in the world. With the British reoccupation of Hong Kong, there has been a "refugee tide" in Hong Kong, which is also the reason for the rapid growth of Hong Kong's population.

What is a sustainable city, just a city with sufficient housing supply? I don't agree. Undeniably, Hong Kong has handled housing problems well, such as resettling squatters and rebuilding dense houses. Sustainable development is an evolutionary process, especially the utilization of resources. Resources will be exhausted one day, and the government should focus on resource allocation, such as sea and land use and energy.

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In general, as travel long-distance relies on transport, which is defined as unnecessary use of energy, people will think that the higher the urban density, the more sustainability. Yet, I think that urban density isn’t a measurement or an obstacle to sustainability.

What is urban density? For me, I will simply define it as population density, the number of human persons per unit area. Which means if the city has a bunch of taller buildings, it can already say that the city is having a high urban density.

The first impression of a tall building is crowded, with no greening, and depression. Yet, I do think that it can be solved by better land planning and building design. Whether the city has a high urban density or a low urban density, it can be sustainable, as long as it is environmentally friendly, energy-efficient, and comfortable to live in.

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As a 'high-rise high density compact form' of community is built in Hong Kong, the level of sustainability is determined to a greater extent by its urban density.

Hong Kong in general is very small compared to other cities, and with its high urban density, forces space to be used as effectively as possible. Thus sustainable land use planning is carried out with urban renewal in mind. Along with that, due to higher urban density, public transport is optimized instead of personal transport, as it leads to effectively reduces carbon emission, air, noise pollution and traffic congestion.

On the other hand, the living environment will have a high impact due to the limited space to build property. For low-middle income families, the land and property price is definitely something that they can not afford to pay for a decent place to live in, causing them to stay in small compact spaces. By being subjected to worse living conditions, this directly correlates with being in poverty.

From both perspectives, urban density is a major factor that determines the level of sustainability in Hong Kong.

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To a small extend, Hong Kong's urban density determined its level of sustainability. Urban density referring the number of people inhabiting a given urbanised area, while sustainability is the societal goal that referring to the ability of people to safety co-exist on Earth over a long time, regarding economic, social and environmental aspect. In the following, i would like to delve into one of the aspects, namely social sustainability.

Hong Kong's social sustainability could not been determined by its urban density. Hong Kong has always been considered as a high-rise high-density city, which overpopulated with limited landscape. For social sustainability, people are always concerned about the three big mountains, education, housing and healthcare service. In Hong Kong, education is secured as the government introduced the 12 years free education from primary school to secondary school, while healthcare service is also secured as there are health care voucher from government to the elderly and subsidy to the public hospital which the only collect low fee when need, despite the long queueing. Nevertheless, housing has been one of the biggest problems. For housing, as Hong Kong has high density of population, the demand of housing is high which people queue for public housing for over 5 years and the poorer family even has to live in a packed living unit with only one room of 100 ft and shared house with others. It reflected that housing demand in Hong Kong has been higher than that of the supply, which could not secure a safety environment to live long. Therefore, the urban density could not determined the sustainability of Hong Kong in terms of social aspect.

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Although effects such as increasing demands caused by the rapid population growth has lead to different urban issues, I don’t think it has much direct correlation with the city’s level of sustainability. In my opinion, Hong Kong’s level of sustainability has only been determined by its urban density to a limited extent.

To begin with, even though the sudden burst of the population in the early 19s might have caused a drop in Hong Kong’s level of sustainability, the city has adopted a densely populated living system throughout the past century. For instance, the city is equipped with a mature community system including mass transportation, structured urban planning, and the formation of shared communities. The scale of the community allows the city to manage resources efficiently,  thus result in the rise of communal benefits in all social, economical and environmental aspects.

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In my opinion, Hong Kong's high-rise urban density determined its level of sustainability in a large extend.

First of all, social, economic and environmental are the three crucial aspects when considering a city to be sustainable.

I would like to address the social issues. With the growth of population, it is important to make balance to the supply of resources like enough housings, food and even convenient transportation so as to increase people's quality of life. When the urban density is higher, different sectors may put efforts in it. For example, chapter 4 told us that within 15 years, crossing between Victoria and Sha Tin new town without the immediate experience of ridge pass or harbour by private and public vehicles becomes possible. It shows that the  high-rise urban density induced numbers of infrastructure which improved both citizens in present and future.

Talking about infrastructure, it also triggered numerous economic opportunities such as investment from large corporations and job creation for the citizens. A large scale of workforce is necessary. Regardless of which industries like construction, architecture and urban planning, they contributed much to the sustainability in Hong Kong.

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Hong Kong’s high urban density is often perceived only to be a limiting factor to its level of sustainability. However, this assumption overlooks the role Hong Kong’s urban density played in its development into a globally renowned smart city and one of the most sustainable cities in Asia today. Drastic population growth and land scarcity resulted in high production costs for emerging industries. As a result, most labor and land-intensive production processes were diverted to Shenzhen in the 1970s and 1980s due to significantly lower factory and labor costs. This enabled Hong Kong to focus on the skill-intensive processes that helped the city advance technologically while avoiding the environmental impacts of large-scale manufacturing. Furthermore, the technological advancement and economic growth enabled Hong Kong to continuously improve its urban space, resulting in infrastructure and urban systems with higher energy consumption efficiency. Today, Hong Kong continues to work towards being more sustainable and has identified Smart Environment as one of its six Smart City goals. Thus, it is unjustified to deem the city's high urban density as only a hindering factor to its level of sustainability.

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When discussing sustainability, we focus on three major sector: social, environmental and economic.

For environmental sustainability, Hong Kong finds itself in contradicting positions. While Hong Kong has tried to limit the impact of urban growth and development on its natural landscape (forests), the reclaiming of land through the extension of the territory in the sea area has affect the maritime life. However, in its efforts, Hong Kong has tried to limit this impact. For example, the Chep Lak Kok tunnel was dug so deep in order not to obstruct the Chinese dolphins passage and reduce the disturbance of the sea bed.

For social sustainability, Hong Kong is faced with great issues of over population. The decision to forgo the conservation of historically impacted buildings and focusing on the construction of multiple skyscrapers has improved the situation. However, Hong Kong faces greater issues in the future as its density will lead to more pollution, more waste, a need for more space, greater healthcare system, etc.

For economic sustainability, Hong Kong is a hub and houses a multitude of HQs. The density of new prospects ensures the development of Hong Kong's economy. The issue that seems apparent is the age of the society which determines how much of revenue will come out of the society.

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As the first concept of sustainable development stated that people are focusing on the environment, economic, and social sustainability in 1992, Hong Kong's urban density determined its level of sustainability to a large extent.

Environment
On the environmental side, Hong Kong's high rate of urban density creates a limited conditions to develop environmental sustainability. To develop environmental sustainability, there should be enough space for related activities. For example, tree planting, building green areas, etc. However, Hong Kong has a high urban density which not allowed these activities because there is even no space for human living. Despite the nature density being lower year by year in Hong Kong, there is still not enough land because of the poor land use strategies.

Economic
There is no doubt that Hong Kong is a place which good at developing the economy. However, there is a demand for Hong Kong to pay to build sustainable buildings which are required to boost the retail industry in order to increase the economy of Hong Kong. It cost the land used and the city should be planned properly.

Social
With the high urban density in Hong Kong, there must be some crowded spaces in which people might affect others. For example, the notice, activities, etc. The high density might affect the people living standards. Therefore, it affects future sustainability development.

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Hong Kong urban density has a large extent in determining its level of sustainability in heritage conservation, land use and infrastructure terms.

Concerning the conservation of heritage, the urban density of Hong Kong may directly affect the policy of heritage of architecture. For instance, after 11 years of new regulations, over half of the pre-war residential buildings were cleared for making new way. The missing pieces of  Hong Kong history is the consequence caused by the development of urban density, bringing negative effect on the sustainability in heritage conservation.

However, high urban density may determine a positive effect on land sustainability. Hong Kong has a limited land and enormous population. In the light of this, high urban density boosted the efficiency of land use to satisfy the high demand of land. In fact, Hong Kong government has rebuilt many heritage to have a better land use, those new buildings were much higher and slender than before, enhancing the sustainability of land efficiency. The urban density determined the level of sustainability in a large extent.

On other hand, the huge needs of transportation resulted by high urban density may highly determine the level of Hong Kong infrastructure. Hong Kong MTR has added more lines to connect city such as  Tsuen Wan and Mong Kok lines. The well-developed public MTR transportation providing a affordable, environment friendly, fast and convincing way from place to place compared to bus or private drives, which help to enhance the sustainability in economic, infrastructure and environment. The level of sustainability in infrastructure could be attributed to high urban density.

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I think to a large extent HK's urban density determined its sustainability.

The structure of society differs a lot depending on how people live and communicate with each other as a community. The lifestyle is way different when comparing rural areas and high-rise buildings. Often we hear from older generations that they feel the cohesion between neighbors has been lost nowadays, which would pose a negative impact on social sustainability fundamentally and cannot be changed easily.

Also, having a high urban density comes with a drawback of a lower degree of preservation of the environment. Infrastructure has to be laid everywhere including the hills in HK to facilitate the needs of the huge population which comes with the high urban density. This causes the lack of green spaces in HK nowadays which the government and architects nowadays are working hard to work around it. The lack of green spaces could exaggerate the problem of urban pollution where environmental sustainability will be low.

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Hong Kong's urban density determines its sustainability to a great extent because the population directly dictates how goods and services are circulated. A larger population will have larger needs and demands to be met. Given that Hong Kong does not have a lot of land to work with, it does not have the best hand in dealing with staying sustainable enough to supply the needs of such a large population. The government has taken a number of measures to keep sustainable without capping economic development. Firstly, the fact that public transport amounts to over 38.3% (bus 25.7%, train 12.6%) according to the CHW newspaper. Making public transport so convenient encourages people to walk more often instead of driving private cars that are way more expensive. The government also subsidizing electric vehicles lessens the carbon footprint of combustion vehicles. Finally, the efficient use of land through successful urban planning also makes sure that areas around Hong Kong remain biodiverse despite the shortage of land.

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Hong Kong's urban density has determined its level of sustainability to a large extent. Since we have a large population size and relatively little land to accommodate all these people, many projects are in place to allow more efficient and effective use of land. Firstly, the extensive public transportation system allows efficient travel across vast areas of Hong Kong and is able to accommodate the large cohort of the working class during rush hour. Secondly, the incorporation of mixed-use complexes allows easy access of daily products and saves travel time for families that live right above. These newly built hybrid buildings are also designed to be more sustainable for example including more glass features to make use of natural sunlight and rooftop gardens to allow humans to live hand in hand with nature. However, as the population continues to grow, these projects might not be sustainable enough compared to countries with sparse area and room for lots of sustainable development.

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To a large extent has Hong Kong urban density determined its level of sustainability.

In Hong Kong, urban density is high with scarce land endowment, which intensifies the housing problem in HK, several problems like low housing affordability, uneven housing quality, housing exclusion, homelessness, etc. in turn arise.

However, from transport aspect, high density in HK has some positive impacts. Higher density may encourage higher public traffic rate and leads to lower CO2 emission. In HK, there is a mixed-use residential or commercial designed to maximize access to public transport called transit-oriented development(TOD). A TOD neighborhood is always located within a radius of 400-800 m from a transit, as this is considered to be an appropriate scale for pedestrians, which contributes to environmental sustainability.

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The sustainability of Hong Kong's high urban density is enhanced and hindered by different factors. Even though increased density makes land use and transportation more efficient, it also exacerbates housing inequality, raises living costs, and puts pressure on the planet's natural resources. The wealthy are more likely to move into high-density areas, while the poor are forced to live in outlying communities. Deforestation and wetlands loss are two examples of how urban development—like the MTR and tunnel highways—can damage the environment. The high population density of Hong Kong has both positive and negative effects on the city's long-term viability.

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To a higher extent has Hong Kong's urban density determined its level of sustainability in terms of environmental, economic and social aspects.

For environmental aspect, Hong Kong's packed urban density due to lack of land resources has contributed to insufficient and larger green spaces in the city. However, citizens enjoy more convenient transportation and choose method of transportation, like walking and mass transportation, rather than driving on their own. Thus, the ecological footprint reduces.

For economic aspect, higher urban density contributes to a denser community. People can have access to different stores within a  region easily. Convenient store and shopping mall are located near residential area. Thus, it boosts the market competition and promotes people to purchase more goods.

For social aspect, high urban density provides easier access to infrastructure like hospital, sport centre and school. Thus, people can be medically secured, doing sports with family and friends and access education easily within the community.

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To a large extent, Hong Kong's urban density has determined its level of sustainability.

Firstly, Hong Kong's dense urban environment has restricted the development of green areas and co-exist with the environment. Hong Kong's dense urban environment describes the packed buildings and street where there is less space for redevelopment and green area. Although there is a change in using more environmentally friendly architectural designs such as using sunlight to reduce the using of lighting system and sensors for escalators, it is difficult to compensate the need for a green space where people can breathe fresh air.

Secondly, in addition to the environmental unsustainability, the crowded urban density has also created a lot of pollution and wastes. This is because people generate a lot of noises and light pollution in developed urban areas, this will greatly influence the quality of life and mental well-being when a massive pollution is concentrated in a dense region. Not to mention the waste produced in the urban areas are countless.

Thirdly, the concentration of urban development in Hong Kong will not promote sustainability in terms of the use of resources effectively. Using the example of central, a highly crowded area in Hong Kong where financial activities are mainly located at, the dense urbanisation will attract people and merchants to move in because of its conveniency and development. This is one of major reasons why central has a high land price for both housing and commercial places. And the living costs and prices in these dense urban regions will be further be pushed up, generating more pressure in the region. Meanwhile, undeveloped/ less developed areas with more resources available will be less attractive (assuming there is no influence of government policies or supports) because the mindset of pioneers (開荒牛).

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To a certain extent, I agree that Hong Kong’s urban density has determined its level of sustainability. On the topic of environmental sustainability, Hong Kong’s effective implementation of public vehicles (e.g. MTR, Bus, Public Light Bus) as one of the major methods of commuting allows the mass transportation of people, thus reducing the need to use private vehicles, which may lead to great carbon emissions especially due to the city’s dense population. Programmes for waste reduction and recycling, which happen to be absent in developing countries such as Indonesia, are also eco-friendly and environmentally sustainable. Furthermore, due to the large population for a relatively small area, there may be an unsustainable pattern of resource (e.g. water, food, energy, etc.) consumption.

Aside from this, Hong Kong may not be socially sustainable due to its dense population, which is further emphasised in the housing crisis Hong Kong has been suffering from. Less fortunate people have to live in subdivided flats with unsatisfactory living conditions and a hazard-prone environment. However, the government launches programs which are shown to be useful to their people, for instance, free education up to senior high school, consumption vouchers, and reduced healthcare fees for elders.

Moreover, although Hong Kong is home to many corporations and is considered to be a major financial centre, it is classed as one of the most expensive cities to live in. This may be economically unsustainable for those who live in there. This is exacerbated further by increasing inflation rates and is shown in the financial hub’s falling GDP. On the bright side, Hong Kong’s labour market has improved, thus reducing the unemployment rates.

In short, the multifaceted layers of Hong Kong make it difficult to determine whether or not the city is sustainable. However, seeing the many problems in Hong Kong’s environmental, social and economic sustainability, there is still much work to be done, despite it being relatively more sustainable than other cities.

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To a large extent, Hong Kong urban density determined its level of sustainability in both good and harm ways. A more densed city can facilitate an efficient land use and transport system. In terms of land use, public housing is one of the solutions to provide sufficient and affordable housing to the low income groups. In transport system, Hong Kong has different public transports like bus, minibus, ferry, tram and MTR. The rail transit and bus transit can produce 76% less and 33% less greenhouse gas respectively than a car. An efficient transport system can promote a higher passenger flow which can boost the economic development. In environmental aspect, denser locations are highly correlated with high concentration of air pollutant. In other words, air pollution is detrimental to the public health.

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I think a large extent of Hong Kong's urban density determined its level of sustainability. The sustainable criteria are based on social, environmental, and economic principles. Just an example of the environment, as the population is increasing, housing needs become more necessary. But Hong Kong is facing a housing crisis; the living environment is also overcrowded, and many residents live in subdivided flats. The government need to plan for the land planning. It is not easy to make it more sustainable for redevelopment or rehabilitation. They need to spend lots of time and cost to make it sustainable.

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In my perspective, Hong Kong's high urban density greatly influenced how sustainable it is.

Firstly, In terms of environment, Hong Kong's high urban density hinders its environmental sustainability. Due to insufficient land, a large number of land reclamation projects and vertical development of high-rise buildings cause air pollution and heat island effect.  Even so, Hong Kong has tried its best to improve, such as building green belts between high-rise buildings to reduce the emissions of carbon dioxide.

second, in terms of social sustainability, Higher effectiveness in terms of transportation and logistics is demonstrated by well-connected infrastructure and a high level of use of public transportation. For instance, having well-developed infrastructure that makes it easier to transport patients to nearby hospitals could contribute to having the highest life expectancy in the world.

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Hong Kong’s high urban density is often perceived only to be a limiting factor to its level of sustainability. However, this assumption overlooks the role Hong Kong’s urban density played in its development into a globally renowned smart city and one of the most sustainable cities in Asia today. Drastic population growth and land scarcity resulted in high production costs for emerging industries. As a result, most labor and land-intensive production processes were diverted to Shenzhen in the 1970s and 1980s due to significantly lower factory and labor costs. This enabled Hong Kong to focus on the skill-intensive processes that helped the city advance technologically while avoiding the environmental impacts of large-scale manufacturing. Furthermore, the technological advancement and economic growth enabled Hong Kong to continuously improve its urban space, resulting in infrastructure and urban systems with higher energy consumption efficiency. Today, Hong Kong continues to work towards being more sustainable and has identified Smart Environment as one of its six Smart City goals. Thus, it is unjustified to deem the city's high urban density as only a hindering factor to its level of sustainability.

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Hong Kong's high urban density to a large extent determines the city's sustainability in both positive and negative manners.

On one hand, Hong Kong can be deemed as a sustainable city because the city is compact and accessible. Public transport is encouraged due to a lack of space for private vehicles. From an environmental standpoint, its accessibility decreases potential excessive carbon footprints and its environmental impact.

On another hand, due to the topography in Hong Kong, the population is concentrated in the Hong Kong Island and Kowloon area. Although from a map view, Hong Kong is relatively green, nature is mostly concentrated in the New Territories. Since nature can be inaccessible in the densely populated in the Hong Kong Island and Kowloon area, the lack of leisure and green area can affect the resident’s mental health and causes societal problems in the long run.

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In my opinion, Hong Kong’s high urban density is more likely to determine its level of sustainability to a great extent.

1.     Hong Kong has lots of schools and higher education institutions which most likely able to provide enough high-quality education to every resident, and it is met the sustainable development goal.

2.     Hong Kong is quite a sustainable city due to its well-developed infrastructure such as a great traffic system, hospitals, sports centers, and schools that provide quality living condition and ensures economic, social, and environmental sustainability over the infrastructure life cycle. For example, most Hongkongers would choose to transport by MTR and buses which could greatly reduce carbon emissions that slow global warming, thus, meeting the sustainable development goal.

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Hong Kong's urban density to a large part determined its level of sustainability -- but with a twist.

Take social sustainability. The dense nature of Hong Kong's urban areas put people in close physical proximity and encouraged friends and family to see each other frequently, giving one another emotional support and preventing mental idleness, which contributes in no small part to the fact that Hong Kong has one of the highest life expectancy in the world. From this point of view, Hong Kong is socially sustainable. On the other hand, the same dense and concentrated nature of the city naturally gave rise to the hectic lifestyle of international infamy. It is no secret that Hongkongers work some of the longest hours, with relatively little break or compensation. There is no doubt this contributed to the intense mental pressure of the city's inhabitants, and severely decreased their quality of life. From this point of view, Hong Kong is socially unsustainable.

There are certainly more examples, but even from this we can see that while urban density significantly affects Hong Kong's level of sustainability, the effect is not towards a specific direction, i.e. urban density does not make Hong Kong quantitatively or measurably more or less sustainable -- an intriguing phenomenon indeed.

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Hong Kong's Urban Density have a large extent to determine its level of sustainability.

In the aspect of social, the residential area is located very close to business and industrial area of Hong Kong, shortening the commute time. This makes people a bit happier because they are spending less time on transporting. Moreover, having a high urban density in residential area also facilitate people to develop a bonding to each other, since they are living close to each other.

In the aspect of economy, high urban density concentrates market demands of products. it helps to facilitates the trading of products. For example, the profit of a supermarket located at any public residential estate will be higher than that located at rural viliage in Yuen Long

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I think to a large extent HK's urban density determined its sustainability.

The structure of society differs a lot depending on how people live and communicate with each other as a community. The lifestyle is way different when comparing rural areas and high-rise buildings. Often we hear from older generations that they feel the cohesion between neighbors has been lost nowadays, which would pose a negative impact on social sustainability fundamentally and cannot be changed easily.

Also, having a high urban density comes with a drawback of a lower degree of preservation of the environment. Infrastructure has to be laid everywhere including the hills in HK to facilitate the needs of the huge population which comes with the high urban density. This causes the lack of green spaces in HK nowadays which the government and architects nowadays are working hard to work around it. The lack of green spaces could exaggerate the problem of urban pollution where environmental sustainability will be low.

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Urban density is detrimental to public health and the environment. There is no doubt that increasing building mass will strain the streets. Buildings that cluster "cheek-by-jowl" impede air ventilation, increasing urban heat island effects. Additionally, this can exacerbate air pollution and result in respiratory diseases, resulting in physical health problems. Mental illnesses, however, are more likely to develop in high-density metropolitan regions. As an example, people in cities experience high levels of noise caused by transportation, high levels of tension caused by dense buildings, and high levels of air pollution, which make them more stressed and cause them to become depressed and anxious, negatively affecting their psychological well-being. The result may be an unsustainable urban environment and social structure.

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Hong Kong is a city with high urban density, to a large extent, it is regarded as sustainable. Firstly, in terms of transportation. Hong Kong has one of the most convenient and efficient railway systems in the world. Most of citizens that lived in Hong Kong would choose MTR as the way of transportation. Also, with respect to the high price of owning a private vehicle in Hong Kong. When the majority of the citizens are using public transportation as their tools to travel around. The total emission of greenhouse gases would be significantly lowered since the carbon dioxide released is equally divided into each passenger in the train.

Apart from taking public transportation, from social aspect, Hong Kong people also do not need to worry about the basic needs, like access to clean water, quality education etc. Since Hong Kong is the high level of urbanization, thus, the GDP of Hong Kong is also very high, the average living quality of Hong Kong people is also ranked high. Stable access to the basic needs already met the sustainable development goals. Hence, I think in general, Hong Kong’s urban density has determined its level of sustainability.

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I don't think urban density determined its level of urban sustainability to a huge extent.

1.Hong Kong has a good public transport network , people can go to most of the places in Hong Kong by MTR or Bus.As the result people will willing to take public transport more than private car.It is good for the environment.

2.Although Hong Kong don't have many environmental-friendly buildings, as a International city, it is possible for Hong Kong rebuild some environmental-friendly buildings just like Singapore.

3.There are lots of sustainable land use planning carried out by the government in Hong Kong.Such as redevelop old district, revitalisation, etc.These can provide a good living environment for Hong Kong residents

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In my perspective, to a small extent that Hong Kong's urban density has determined its level of sustainability.

Sustainability consists of fulfilling the needs of current generations without compromising the needs of future generations, while ensuring a balance between economic sustainable development, social sustainable development and environment sustainable development.

Hong Kong has a large number of densely constructed skyscrapers because of the city's limited land supply and growing population. On the other hand, due to limited land resources and supply, the people with lower class are forced to live in a confined space where they are unable to move or exercise freely, this undermines the public health of Hong Kong residents. Additionally, the presence of high-rise structures degrades the city's air quality. In a crowded neighbourhood, the view of the surrounding natural environment is obstructed and inhabitants are unable to breathe fresh air.

On the other hand, Hong Kong's urban density also makes it easier for residents to travel. As an example, Hong Kong residents may quickly and more affordably travel across the city by using the bus, minibus, MTR, and other forms of public transportation. Additionally, the restricted space may be used more effectively for a variety of uses, including residential, commercial, etc. To conclude, Hong Kong's urban density has both side of benefits and drawbacks. Therefore, I think that to a certain extent, urban density has affected the sustainability of the city.

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In my opinion, I think Hong Kong’s urban density determined its level of sustainability to a large extent.

Hong Kong has built many houses of different types for the dense population. At the same time, transportation will also be arranged differently according to the population of the area. For example, places with more population will have more types of transportation and frequency.

Moreover, some of the urban developing projects may have affected the sustainable development of the environment and different species. For instance, the Lantau Tomorrow project is planned to be reclaimed to provide more living environments and job opportunities.  Of course, Hong Kong also attaches great importance to the planting of green plants in the urban area, leaving some relaxing space in high-density housing.

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In my opinion, Hong Kong's high urban density greatly affected its sustainability.

As the space in Hong Kong is very limited, the high urban density in Hong Kong creates more efficient land use and the public transportation infrastructure is very well optimized, which alleviates the issues of traffic congestion, carbon emission, and noise pollution from personal transport.

On the other hand, the living condition in Hong Kong has taken a hit due to its limited land space. There is a constant shortage of housing for its people. Other than that, middle to low-income classes could not afford the high property prices and therefore are forced to live in cramped places with a significantly worse living environment. The people of Hong Kong have also become more easily irritable due to the stresses that stem from a lack of personal space.

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In Hong Kong, the urban area has the highest population and employment density in the world. Also, some areas may have population densities of over 400,000 people per square kilometer. As of 2011, there are seven million people for its 1,068 square kilometers (412 square miles) of land. Under this circumstance, the Hong Kong’s urban density brings a lot of benefit which might determine its level of sustainability.

From the environmental aspect, Hong Kong has a well-development on transportation. The public transport accounts for 50% of all trips in Hong Kong. We can see that people have a lot of transportation options in Hong Kong, such as bus, tram, light rail, rail rapid transit, taxi and more. Its leads Hong Kong with high public transport rates and gives it the greenest modal split of Urban Age cities in the developed world.

From the economics perspective, Hong Kong’s urban density increased GDP and GVA. Hong Kong’s central area density is 22,193 people per km, and the GDP per capita is US$45,090. Moreover, the average annual growth of GVA in Hong Kong of 1993-2010 is 3.6. Comparing to Mexico City, it has 12,880 people per km density in central area which brings US$18,321 of GDP per capita and 2.9 of average annual growth of GVA in 1993-2010. It indicates that Hong Kong’s urban density can improve Hong Kong economic development.

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Hong Kong’s urban density determines its level of sustainability to a large extent

Take a look at the past of Hong Kong,public housing scheme is implemented due to growing population and high urban density.The Government started emphasising the living space of citizens and provide a more comfortable shelter for the grassroots.Moreover,the design of building also became more modern.H-block and L-shaped block building are just a few illustrations on advanced building structure for accommodating more people and saving spaces.In addition,Small spaced home inspires furniture manufacturer to produce products with smaller volumes such as fold up chairs.

As a result,people will pursue improvements and use resources more efficiently as a consequence of a high urban density,leading to a more sustainable city.

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In my opinion, Hong Kong’s urban density determined its level of sustainability in a very high extent. The solution implemented by the Hong Kong government on housing problem is a strong prove of low sustainability.

By 1947, Hong Kong population reached 1.8 million from less than a million in 1936. With rapid population influx, the problems of squatter cities and occupation of many illegal buildings indicated a compelling housing problem.

With increasing population and limited land, the development blueprint should be foresightful.

However, the government released temporary solution on long-term issue that lead to other social impact, and a denser living space.

Constructing building with more storeys to pack more citizens inside is not a sustainable development towards the hyper-densities’ issues.

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To a large extent, Hong Kong's urban density has determined its level of sustainability. It imposes both positive and negative effects at the same time. The high urban density makes everyone needs to compete with a few others for each job so they will be prompted to perform better to get a better job. Besides, as we can see from the reading, Hong Kong has an education index that is higher than the average of the metropolitan regions. On average, Hong Kongers have pretty high education levels. The above factors lead to very high competitiveness, stimulating positive economic growth, hence Hong Kong has a very high wealth index. Unfortunately, at the same time, high competitiveness also leads to a high unemployment rate and income inequality. High urban density also leads to competition for resources and land. Therefore it is not unusual to see inflation happening in Hong Kong. Many poorer people need to live in cage houses and subdivided flats, which imposes a negative impact on social sustainability. Even if the government wants to carry out land reclamation or reduce the area of country parks to have more usable land, it will greatly damage the natural habitat of animals and causes enormous damage to the environment, which is harmful to sustainability. Nevertheless, no matter good or bad, it cannot be denied that the high urban density has a strong influence on the sustainability of Hong Kong.

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Hong Kong is also nicknamed a ‘concrete jungle’, it’s famous for its compacted living environment and high urban density due to high population and limited flat land. I think to a large extent Hong Kong’s urban density has determined its level of sustainability.

In terms of environmental sustainability, I think high urban density hinders it largely as the high plot ratio will destroy ridgelines in Hong Kong and worsen air circulation, it is one of the main factors that cause the serious air pollution problems in Hong Kong (especially in inner city areas such as Kowloon City, Mong Kok etc...) , lowering our environemntal sustainability.

With lower environmental sustainability, social sustainability may as well drop with poorer living environment, affecting the quality of living of citizens.

However, I believe Hong Kong’s high urban density have in fact done a great job in maintaining our economic sustainability as with a more focused area of economic activities, agglomeration economics may be achieved, boostening our economic efficiency by minimising and conveniencing the geographical mobilisation of people and goods.

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The inclining urban density adds pressure to the supply of space and land. The urban plan and design for new towns like, Tsuen Wan and Sha Tin, showed us how the government led Hong Kong to a ‘ high-rise, high-density’ city for the sake of achieving the demand which also pushed infrastructure sustainable development. For instance, as mentioned in the reading, the public housing system in Tsuen Wan accommodate a population foundation of 80000 with constantly growth.

Other than that, industrialisation in Hong Kong required more factory land for develop new industry at that time. According to the reading, Kwun Tong, as the first planned industry satellite, together with Tsuen Wan, became the workshop of Hong Kong. With all these in mind, the industry and innovation development also accelerate the sustainable development in Hong Kong.

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Environmental aspect:

Advantage:

City in high density will encourage more restaurants and supermarket to move into the districts, and residents do not need to travel a long distance to shop for daily necessities. Without the high demand for long transportation journey travelling by trains or vehicles, carbon emission is reduced. Therefore, high density living may be beneficial to the environmentally sustainable development of the city.

Disadvantage:

On the other hand, city in high density may face the shortage of land and it is required to cut down trees for the development of housing estate, which is against the environmental protection.

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Hong Kong has always been known for its high urban density and it directly impacts the city’s level of sustainability both positively and negatively depending on the different aspects.

With its high proximity, infrastructure is built exceptionally coherently to connect the city. People are able to travel around with ease to complete their tasks, and that reduction in time helps to boost the economy. However, Hong Kong has a complicated terrain which leaves little usable land. Most buildings are packed in a confined space, creating what we call concrete jungles. While this makes travelling convenient, the lack of greenery within the community also takes away from environmental sustainability, directly affecting people’s mental health as well.

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It is indicative of the level of sustainability that Hong Kong has come to. To a large extent, Hong Kong's urban density has determined its level of sustainability. Since HK is a compacted city,numerous projects and programs are put into placing to keep the environment clean.

Hong Kong's economic viability is positively affected by a high urban density, as a high urban density would result in a higher productivity as there is more labour available, resulting in an increase in economic growth as a result. Furthermore, with an increased urban density, more shops and stores would cater to the needs of a higher population density, promoting the economic growth of the area.

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Hong Kong is a high-density city, and high density creates many opportunities for sustainable development.

First, a high-density city can provide convenient transportation for the public, such as the MTR, buses and minibuses. When people have many transportation choices, they will use fewer private cars to travel, reducing the city's carbon emissions and promoting the city's sustainable development.

Then, since a high-density city requires better urban planning, it can create more jobs and promote sustainable employment and economic development.

Hong Kong's high density makes it very sustainable and makes it livable city.

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Hong Kong is one of the most densely populated areas in Asia, and its high urban density has contributed greatly to its sustainability.

This means that the distance between different buildings is fairly compact, making the city very walkable, and when combined with Hong Kong's robust MTR system, it makes transport accessible and economically attractive.

A majority of the population using public transport also reduces the amount of greenhouse gas emitting vehicles on the road, and saves some space to be used more efficiently as commercial buildings or other facilities to further bolster the economy.

However, Hong Kong's reliance on high-rise buildings and low surface areas lead to cramped areas, and the height of the buildings block a lot of the natural scenery, thus reducing the quality of living, which is especially bad considering Hong Kong has one of the highest living costs in Asia.

In conclusion, Hong Kong's high urban density has both upsides and downsides for its sustainability, regardless, a large part of Hong Kong's sustainability is directly related to its uniquely high urban density.

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According to Cambridge Dictionary, sustainability refers to the quality of being able to continue over a period of time. With regards to this definition, Hong Kong’s urban density has determined its sustainability level to a large extent.

Hong Kong is a high rise high density city where most buildings and human activities are concentrated, leaving most undeveloped rural area unharmed. Therefore, environmentally, Hong Kong urban density allows Hong Kong to preserve its environment.

Economically, with a high density urban structure and hence short travelling time, economic activities in Hong Kong can be held efficiently. Having this advantage, Hong Kong continues to be one of the largest financial hub in the world.

Societally, however, high density structure has created a large gap between rural districts and urban districts, particularly when it comes to educational resources and infrastructure level, which leads to low social mobility.

Summing all aspects, Hong Kong’s urban density has determined its sustainability level to a large extent.

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Sustainability can be defined as ‘meeting our own needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.’ It is founded on 3 principles: the economy, society and the environment.

In terms of social sustainability, the high population raised demands for social infrastructures, benefitting the development of social infrastructures. For example, HK is well known for its high quality education system. HK students have consistently ranked highly in international assessments, the education is so efficient that even the UK has attempted to model it.

In terms of economic sustainability, the high urban density led to the development of commercial activities. Tourists often see HK as a shopping paradise due to its amount of shopping malls, which is often highly accessible in every district. The retail in HK does not only allow citizens to obtain their daily necessities conveniently, it also encourages consumerism, boosting HK’s economy.

However, in terms of the environment, the high urban density in HK led to the depletion of natural resources. For example, to tackle the problem of land shortage, the government would reclaim land from the sea, and convert parks and landscapes into housing estates. This led to the loss of precious resources that would be crucial for the future generations.

Hence, I believe that urban density determines the sustainability of HK to a very large extent, affecting HK both positively and negatively.

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Sustainability can be defined as ‘meeting our own needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.’ It is founded on 3 principles: the economy, society and the environment.

In terms of social sustainability, the high population raised demands for social infrastructures, benefitting the development of social infrastructures. For example, HK is well known for its high quality education system. HK students have consistently ranked highly in international assessments, the education is so efficient that even the UK has attempted to model it.

In terms of economic sustainability, the high urban density led to the development of commercial activities. Tourists often see HK as a shopping paradise due to its amount of shopping malls, which is often highly accessible in every district. The retail in HK does not only allow citizens to obtain their daily necessities conveniently, it also encourages consumerism, boosting HK’s economy.

However, in terms of the environment, the high urban density in HK led to the depletion of natural resources. For example, to tackle the problem of land shortage, the government would reclaim land from the sea, and convert parks and landscapes into housing estates. This led to the loss of precious resources that would be crucial for the future generations.

Hence, I believe that urban density determines the sustainability of HK to a very large extent, affecting HK both positively and negatively.

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Being one of the smallest countries in Asia, Hong Kong’s population density is considered as one of the largest in the world. By implementing the sustainable development goals, people picture Hong Kong as socially economic and environmental sustainable. Economically, Hong Kong has implemented a myriad of building infrastructures such as the introduction of H-blocks. However, with the dense urban areas with skyscrapers and tall buildings mostly present, high living cost plats a crucial problem. Hong Kong also acts as a “hub” for international transport with its economy having low taxation and a well-established international financial market. Socially, Hong Kong’s compact and tight building infrastructure negates possible future actions that requires big land area. Furthermore, it is known that Hong Kong is considered as one of the lowest birth-rate countries. Concerning its future sociability, further notice regarding the crowd density and area should be further considered. Environmentally, Hong Kong is known for its efficient transportation with rails being built underground. However, it is concerning that the land area of Hong Kong is limiting its future plans to expand agriculture and improve sub-urban districts.

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I believe that Hong Kong’s urban density determines its level of sustainability to a larger extent, in both negative and positive ways.

In order to accommodate  the booming population in post war Hong Kong, unregulated squatter areas sprawled across the city. These dense urban areas were unsafe, often posing safety hazards to the inhabitants. At the same time, such timber used to construct these squatter areas are often illegally acquired, harvested from local forests, damaging the ecosystem. Moreover, the development of squatter areas correlated to the lack of sufficient  finances for proper housing.

After the shek kip Mei fire, in the 1960s despite gradually improving housing conditions, natural resources and infrastructure could not support the dense concentrated urban population. There were frequent water shortages and water rationing was required. As a result, in the past, Hong Kong’s urban density led to poor sustainability.

Nevertheless in the present, with improved regulations and development of new technologies and infrastructure, areas with high urban density can also be sustainable. Newly built housing estates are often constructed with sustainability in mind, providing sufficient open space and green belts for residents. At the same time, high urban density provides incentive for the government to build adequate infrastructure to accommodate the population, resulting in a world class public transportation system. The convenience of public transport reduces the need for private vehicles, in turn reducing greenhouse gas emissions, which positively impacts the environmental sustainability of Hong Kong.

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Hong kong, one of the most densily populated cities in the world, one the other hand, its urban density is quite low, which makes hong kong fairly sustainable.

Environment
Hong kong still has a lot of rural areas yet to be developed, according to tur government, more houses will be built in the next 5 years to solve insufficient housing problem.

Social
Hong Kong encourages investors to invest their money into Hong Kong by providing friendly policies such as low tax. Hong Kong also welcomes people to work on site by giving subsidies.

Economic
Hong Kong lacks in industry and agriculture which makes it vulnerable during covid period.

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To a large extent, the sustainability level of Hong Kong depends on its high urban density.

As we all know, Hong Kong is one of the most highly urbanised city, with nearly 100% of urban population. And with limited space due to its special terrain, which is hilly and mountainous with steep slopes, people has to force to construct the city more densely.

It is beneficial when we see convenience as our top concern. As the city planning is dense, the residential areas are close to the CBD. People can enjoy close access to different service. Which enhanced peoples efficiency.

It also favours the operation of mass transit system due to its abundant users in a small area.

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Hong Kong’s density determines the sustainability to a large extent. Some may have a misconception that sustainability must be about the environment, but always forget that it is also about the people, whether it’s the education or living standard. And which due to Hong Kong’s density, many daily needs are within minutes of reach. Also with Hong Kong being such dense, our efficiency is quite high. In my opinion, Hong Kong is quite sustainable in certain as pets, such as social or environmental. But in some other aspects such as economically, it is arguable as we highly depend on other cities for our development. In my opinion, Hong Kong is quite sustainable with room for improvement.

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Hong Kong is a densely populated city with an estimated population of over 7 million people. While the density of the city has led to many problems over the years such as overcrowding and congested traffic, it has also allowed the city to adapt to new technological advancements, as well as become more sustainable in terms of energy usage and the environment. One of the advantages that having a high population density provides is that it allows a city to be economically competitive and sustainable. This means that there are more people and businesses in a city to sustain the local economy and create more job opportunities for residents. It also means that there is less wastage as there is more demand from consumers. This is particularly beneficial for cities like Hong Kong that import large quantities of food and other goods for consumption, making it more sustainable as there is not as much waste produced.

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In my opinion, Hong Kong's urban density determined the level of sustainability to a large extent and the high urban density in Hong Kong brings several advantages.

First of all, high urban density in Hong Kong makes public transportation realistic for daily commute since the transportation network could cover a larger population.

Second, high urban density creates job opportunities which is beneficial to economic development.

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After reading the article, I firmly thought that sustainability and building density have turn to a greater extent . It is hard for me to imagine Hong Kong's infrastructure and housing stock being depleted faster and faster in the years after the Chinese revolution as it was overwhelmed by innocent refugees. From the beginning of the shanty house building to the efficient distribution of space behind the high rise. But, there will come a time when the occupancy of legal buildings reaches saturation, and the culture and concept of overcrowding are promoted. This reminds me that with the increasing population in cities, environmental problems are becoming more and more prominent. Excessive crowding will make people feel that their personal space is being invaded, which will lead to many negative emotions and behaviors. In the future, however, I believe the pressure to change Hong Kong's urban space will be reduced by the construction of new infrastructure.

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When cities have high densities, they tend to be more walkable and have greater transportation options. However, when cities are allowed to expand from the center without benefit of smart growth planning, they can become relatively unsustainable. Hong Kong is one of the most densely populated areas in the world with approximately 6300 people per kilometre. Hence, Hong Kong uses land efficiently and has better public transport system compared to a country such as Malaysia. It is very convenient to travel to all parts of Hong Kong by commuting through buses or trains in a short period of time. However, almost everyone owns a car in Malaysia so you get caught up in a traffic jam easily during peak periods.

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The urban density of Hong Kong strongly determines its sustainability. By the definition of urban density which is population per unit urbanized area, the urban density is very high in Hong Kong.

The positive impact of the high urban density may be the high quality infrastructure, health service as well as education resource but the drawbacks may be the lost of connection between the citizens and the nature. To be more specific, people may only access the natural environment by going to the big national parks instead of smaller scale community parks.

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I think that Hong Kong's high urban density has determined its level of sustainability to a certain extend.

The highly-dense city has lead to many high rise buildings and better transportation system in the city in order to sustain and accommodate the large population to have a higher quality of life in the city. This will reduce the carbon emission in the city which is environmentally sustainable. This has also lead to the increase in job opportunities in commercial activities for the residents in Hong Kong to work and contribute to the society, which to a certain extend increases the economical sustainability of the city.

However, the large urban density in Hong Kong will also lead to increase in demand for accommodation and food resources, which leads the high cost of living in Hong Kong. This may be unsatisfactory for people who pursues a higher standard of living or people of lower income. The small area of Hong Kong has also lead to cramped residential areas, thus decreasing the quality of life at the same time. Hence, limiting the social sustainability of Hong Kong.

So, there are advantages and disadvantages for the high urban density in Hong Kong. Despite that, Hong Kong is relatively more sustainable than many other countries.