# data[].attributes.body
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gracie_Abrams

- debut single, "Mean It", under Interscope Records
- Abrams has cited Joni Mitchell, Simon & Garfunkel, Elvis Costello, Bon Iver, Elliott Smith, Kate Bush, The 1975, James Blake, Taylor Swift, Lorde, Metric, The Killers, and Phoebe Bridgers as her musical influences
- her debut album, Good Riddance, which was released on February 24, 2023
- her style includes soft, tech-folk inspired music

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Gracie Madigan Abrams (born September 7, 1999) is an American singer-songwriter. Her debut EP, , was released in July 2020 through Interscope Records. Her second EP, This Is What It Feels Like, was released in November 2021, with singles "Feels Like" and "Rockland".

Born and raised in Los Angeles County, California, Abrams is the daughter of J. J. Abrams, a film director, and Katie McGrath, a film and television producer. She has two brothers, an older brother Henry and younger brother August. She became interested in music at a young age. She attended The Archer School for Girls. After graduating high school in 2018, Abrams studied international relations at Barnard College but took a break after her freshman year to focus on music. Her father's family is Jewish, while her mother's background is Irish Catholic.

In October 2019, Abrams released her debut single, "Mean It", under Interscope Records.

On July 14, 2020, Abrams released her debut EP, . The EP was supported by several singles, including "I miss you, I'm sorry" and "21". She colaborated with producers such as Joel Little and Blake Slatkin.

On March 24, 2021, Abrams released a new single with Benny Blanco titled "Unlearn". The single is part of Blanco's album Friends Keep Secrets 2. On May 7, 2021, Abrams released the single "Mess It Up" along with its music video.

In October 2021, Abrams released the single "Feels Like" and its music video. It was followed by her release of a new song titled "Rockland", which was created with Aaron Dessner. The next month, Abrams announced her second commercial project This Is What It Feels Like. It was released as an EP on November 12, 2021. The project includes the preceding singles "Feels Like" and "Rockland". In support of this EP, she embarked on the This Is What It Feels Like Tour, which started on February 2, 2022, in Salt Lake City and concluded on May 31, 2022, in Stockholm. Along with her headlining tour, Abrams opened for Olivia Rodrigo as the supporting act for her Sour Tour, where she performed songs of her latest project.

"Block Me Out" and "Difficult" were released in April and October of the same year respectively, with the latter being the lead single to her debut album.

On January 9, 2023, Abrams announced her debut album, Good Riddance, to be released on February 24, 2023. The second single, titled "Where do we go now?", was released on January 13. The third single, titled "Amelie" was released on February 10.

Abrams will be an opening act on selected shows of the US leg of Taylor Swift's upcoming The Eras Tour. She will also embark on the Good Riddance Tour, her third headlining concert tour.

After a leaked draft opinion showed that the U.S. Supreme Court was planning to overturn abortion rights established in , Abrams was among 160 musical artists including Clairo, Lorde, Olivia Rodrigo, and Phoebe Bridgers that signed a full-page ad in The New York Times in May 2022 condemning the planned Supreme Court decision. In July 2022, Abrams released a limited-edition t-shirt whose complete sale proceeds would go to the National Network of Abortion Funds. While this is "only a small part in a massively anti-democratic effort that is underway in this country" Abrams admits, she believes that she can "use my platform to amplify the experts in this moment".

In a 2020 interview, Abrams supported expressing personal views through music, saying, "I can't separate my music from my opinions... it's a whole that reflects my way of thinking. You shouldn't be afraid to talk about what you believe in."

Studio albums

Extended plays

As featured artist

Headlining

I've missed you, I'm sorry Tour (2021)

This Is What It Feels Like Tour (2022)

Good Riddance Tour (2023)

Supporting

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Gracie Madigan Abrams (born September 7, 1999) is an American singer-songwriter. Her debut EP, , was released in July 2020 through Interscope Records. Her second EP, This Is What It Feels Like , was released in November 2021, with singles "Feels Like" and "Rockland".

# data[].attributes.headline
The Psychology Of "Sad Girl" Pop: Why Music By Billie Eilish, Gracie Abrams, Olivia Rodrigo & More Is Resonating So Widely

# data[].attributes.subject
The Psychology Of "Sad Girl" Pop: Why Music By Billie Eilish, Gracie Abrams, Olivia Rodrigo & More Is Resonating So Widely

# data[].attributes.body
https://www.grammy.com/news/sad-girl-pop-olivia-rodrigo-billie-eilish-gracie-abrams-mental-health-music-psychology-analysis

- "Rodrigo vividly details the devastation of trying to move on from an ex, and laments the milestones they were supposed to celebrate together — the song became universally celebrated, sending listeners into a nostalgic haze of first heartbreaks. Everyone was screaming, crying and dancing at the same time."
- ""sad girl" pop — the specific aesthetic of artists who write songs through a dreamy, yet raw lens of rage, pining, heartbreak or rejection."

- this music is becoming more popular, I analyze, because of post-911, social-media popularity, and COVID world.

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@ 2023 - Recording Academy. All rights reserved.

Some of the content on this site expresses viewpoints and opinions that are not those of the Recording Academy and its Affiliates. Responsibility for the accuracy of information provided in stories not written by or specifically prepared for the Academy and its Affiliates lies with the story's original source or writer. Content on this site does not reflect an endorsement or recommendation of any artist or music by the Recording Academy and its Affiliates.

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the psychology of "sad girl" pop: why music by billie eilish

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.keywords[]
olivia rodrigo & more is resonating so widely | grammy.com

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
The Psychology Of "Sad Girl" Pop: Why Music By Billie Eilish, Gracie Abrams, Olivia Rodrigo & More Is Resonating So Widely | GRAMMY.com

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
As Olivia Rodrigo, Tate McRae and more of pop's current leading ladies continue to pour their hearts out in song, three music psychology experts assess what makes their vulnerability so connective.

# data[].attributes.body
https://www.harpersbazaar.com/culture/features/a38647867/the-joy-of-sad-girl-music-february-2022/

- "There’s a specific kind of joy in discovering and embracing Sad Girl Music; through it, we learn that we are not alone in the emotions we are feeling."
- "women whose songs articulate the particular feeling of living in a constant state of awareness that the world is not a hospitable or fair place for anyone who refuses to serve the interests of the patriarchy."

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There’s a distinct pleasure in finding the music that perfectly expresses how you feel, especially when you’re a young woman entering an unwelcoming world that reveals itself to be built for men. Laia Garcia-Furtado on why songs about feeling bad can make you feel so good.

# data[].attributes.body
- folklore is inspired by other peoples' stories: made during quarantine, Swift took solace in the magic of quiet stories

# data[].attributes.body
feel your feelings and let them manifest in the sound
but don't demonstrate your feelings.
all about subtext!!

# data[].attributes.body
stillness and simplicity
body is the vessel through which the emotions move

# data[].attributes.body
folk music wo the country spices
comes from celtic folklore
expresses sound of vulnerability and serenity
the music is your inner thoughts and feelings
sing as if you sleeping to the sleeping person
vocal expression should feel private
live in a quiet place, rarely gets big and belty (but still need to demonstrate range)
explore folk falsetto: breathy table in upper register

# data[].attributes.body
grandchildren of 70s folk/rock era in the contemporary scene
timeless
nonlinear style of storytelling (opposite of country)

# data[].attributes.body
regina spektor
billie eilist
maggie rogers
sufjan stevens
lana del rey
rufus wainwright
kate bush
tori amos
joni mitchell
tracy chapman
sarah mclachlan

# data[].attributes.body
alt-folk and coffeehouse
ethereal, nonlinear, and poetic

# data[].attributes.body
Spring awakening
once
great comet
regina specter's beauty
the last ship
lazarus
alice by heart
hadestown
the light princess

# data[].attributes.body
- simple, earnest, familiar
- no subtext: direct
- feels like home
- live in the story!
- not internal or private

# data[].attributes.body
- loose and free of anxiety
- energetic AND laidback
- timeless and universal

# data[].attributes.body
- play with twang!
- the voice works as another instrument
- what is it like to imitate a harmonica, a guitar, etc with your voice?
- twang resonates in the nose
- articulate the sound in the teeth
- sound is upfront and narrow, not wide and open
- exaggerate the vowels to match a southern way of speaking
- slow and exaggerated diphthongs
- play with yodeling

# data[].attributes.body
roots from various cultures!
over the course of 4 decades
timeless! not talking about a specific time period.
roots grounded in black and african-american culture
Mountain/hillbilly music made by rural white people with roots in ballads and folk songs brought to the south by european immigrants in the 18th and 19th century

french settlers in the cajun and zydeco music of Louisiana, blending black, native american, and appalachian sounds

white country music also involves yodeling

# data[].attributes.body
alison krauss
reba
the chicks
carolina chocolate drops
alabama shakes

# data[].attributes.body
folklore, traditions, beliefs, and stories of a community
music of the people
ordinary people
music from immigrants of the british isles, poorest of whom ended up working as coal miners in Appalachia
lends itself well to protest against people in power

# data[].attributes.body
more pop-centered because of her popularity, but with influence from Elton John and Johnny Cash.
Folk-rock

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
File:Brandi Carlile - State Theater Minneapolis - The Current (45401783204).jpg - Wikipedia

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made through acoustic instruments (guitar, fiddle, mandolin, banjo, upright bass)
not big amplified instruments
brought to north american by early settlers from ireland, scotland, and england
lonesome sound
vocal part stacked on top of one another, lots of harmonies

# data[].attributes.body
mix of rock n roll and hillbilly music
Elvis Presley crossed over from rock to country: "Heartbreak Hotel"
Johnny Cash "I walk the line"
Carl Perkins "Blue Suede Shoes"
Carrie Underwood-ish

# data[].attributes.body
cowboys, bandits, gamblers, outlaws
music from the Old West
Roy Rogers and Gene Autry
both country and western were on the radio at the same time and got a combined name.

# data[].attributes.body
bar music, cheap and racy
bawdy variety shows with ragtime
lots of piano stride
includes full rhythm section
features steel guitar and fiddle

# data[].attributes.body
Giant umbrella of different musical styles including:
- blues and jazz
- dixieland (jazz from NOLA)
- bluegrass
- rockabilly
- honky tonk

# data[].attributes.body
The revival of Oklahoma created a growing trend of legit musicals set in the South asking for authentic country music for their auditions!

Creative teams are asking for country, bluegrass, or folk music now!
Or another term, "Americana song"

# data[].attributes.body
Urban Cowbow
Oklahoma revival
Violent
Giant
waitress
Bridges
ring of ire
bonnie and clyde
moonshine
flpoyd collins
big river
rump[ boys
seven brides
bright star
cowgirls
paint your wagon
robber bridegroom
hands on a hard body
great american trailer park musical

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- athlesurewear
- call-backs to 70s with 80s coloring
- female presenting is taking on more of a boxy shape seen in previous "male" outfits

# data[].attributes.body
- indie pop
- uses her own voice as another instrument
- "Before 'Running Up That Hill' returned to the charts, Polachek was shaping up to be something like Gen Z's Kate Bush – a producer and vocalist interested in music that's formally eccentric and unapologetic about her own too much-ness."[70]"
- "Her alter ego Ramona Lisa was inspired by "artists whose looks were inseparable from their music","

# data[].attributes.body
Appropriation is still a major issue in the recording industry
Appreciation is when artists are influenced by other artists and pay homage to them Cultural appropriation is stealing favorite qualities of cultures which they do not belong

and act as if those qualities are their own
Don’t be a caricature.

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- showmanship!
- creating a fierce and CONFIDENT alter ego and living in that; sitting comfortably

# data[].attributes.body
- the groove is playful and bouncy
- straight tone > vibrato
- youthful quality
- nasality and a "forward" sound
- sit back in the music
- chatty and comfortable

●  Use the tool box of vocal distortions: vocal fry, cry, ache, and edginess

●  Bit and chew the words and notes with ferocity

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- obsessed with cult of celebrity
- reality tv!
- internet
- everyone wanting to be famous
- creating individual and unique personas on social media

# data[].attributes.body
- sung in English and Spanish
- makes you want to move your hips!
- expansive! know the region the song is from!

# data[].attributes.body
- came from disco

Rap is hip-hop and hip-hop is a culture

●  Hip-hop includes rap, but encapsulates so much more

○ Breakdancing ○ Graffiti
○ Freestyling
○ Fashion

○ Emceeing

●  Emerged out of Disco

●  Between 1970 & 1980 and unprecedented number of fired ravaged the South Bronx

●  The government had neglected racial minorities living in the Bronx, mostly black & Latinx

Americans, which led to landlords to abandon or burn down their properties

●  systemic violence and racism paved the way for hip-hop of rise from the ashes

●  The large instrumental breaks in disco allowed artists to rap, dance, and report how they

were being mistreated by police

●  1988: N.W.A, the famous gangsta rap group, became the first rap artists to make it into

mainstream media

●  Styles of rap:

○  Trap

○  Conscious rap

○  New Orleans bounce

○  Freestyle

○  Crunk

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- complex musical style
- originates in black communities in NOLA in late 19th century

Gained traction during the 1920s in the Prohibition era

○  People would go to secret speakeasy bars & drink illegally, listen to jazz, and dance!

○  This era is known as the “Jazz Age”

●  Eventually broke off into be-bop and the music of the Rat Pack, which then brought us to

Motown

●  Leaders in jazz:

○  Louis Armstrong

○  Ella Fitzgerald

○  Billie Holiday

○  Count Basie

○  Benny Goodman

○  Diana Krall

○  Blossom Dearie

○  Cassandra Wilson

○  Kurt Elling

●  Jazz on Broadway:

○  Shuffle Along

○  Ain’t Misbehavin’

○  After Midnight

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Roots traced back to the 18th century and slavery in America

●  Traditional hymns that were slow in tempo became spirituals, changes, call-and-repeats,

shouts, and anthems

●  Gospel was a way enslaved people communicated with God and one another in a

language that was exclusively theirs

Great gospel influencers:

○  Mahalia Jackson

○  Clara Ward

○  Shirley Caesar

○  The Edwin Hawkins Singers

○  Kirk Franklin

○  Daryl Coley

○  CeCe Winans

○  Smokey Norful

○  Mavis Staples

○  Mary, Mary

●  Gospel on Broadway:

○  Leap of Faith

○  The Color Purple

# data[].attributes.body
- originates from the Mississippi Delta post Civil War
- melancholy feel and sound

Great blues influencers:

○  Duke Ellington

○  Bessie Smith

○  Muddy Waters

○  B.B. King

○  John Lee Hooker

○  Johnny Winter

○  Stevie Ray Vaughn

○  Billie Holiday

○  Blues Traveler

○  Keb’ Mo’

○  Kenny Wayne Shepherd

○  Johnny Lang

# data[].attributes.body
- comes from Soul Music from black communities
- includes, but not limited to: gospel, blues, hip-hop, jazz, neo-soul

Unfortunately, the musical theatre industry tends to clump all of them into one big “black

sound”

●  All three of these styles influence ALL of our music

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- totally meant to draw listener in and get it STUCK in their head
- has a poor reputation of being shallow, over-produced, not "real" music
- has a more playful feel

# data[].attributes.body
●  13

●  Altar Boyz

●  The Bodyguard

●  The Bomb-itty of Errors

●  Bring It On

●  Brooklyn

●  Clueless

●  The Color Purple

●  Everybody’s Talking about Jamie

●  Ghost

●  Hamilton

●  Holler If Ya Hear Me

# data[].attributes.headline
Contemporary popular music wants you to be exactly who YOU are RIGHT NOW.

# data[].attributes.subject
Contemporary popular music wants you to be exactly who YOU are RIGHT NOW.

# data[].attributes.headline
3 Categories of Contemporary pop/rock styles

# data[].attributes.subject
3 Categories of Contemporary pop/rock styles

# data[].attributes.body
Pop, R&B, Rap
Rock, punk, emo
pop/rock proper

lighter side: pop, R&B, rap
darker side: punk and emo
middle ground: pop/rock

# data[].attributes.body
- look like you belong in the world but not in a costume
- jeans and a nice shirt
- think of the color palette

# data[].attributes.body
3 categories of 80s musical:
- musicals that make fun of the 80s
- musicals that exist in the 80s and are truthful to the era
- musicals that want an epic 80s sound but don't take place in the 80s. but not mocking the 80s.

making fun of the 80s
- rock of ages, the wedding singer
- popular 80s archetype of "slutty girl on the hood of the car"
- women are: powerful, in control, man in the palm of her hands -- mixture of torture and turn-on.

living truthfully in the 80s:
- footloose, fame, flashdance
- depict what it is like to have the time of our lives singing and dancing in the 80s

epic 80s style
- all ALW shows, jekyll and hyde, joseph, bat out of hell
- music is delicious and big
- enjoy how emotional the music is

# data[].attributes.body
- many 80s artists took their inspo from David Bowie and Ziggy Stardust he created
- exploring androgynous qualities
- colors were electric: neon, hot pink, orange, yellow
- leg warmers & rubber bracelets
- hair was permed, teased, and crimped; mullets!
- create angles in the body--geometric shapes
- bold and sharp movements

# data[].attributes.body
madonna
phil collins
cyndi lauper

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NO VIBRATO
- indulge in feelings rather than releasing them
- stay in the moment

when the emotion gets more intense, the key mods.

add breathiness for textured (esp for on and offsets)

major vowel mods:
- ex: "baby" is pronounced "bay-beh"
- add shadow vowels (extra vowel at end of words)

very little riffing
- except: by Olivia Newton-John (and others similar) and POC in R&B
- riffs are part of the melody rather than improv.

do not scream in people's faces.
- the screamy sound is made in the recording studio.

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- june of 1981 -- 5 reports of "lung cancer" in these 5 previously healthy young men
- CDC established a task force to ID risk factors
- within months, 100s of people were dead (esp gay men)
- at the time, nobody knew what was causing this.
- people with AIDS were stigmatized

# data[].attributes.body
- came right after disco
- defined by the AIDS epidemic
- indulging in melodramatic and epic performance!!
- emotional quality = living in the emotion
(whereas disco is about forgetting and dancing the night away)

musical styles:
- Pop: catchy, synth., small range (Madonna, paula abdul)
- Rock: defined by "hair bands" (big hair, tight pants, lots of makeup); (twisted sister, def leppard, motley crue)
- New wave/punk: (the cure, duran duran, blondie, flock of seagulls)
- R&B: Black people were not allowed to be as outrageous as white people. This category was marketed as "easy listening" or "adult contemporary" (James ingram, jeffrey osborne, atlantic starr, luther vandross)
- yacht rock (soft rock): essence of a bunch of sensitive white guys hanging out on a yacht. entirely populated by men at the time. (kenny loggins, hall & oates, steely dan)

# data[].attributes.body
- audition notice may ask for "80s pop/rock" or "class rock song"
megamusical songs often fit into this style:
- "memory"
- "heaven help my heart"
- "the story goes on"
- "unexpected song"

# data[].attributes.body
-  The wedding singer
- chess
- footloose
- sing street
- joseph
- taboo
- we will rock you
- rock of ages
- song and dance
- jekyll and hyde
- flashdance
- head over heels
- school of rock
- american psycho
- bat out of hell
- baby fame

# data[].attributes.body
1981: Prez Reagan took office:
- strangled economy, decreased size of fed gov, laid groundwork for end of cold war
- BUT ignored under deserved communities (gay and black people especially, which created hip hop and rap later on)
- allowed economy to boom = led to indulgence

MTV launched in 1981:
- first TV station dedicated to rock videos
- "Video Killed the Radio Star" by Buggles was the first video ever played on MTV
- very few black people on MTV unless they catered to white audiences
- there was a "disco sucks" movement that MTV was a part of. which basically was a homophobic and racist movement.
- removed black and queer artists from the cultural spotlight.
- but also brought music videos to the public.

music industry started doing a lot of humanitarian work:
- AIDS money raising
- poverty raising
- "we are the world"
- broadcasted fundraising concerts on TV

movies:
- rep'ed this new gen
- elmo's fire, breakfast club, pretty in pink, etc.

tv:
- miami vice, who's the boss, gimme a break, charles in charge

Toys:
- rubik's cube and trapper keepers
- arcade games: pac man, donkey kong, tron, halaga
- in-home video games too

people were outrageous, loud, playful, and over-the-top

# data[].attributes.body
- something fun! that express you
- soft, slick, tight, and clean

# data[].attributes.body
- purpose of disco is to lift people's spirits
- moving from pain and cutting loose on the dance floor
- be moved to move!
- disco musicals are about escaping from reality and partying

# data[].attributes.body
- dance music
- crisp and clean movements with fluid, loose, relaxed bodies
- marriage of tight fitting and looseness in clothing
- be moved to dance! dance with spirit!

# data[].attributes.body
- homosexuality cont to be criminalized, which made drag culture hide for safety
- drag balls were former out of a countercultural movement in opposition to laws banning people from wearing clothes of the "opposite gender"
- all about the dancing and showmanship!

# data[].attributes.body
- dynamic, soulful sexiness or sensuality
- more indulgent than motown sound
- incorporates whole 30 piece orchestras with full string and horn sections
- voice needs to match the lushness and fullness of the orchestra
- emotion of JOY!
- disco is about bringing the party in the room :D

# data[].attributes.body
the wiz
mamma mia
this ain't no disco
pricilla, queen of the desert
xanadu
Summer: the Donna Summer musical
sister act
the view upstairs
starlight express
soul train
the cher show
disaster
saturday night feverhttps://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.artsimpulse.com%2Ftheatre-reviews%2F2012%2F07%2Fa-boogie-night-roller-disco-the-musical&psig=AOvVaw2pouaK9BNMvIx3aYGc7TAP&ust=1676051352292000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CA8QjRxqFwoTCJCu_P3_iP0CFQAAAAAdAAAAABAJ

# data[].attributes.body
- love child of the motown era and 70s folk/rock
- the drugs of this time went from weed to cocaine
- funk groups: parliament and sly; the family stone
- stretched until the late 80s: whitney houston and olivia newton-john
- drag came from disco!

- https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fsoundcloud.com%2Fuser-436633111%2Fwhitney-houston-i-wanna-dance-with-somebody-disco-mashup-4&psig=AOvVaw3SAUGoQvuanI1KBUmtTngR&ust=1676051481691000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CA8QjRxqFwoTCMD3y7uAif0CFQAAAAAdAAAAABAJ

# data[].attributes.body
- dance clubs
- disco was created by gay and black people as a safe space to express themselves during the dangerous time in the 70s (and beyond)
- Stonewall Riots happening: police raids against gay community
- disco allowed people of all races, backgrounds, gender, and sexual orientation to feel brave and space together
- drugs are less about meditation and more about party-ing

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
File:A girl in Kensington.JPG - Wikipedia

# data[].attributes.body
- don't dress like a "hippie"
- wear clothes that make you feel the most relaxed and free in
- no sweatpants or gym clothes
- non-structured or "dressed up"
- bell-bottoms, jeans, flowy skirts,

# data[].attributes.body
- express your feeling fully and live in those feelings!
- more about emotional environment: what does this song do to me emotionally?
- so maybe...think about what emotional environment we are living in NOW, as our time now is similar to what happened in the 70s.
- these songs are about healing what is hurt.

# data[].attributes.body
- clothes loosened and fabric softened
- bodies were free
- freestyle dancing
- loose, free, and nonlinear movements
- let the vibe affect your movement
- Vietnam-era songs should be grounded

# data[].attributes.headline
Listening to 70s folk/rock in class - what I hear

# data[].attributes.subject
Listening to 70s folk/rock in class - what I hear

# data[].attributes.body
Joni Mitchell, "All I Want"
- little bit of yodel
- very breathy, upper register
- little diction, sounds very speech-like
- just a guitar

Simon & Garfunkel, "Sound of Silence"
- tight harmonies
- poetic lyrics--poetry to music
- haunting vocal quality: echo, tight harmonies, soft strumming guitar
- trail off at end of phrases
- very little vibrato, if any
- sounds very earthy: if simon and Garfunkel were benders they would be earth benders
- high notes generally always have a cry
- notes of yodel

# data[].attributes.body
- Joni Mitchell!!!!!!
- Simon & Garfunkel

# data[].attributes.body
- Rock music = deeper, more poetic
- No interested in light, formulaic rhythm
- expressing the pain of the times = music became thematically darker
- voices became more grounded: raw, director emotion
- for most part--no dancing
- musical phrases often begin with a "cry"; vibrato should be used for emotional release.
- lots of breathiness
- vibrato drops off at the end
- nothing is supposed to be purposefully pretty about this style! supposed to be very truthful and emotional.
- this genre is meant to be recorded, not live.
- mics get better so the singing and music can become more subtle

# data[].attributes.body
- Sexual revolution and free love

# data[].attributes.body
- verse & chorus
- bridge & chorus
- bridge & verse
- short verse, bridge, & chorus

# data[].attributes.headline
Listening to Motown in class - what I hear

# data[].attributes.subject
Listening to Motown in class - what I hear

# data[].attributes.body
"Be My Baby" by The Ronettes
- A groove!
- strong drum
- accompaniment still as strong as vocals
- i know exactly what she's saying
- little vibrato, only on "baby"
- back up singers "doo-wop"
- speech-like; loud but not abrasive
- violin
- about the music, not about the text.

"I Was Made to Love Her by Stevie Wonder
- big instrumentals
- gROOVE!
- music volume balanced again
- speaking on pitch
- offsets drop off; riffs drop off.
- little vibrato
- back up vocals
- loud but not abrasive
- about the music, not about the text.

"Tell Mama" by Etta James
- Driving brass
- dropping off
- speaking on pitch
- loud but not abrasive
- repeating trumpet riff
- small growl
- strong repeating bass line

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General notes:
- Basically all songs mid-50s to mid-60s.
- (Vietnam war changed songs--the 70s folk songs are reactive to Vietnam War, etc. historical events.)
- music COMPLETELY changed in late 60s due to US involved in Vietnam War.
- Motown = Detroit, where this music came from. Called "Motor City."
- Tamla Records (founded in 1959) produced and distributed soul music; they eventually incorporated into Motown Records in 1960.

Styles of Motown
- Romantic jazz ("The Rat Pack")
- 50s style rock n roll (Jerry lee Lewis)
- Rockabilly (Buddy Holly, Elvis)
- Doo-wop (Frankie Lymon
- Motown Proper (Diana Ross, The Supremes)
- Sixties style pop (Connie Francis)
- The British Invasion (the beatles)
- Northern soul

Pop/rock musicals are organized by the STYLE or era the show takes place in. NOT when it was written. (Ex: Little Shop was written in 1982, but is based in the style of Doo-Wop.)
Don't need to stay in the decade; needs to SOUND the style.

History:
- economic boom in 1950s (from WWII) in the US. Ave America spending more $ than ever.
- Music was marketed for adults, not for teens (which is what it is marketed for now.)
- Music industry capitalized on disposable income & passion for music. (And the WHOLE household listened to the same music.)
- 1949-1969: TV stations in US rose from 69 to 566! (Post WWII, ~every household was able to afford a TV set.)
- Popular shows: Leave it to Beaver, The honeymooners, Howdy Doody, variety shows; Teens watched dance shows like American Bandstand.
- This time was very wholesome, conservative, and little differentiation--bc people were getting the same media.
- Pop trends: hula hoop, Barbie, drive-in movies.
- After the assassination of Prez Kennedy (Nov 1963), people latched onto the youthful idealism of The Beatles.
- Beatles intro'd US to a rock group (guitar, bass, drums).
- conservative culture interested in morality; no public displays of "intimate things" in culture, TV, or public.
- Lucille Ball was the first pregnant woman on TV.
- People were polite, pristine, poised, and emotionally contained. (They never showed Elvis below the waist on TV.)

Gender roles
- traditional, clear cut
- women few ops: housewives, stay at home moms.
- single women were supposed to be virgins
- men were breadwinners if married
- single men were rascals or playboys.
- acting or feeling different from the social norm was considered a sign of emotional disturbance. (brutal time for queer people, etc. Electric shock, lobotomies.)

Civil Rights Movement
- segregation.
- Berry Gordy founded Motown label in 1959 Detroit to allow  Black performers to sing their own music.
- Intro'd black music to mainstream music.

Vocal style
- vibrato is in the middle of each musical phrase. straight tone at end, or let phrase drop off.
- Glottal onsets.
- treat your voice like a drum--not a lot of legato. (Speak the lyrics of the song. then add the pitches w/o thinking about singing.)
- over-articulated speech & rhythm.
- The singer is part of the groove. the rhythm is just as important as the melody.
- Riff only when emotionally moved. Simple, few, not big.

Body
- MOVE YOUR BODY! This is dance music! (Jenna recs learning the dance of the time)
- Dance: pony, the slop, twist, stroll, mashed potato, watusi.
- BUT don't choreograph! feel it!
- dance moves are crisp and clean.

Acting
- you are playing yourself
- think less about the lyrics and more about living in the world of the music.
- created a character for your aud based on YOU during this time period.

Fashion / what to wear to auds
-  nod to 50s and 60s
- conservative
- don't worry about matching the gender
- skirts below knee, no cleavage
- express your personality!
- crisp and clean

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"Moving from Georgia to Detroit, Gordy’s family was part of the massive migration of hundreds of thousands of African Americans from the South during and after World War I, lured largely by the promise of work in Northern manufacturing industries such as Detroit’s auto plants."

source: https://www.britannica.com/topic/Motown

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, in full Motown Record Corporation, also called Hitsville, recording company founded by Berry Gordy, Jr., in Detroit, Michigan, U.S., in January 1959 that became one of the most successful Black-owned businesses and one of the most influential independent record companies in American history. The company gave its name to the hugely popular style of soul music that it created.

Moving from Georgia to Detroit, Gordy's family was part of the massive migration of hundreds of thousands of African Americans from the South during and after World War I, lured largely by the promise of work in Northern manufacturing industries such as Detroit's auto plants. Gordy's parents, hardworking entrepreneurs, instilled in their children the gospel of hard work and religious faith. They also played a major role in financing Gordy in his early years in the music business.

Following an attempt at a professional boxing career and a stint in the army during the Korean War, Gordy entered the music business. He briefly owned a jazz record store, but his true love was songwriting. Although he could not read music, he demonstrated an unerring ability to gauge whether a song had the elements of popular appeal. Before forming Motown, Gordy tried to make it as an independent songwriter and record producer, cowriting hit songs for Jackie Wilson, another former boxer and Detroiter, and Marv Johnson. Despite his success, Gordy remained on the fringes of the popular music business, making very little money, until he discovered William ("Smokey") Robinson, a Detroit high schooler with a soothing falsetto and an ear for sweet lyrics.

In 1959, not long after recording Robinson's group, the Miracles, for New York-based End Records and establishing Jobete Publishing Company, Gordy began Motown Records (its name derived from Detroit's nickname, "Motor City"). A number of factors came together to make Motown's success possible at this time. First, after World War II, big-band swing, the dominant popular dance music in the United States during the Great Depression, became passé. Big musical units were no longer economically feasible. Jazz had been taken over by a new group of Young Turk stylists; calling themselves beboppers, they were inclined to play music for listening rather than dancing.

Second, a new urban dance music, rhythm and blues, was ascendant. Emerging primarily from inner-city ghettos and popularized by such bandleaders as Louis Jordan and Lionel Hampton, rhythm and blues was almost exclusively recorded by small independent labels. Of the three major recording companies-Columbia, Capitol, and Decca-only the last showed any interest in the exciting new music that would spawn rock and roll. During the 1950s it was possible for a young entrepreneur with an ear for this music to start a moderately successful independent company producing a sound that appealed to young people and inner-city African Americans.

Third, by the late 1950s two other Black-owned independent record companies that specialized in rhythm and blues and rock and roll had been enjoying considerable success for nearly a decade-Peacock Records, formed in Houston, Texas, by Don Robey, and Vee Jay Records, formed in Chicago by Vivian Carter Bracken, James Bracken, and Calvin Carter. Therefore, Gordy was not going into completely uncharted territory as a Black music entrepreneur. In 1959, the year Gordy founded Motown, Harry Belafonte became the first African American to produce a Hollywood film, Odds Against Tomorrow, through his own company. The social change promised by the 1954 Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka school desegregation decision and the new civil rights activism made this a heady time indeed to be an enterprising African American-anything seemed possible. Moreover, Black radio had become a force in the marketing of popular music after World War II. This gave Black listeners great clout as consumers and made it possible for Black record company owners to market their wares directly to this growing audience.

During the 1960s Motown became one of the reigning presences in American popular music, along with the Beatles. Gordy assembled an array of talented local people (many of whom had benefited from the excellent music education program at Detroit public schools in the 1950s) at 2648 West Grand Boulevard, destined to become the most famous address in Detroit. Serving as both recording studio and administrative headquarters, this two-story house became the home of "Hitsville." Motown's roster included several successful solo acts, such as Marvin Gaye, Stevie Wonder (a star as both a child and an adult), and Mary Wells. In addition to the Miracles, who notched Motown's first million-selling single, "Shop Around" (1960), there were several young singing groups, including the Temptations, Martha and the Vandellas, and the Marvelettes. There also were a number of somewhat older groups that scored big, such as the Four Tops, the Contours, and Junior Walker and the All-Stars. A number of acts that were not developed by Motown wound up enjoying hit records during a stint with the company, including the Isley Brothers and Gladys Knight and the Pips.

Yet, despite the considerable acclaim these performers garnered, no Motown act of the 1960s matched the success of the Supremes, a girl group that scored number-one hits with "Where Did Our Love Go," "Baby Love," "Come See About Me" (all 1964), "Stop! In the Name of Love," "Back in My Arms Again," "I Hear a Symphony" (all 1965), and "You Can't Hurry Love" (1966). Not only were they the second most successful singing group of the decade-surpassed only by the Beatles-but they remain the most successful female singing group of all time. The group's glamorous lead singer, Diana Ross, went on to a remarkable solo career as a singer and a moderately successful career as an actress.

Not only did Motown's acts become famous but its songwriters and producers also became household, or at least familiar, names. Brian Holland, Lamont Dozier, and Eddie Holland, who wrote and produced most of the Supremes' mid-1960s hits, were nearly as famous as the Supremes themselves, and their squabble with Gordy over money, which resulted in a nasty lawsuit and their departure from the company, was major industry news. Robinson was an important songwriter at Motown, as were Sylvia Moy, Norman Whitfield, Mickey Stevenson, Ivy Joe Hunter, and Gordy himself. All these songwriters were also producers. Some were assigned by Gordy to work with specific acts. Such fame did some of Motown's writers achieve and such problems did their fame cause for Gordy that, when the Jackson 5 were signed by the company in 1969, the team that wrote the group's early hits was credited simply as the Corporation.

Motown had an extraordinary house band (known as the Funk Brothers) made up of some of the best nightclub and bar musicians in Black Detroit, including Earl Van Dyke on keyboards, Benny Benjamin and Uriel Jones on drums, and James Jamerson on bass. They played a huge role in the development of the Motown sound, a branch of soul music that featured more sophisticated arrangements and orchestration than the grittier Southern soul that contemporaneously flourished at as the Memphis Sound. Motown brought together rhythm-and-blues, gospel, and pop influences as it sought to "cross over" (i.e., move beyond single-genre listeners) to reach a wide audience that included white teenagers. Motown records were specifically mixed to sound good on car radios and were characterized by a thumping backbeat that made dancing easy for everyone. Motown sought to be and became the "Sound of Young America."

Despite its great number of hits, Motown was actually a small company, but it was run with unmatched efficiency. Gordy prided himself on having learned about producing a quality product from a brief stint on the assembly line at an auto plant. He had rigorous quality control meetings, and only records that could pass the harsh criticism of his assembled brain trust were released. As a result of Gordy's stringent measures, at the height of its popularity (in the mid- to late 1960s), Motown enjoyed the highest hit ratio for its released singles of any record company in history. In truth, Gordy had to employ these extraordinary means if a company as small as his was to survive against bigger companies in the popular music business.

Artist development at Motown was comprehensive. Equal parts finishing school and academy of popular arts, the company provided its acts with elaborate choreography under the tutelage of Cholly Atkins. Young women raised in public housing projects, like the Supremes, were schooled in the social graces, and chaperones accompanied the package-tour bus cavalcades that brought Motown to other parts of the United States during the company's early years.

Motown enjoyed its greatest success between 1965 and 1968, when it dominated the Billboard charts. Although the company was never quite the force in the 1970s that it was in the '60s (having lost several key performers), it was still a formidable enterprise with the Jackson 5, the Commodores, Wonder, and Ross. In 1971 Motown released what became, arguably, the most influential soul record ever, Gaye's What's Going On. In the late 1960s Detroit was wracked with violent race riots, and in the early '70s the company relocated to Los Angeles, where its move into filmmaking was generally fruitful. Motown's most famous film, Lady Sings the Blues (1972), starred Ross and was loosely based on the career of jazz singer Billie Holiday.

In the 1980s Gordy found it difficult to prosper in a music industry increasingly dominated by multinational conglomerates, and in 1988 he sold Motown to MCA, which later sold the company to Polygram. Motown became part of the Universal Music Group when UMG acquired Polygram in 1998. Motown remained a force in popular music-a vital, near-primal influence with stunning longevity. No one has quite been able to reproduce the classic Motown sound.

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Motown | History, Style, Artists, Songs, & Facts

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Motown, in full Motown Record Corporation, also called Hitsville, recording company founded by Berry Gordy, Jr., in Detroit, Michigan, U.S., in January 1959 that became one of the most successful Black-owned businesses and one of the most influential independent record companies in American history.

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"all tambourines, driving bass lines, and gospel-influenced vocal harmonies...

A strong, steady four-beat drum tempo

Frequent use of strings and horns

Pop vocal stylings embellished with gospel-influenced chorals

Complex chord changes and sophisticated melodies

To enhance this sound, Motown producers would use such studio trickery as two drummers instead of one, as many as four guitars, and frequent overdubbing of both vocals and instruments, plus mixing that emphasized treble for a crisp sound over AM radio."

source: https://www.liveabout.com/what-is-the-motown-sound-2850870

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source: https://classic.motown.com/story/motowns-top-10-number-ones/

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"Stagewear was influenced by the Cold War, the Civil Rights Movement and other events during the ‘60s and early ‘70s. Musical icons’ dress codes were often an exaggerated, theatrical depiction of fashion trends at the time. When stage outfits weren’t representing current attire, they were defining it.

The early 60s was heavily influenced by European Modernists, which brought striking color blocking, as seen in the women’s bold makeup and Florence’s magenta and violet dress. The early 60s had a peculiar fixation on youth, as seen in the style of dress — mini skirts and dresses’ high hemlines and colorful tights were reminiscent of the playful fashion of young women… like, really young. This style is commonly referred to as “Dolly Girl.” Space age was also very trendy, as the United States took on the moon and the Cold War."

source: https://medium.com/@adrienneluther/lets-talk-motown-fashion-pt-1-960f45d9126f

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Founded in 1959, Motown Records is one of the single most influential record companies in American history. Signing acts like the Supremes…

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The origins of Motown - historical events

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The origins of Motown - historical events

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"Founded in 1959, Motown Records is one of the single most influential record companies in American history. Signing acts like the Supremes, the Temptations, Mary Wells, Martha and the Vandellas, and more. The label’s founder, Berry Gordy, was a master of the biz — with a decades-long career full of influence and impeccable networking. Gordy’s business savvy would lead the label to a relocation to L.A. in the early 70s, with international expansion following soon after. Gordy’s formula was simple and undeniably effective: make soul music accessible to a wider public. The days of Southern African American blues were over (only to be confined to smaller labels), at least for the greater part of the 60s, and black and white artists alike began producing songs about heartbreak, love, and dancin’."

source: https://medium.com/@adrienneluther/lets-talk-motown-fashion-pt-1-960f45d9126f

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"Marvin Gaye joined Motown as a drummer, after a stint with Harvey and the Moonglows in the 1950s. He did it all: balladeer, musician, one-half of the most famous vocal duo in R&B history (with Tammi Terrell), and, finally, an artist who used his music to address the serious issues of his day.

His first Motown hit, “Stubborn Kind of Fellow,” was released in 1961.

Marvin Gaye’s 1968 recording of “I Heard It Through The Grapevine” sold four million copies.

During the early 1970s, Marvin assumed greater creative control over his career, starting with 1971’s What’s Going On. Described in Rolling Stone, the album was heralded as “the most important and passionate record to come out of soul music, delivered by one of its finest voices.”

Nominated for twelve Grammy Awards over the course of his career, Marvin won two in 1982 for the single “Sexual Healing.” Marvin is ranked sixth by Rolling Stone magazine on its list of the Greatest Singers of All Time and 18th among the Greatest Artists of All Time. He was inducted posthumously into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1987. "

source: https://www.motownmuseum.org/artist/marvin-gaye/

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"Martha appointed herself his [Motown’s Artists & Repertoire Director William “Mickey” Stevenson] secretary and worked for weeks without pay, hoping to get her foot in the door.

When solo star Mary Wells failed to show up for a recording session, Martha stepped in, backed up by the Del-Phis.

Shortly after signing with the company, the group recorded Holland-Dozier-Holland’s “Come and Get These Memories” in 1963. The single reached #29 on the Top 40 pop and #6 on the R&B charts.

Martha Reeves and the Vandellas secured Motown’s first Grammy Award nomination in 1964 for “(Love Is Like A) Heat Wave”. For their many contributions to R&B, Martha Reeves and the Vandellas were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1995, only the second female group to receive that honor."

source: https://www.motownmuseum.org/artist/martha-and-the-vandellas/

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"The Four Tops started their musical career as the Four Aims at a house party in Detroit in 1954.
Their breakthrough hit, “Baby I Need Your Loving,” was produced by Holland-Dozier-Holland in 1964, and was followed by greater success with “I Can’t Help Myself (Sugar Pie, Honey Bunch)” in 1965, the Tops’ first #1 hit.
The quartet performed together for more than forty years, without a single personnel change, separated only by the death of group member Lawrence Payton in 1997.
Inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1990, the Tops also received the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award and were ranked #79 on Rolling Stone’s list of the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time."

source: https://www.motownmuseum.org/artist/the-four-tops/

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https://www.motownmuseum.org/legacy/motown-alumni/

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We strive to include and acknowledge as many people who played a part in making the magic of Motown as possible. However, if you are aware of any omissions, please Contact Us

Aaron, Brenda

Abernathy, Louisa

Abner, Ewart

Abrams, Al

Adams, Alberta

Adams, Pepper

Adams, Arthur

Adams, Carl

Adams, Fred

Adams, Martha

Adams, Nina

Adams, Venida

Aday, Marvin

Adels, Robert

Adkins, Wendel

Aitken, Ron

Akouris, Arthur

Alder, John

Ales, Barney

Ales, Steve

Alexander, Nate

Alexander, Patricia

Allen, Johnny

Allen, Richard

Allen, Angela

Allen, Lynn

Allen, Napoleon

Allen, Sheila

Allen, Wally

Allen-Wong, Moy

Allentini, Georgio

Aller, Michelle

Allison, Luther

Amato, Roberta

Ameno, Nickolas

Anderson, George

Anderson, Alma

Anderson, Anthony

Anderson, Althea

Anderson, Doug

Anderson, Keith

Anderson, Cozzie

Anderson, Prentiss

Anderson-Owens, Edna

Anderson-Schaffner, Katherine

Andrews, Jack

Andrews, Larry

Anthony, Richard

Antin, Brenda

Antley, Joe

Aquisto, Carol

Armour, Ednora

Armstrong, Clifford

Armstrong, Lee

Armstrong, Nikiter

Arnett, Barbara

Aron, Gustav

Aronek, David

Arthur, Jerrold

Arthur, Venita

Ashburn, Benny

Ashby, Delta

Ashford, Nicholas

Ashford, Jack

Ashford-Holmes, Rosalind

Askey, Gil

Atkins-Stevens, Lois

Atkinson, Charles "Cholly Atkins"

Atkinson, Joseph

Austin, Kay

Austin, Lanny

Austin, Patti

Avant, Clarence

Avig, Stuart

Babbitt, Bob

Badanjek, Johnny "Bee"

Badstubner, Nancy

Bagby, Isaac

Bailey, Ann

Bailey, Cheryl "Cheri"

Bailey, Jacob

Baird, Tommy

Baker, Michael

Baldwin, Charles

Balk, Harry

Ball, Laurie Anne

Ballard, Florence

Ballard, Jack

Balnius, Mary

Banuelos, John

Banyai, Frank

Baraka, Imamu Amiri

Barans, Peter

Barbee-Fairhurst, Norma

Barbee-McNeal, Bertha

Barden, Charles

Barnes, Barbara

Barnes, Bruce

Barnes, Dena

Barnes, J.J.

Barnes, Lamar

Barnes, Terry

Barnes, Sidney

Barnette, Lynnaire

Barnum, Billie

Barnum, H.B.

Barone, Clement

Barrett, Lynn

Barrios, Erlinda

Barrow-Tate, J. Marlene

Barthwell, Jack

Bass, Pierre

Bateman, Robert

Bates, Herbert

Bates, Sidney

Batiste, Rose

Battle, Laura

Baugh, Brenda

Bayer, Bruce

Bealucp, Vercli

Beard, Tweed

Beauchamp, George

Beavers, Jackie

Beck, Jeff

Bedford, Charles Dennis "Chuck"

Bee, Tom

Belcher, Robert

Belgrave, Marcus

Bell, Jerry

Bell, Kippi

Bell, Louise

Belle, Bobby

Bellard, Brenda

Ben, LaBrenda

Benjamin, Benny "Papa Zita"

Benjamin, Daniel

Benjamin, Karen

Bennett, Cliff

Bennett, Floyd

Benson, Renaldo "Obie"

Berger, Shelly

Bernstein, Jerry

Berry, Gwendolyn

Bethea, Harmon

Bethune, Janie

Biegel, Irving

Biggs, Edwin

Billingslea, Joe

Birdsong, Cindy

Bisco, Eddie

Bishop, James

Black, Bill

Black, Zell

Blackwell, Elaine

Blakely, B.

Blakely, Cornell

Blancett, George

Blanks, Deanna

Bluestein, Barry

Boehret, Donald

Bogan, Ann

Bogrow, Milton

Bohannon, George

Bohannon, Hamilton

Bohl, Dick

Bolus, Richard

Bond, Angelo

Bond, Jimmy

Bond, Vinette

Bongiovi, Anthony

Booker, Levi

Boone, Ashley

Boone, Pat

Boone, Shirley

Borden, Carol

Botros, Michael

Botros, Mounir

Botts, Ray

Bowden, Stephen

Bowen, Jeffrey

Bowen, Lily

Bowers, Louise

Bowler, Ralph

Bowles, Thomas "Beans"

Boyce, Brenda

Boyd, Dorothy

Boyster, Vermettya

Brabson, Reps

Braceley, Jr., Stanford

Bradford-Hobbs, Janie

Bradley, Alma

Bradshaw, Booker

Braithwaite, David

Brandt, Brie

Brauer, Bill "T.G. Sheppard"

Breen, Bobby

Bridges, Gil

Brisker, Miller

Bristol, Johnny

Broadnax, Morris

Brock, Bernice

Brockenborough, Vercye

Brockert, Mary "Teena Marie"

Brokensha, Jack

Brookes, Michael

Brooks, Robert "Bobby"

Brooks, Constance

Brooks, Evonne

Broussard, Mitzi

Brown, Billie Jean

Brown, Eddie "Bongo"

Brown, Bunnie

Brown, Charles

Brown, Cliton

Brown, Deborah

Brown, Don

Brown, Genie

Brown, Jackson

Brown, Kenneth

Brown, Larry

Brown, Ronald

Brown, Vivian

Brown, Wynnie

Browne, Severin

Brownlee, Norma

Brucate, Chuck

Bruckner, Ernest

Bryant, Elbridge

Bryant, Earl

Buckley, Steve

Buckner, Marian

Buckner, Sherman

Buckner, Teddy

Buffin, Leo

Bulk, Harry

Bullock, Robert

Bullock, Billie

Bullock, Vernon

Burgan, Leslie

Burley, Camelia

Burley, Janice

Burnette, Dorsey

Burns, Eddie

Burns, Lucinda

Burns, Susan

Burnwell, Ben

Burris, Pansy

Burston, Alcene

Burston, Sharon

Burston, Tyrone

Busbee, Anita

Butler, Jerry

Byrd, Carol Lynn

Cade, Lydia

Calahan, James Edward

Calhoun, Bernita

Calhoun, Evonne

Calhoun, Michael "Mike"

Call, Miriam

Calloway, Edward

Calvin, Billie Rae

Cameron, G.C.

Campbell, Walter "Choker"

Campbell, Edward

Campbell, Margaret

Campbell, Roger

Cannon, Al

Cappa, Dino

Carasik, Diane

Carey, Dorothy

Carey, Eugene

Carlisi, Angelo

Carmichael, Stokely

Carmichael, James

Carpenter, James

Carr, Alice

Carroll, Diahann

Carswell, Juanita

Carter, Donald

Carter, Ron

Caruso, Carol

Cash, Andrea

Cashman, Kim R.

Cassano, Carol

Castagne, Peter

Castlebury, Sharon

Caston, Leonard

Cele, Joyce

Centofanti, Sandro

Chambers, Jeanne

Chandler, Roderick

Channel, Bruce

Charles, Beau

Charles, Joe

Charles, John

Chasky, Dan

Chatman, Edward

Chessen, Robert

Chester, Susan

Childs, Wallace

Chong, Thomas "Tommy"

Christie, Ken

Christie, Lou

Church, Derek

Churchill, Trevor

Cisco, Carl

Clark, Carol

Clark, Chris

Clark, Dave

Clark, Jane

Clark, Marilyn

Clark, Rosalind

Clark, Tony

Clawson, E.G.

Clay, Tom

Clayton, Joe

Clayton, Ray

Clayton, Zona

Cleveland, Alfred "Al"

Clinton, George

Cobb, Ed

Cochran, James

Coffey, Dennis

Cogger, Richard

Cohen, Rob

Cohen, Shirley

Cohn, Stephen

Cole, Carolyn

Cole, Harry

Colecchio, Rita

Coleman, Hazel

Coleman, Robert

Coleman, Dorothy

Coleman, Gary

Coleman, Martin

Coleman, Michael

Coleman, Patricia

Colen, Jr., Dave

Colgan, Beatrice

Collins, Charles

Collins, Joe

Collins, Johnny

Collins, Ron

Constanza, Ritchie

Contractor, Shirish

Conway, Russell

Cook, Seatha

Coolures, George

Coons, Byron

Cooper, Steven

Cope, Darryl

Copeland, George

Copeland, Ron

Cordell, Phil

Cosby, Henry

Cosby, Bill

Cosby, Patricia

Costa, Gaetano "Guy"

Costanza, David

Coston, Suzanne

Coursey, John T.

Cousar, Bob

Cowart, Juanita

Cox, Steve

Cox, Taylor

Craig, Ken

Crawford, Carolyn

Crawford, Hank

Creggett, Mariea

Crockett, Howard

Crockett, L.

Crook, James

Crosby, Bob

Cross, Carolyn

Crossley, Raymond

Crouch, Sandra

Crowl, Chuck

Crumpler, M.J.

Curland, Lisa

Curry, Howard

Cutler, Carl

D'Andrea, Bob

D'Andrea, Federico

D'Angelo-Oliver, Charlene

D'Anna, Antonino

D'Antigac, Diane

Da Kroob, Mel

Dalton, Jack

Dancho, Dante

Dandridge, Frank

Daniel, Catherine

Daniels, Ron

Danner, Margaret

Darin, Bobby

Darnell, Larry

Davidson, Charles

Davis, Donald

Davis, Harold "Hal"

Davis, Hugh "Huey"

Davis, Ossie

Davis, William "Billy"

Davis, Andrew

Davis, Billy

Davis, Charles

Davis, Clifton

Davis, Danny

Davis, David

Davis, Elizabeth

Davis, Hagan Marcell

Davis, Harold

Davis, Luzinka

Davis, Maurice

Davis, William

Davis, Jr., Sammy

Dawson, Johnny

Dawson, Emerio

Day, Danny

De Leon, Nelia

Dean, Debbie

Dean, James

Dean, Rosalind

DeBarge, Bobby

DeBarge, Bunny

DeBarge, Chico

DeBarge, Eldra "El"

DeBarge, Etterlene

DeBarge, James

DeBarge, Jonathan

DeBarge, Mark "Marty"

DeBarge, Randy

DeBarge, Thomas

Debban, Merle "Craig"

DeCoteaux, Bertha

Dee, Kiki

Del Core, Marcia

DeLeon, Ralph

Demps, Louvaine

DeMudd, Pierre

Dennis, Beverly Ann

Dennis, Robert

Denson, Curtis

Denton, Michael

DePasse, Suzanne

DePierro, Tom

DeRocher, Leo

DeShay, George

DeVito, Tommy

Di Noble, Alan

Di Staso, Nicola

Diamond, Hank

Diamond, Carol

Diamond, Joel

Diamonde, Dick

Dickerson, Charlie

Dickerson, John Lawrence "Big John"

DiMirco, Vincent

DiNoble, Alan

Dixon, George W.

Dixon, Henry "Hank"

Dixon, Jan

Dobbins, Georgeanna

Dodd, Gregory

Does, Cecilia

Dominick, June

Donaldson, Fawn

Dooley, Cassandra

Dotson, Reginald

Douglas, Lizetta

Douglas, Wendy

Dowdle, Carolyn

Downes, Paddy Joseph

Doyle, Peter

Dozier, Elizabeth "Ann"

Dozier, Lamont

Drake, Doug

Drakes, Barbara

Drummond, Oscar

Dudley, Erwin

Dulin, Alice

Dumas, Lucreasia

Duncan, Darryl

Duncan, Charlene

Dunlap, Cheryl

Dunlap, Randolph

Dunn, Emily

Dunn, John

Durham, Ernie "Frantic"

Dyer, Ada

East, Ken

Eaton, Craig

Echnoz, Dale

Eckstine, William "Billy"

Edmonds, Frances

Edmonds, Sharon

Edwards, Charles "Lefty"

Edwards, Edgar "Chico"

Edwards, George H.

Edwards, Patricia

Edwards, Stacy

Edwards, Jr., Dennis

Eiseman, Herbert

Elder, Norman

Ellie, James

Ellington, Natalie

Elliot, Charles

Elliot, Earl

Elliott, Brenda

Ellis, James

Ellison, Betty

Ellison, Marilyn

Ellison, Margie

Epps, James "Sweet"

Errisson, King

Escobar, Mario

Ethridge, Hosana

Evans, Brenda Joyce

Evans, Gary

Evans, Theresa

Eveland, Dennis

Evely, David

Fagin, John "Maurice"

Fagin, Sandra

Fair, Leroy

Fair, Yvonne

Fakir, Abdul "Duke"

Falconer, Ralph

Falconer, Seymour

Fambrough, Henry

Faniel-Hosendove, Pauline

Farrell, Joe

Farren, Robert

Fearman, Eric

Fekaris, Dino

Felder, Wilton

Feliciano, Jose

Fenwick, Dennis

Ferrer, Constance

Ferro, Nick

Fidge, Richard

Fields, Barry

Fields, Delores

Fields, Lou

Fields, Vanetta

Finley, Guy

Finnegan, Judith

Fisher, James

Fleet, Gordon

Fleming, Robert

Fletcher, Don

Floyd, King

Floyd, Eddie

Fluellen, Eddie

Fogle, R. Wayne

Fonda, Peter

Fontaine, Eli

Fontaine, Lester

Fontaine , Lon

Foreman, Rilly

Forest, Chet

Forney, Sandra

Fort, Lillie

Forte, Rubien

Foster, Darla

Foster, Donald

Foster, Olivia

Foust, Jeff

Fowler, George

Fraire, Gilbert

Fralin, Peter

Frank, Brenda

Franklin, Melvin "Blue"

Franklin, Deborah

Frederick, Carolyn

Freudenberg, Paul

Frye, Cathy

Fulgham, William "Billy"

Fuller, Gwen- Joyce

Fulton, Lori

Fuqua, Harvey

Gadson, James

Gaillard, Bernard

Gaines, Walter A.

Gaines , Barbara

Gaither, Stanley

Gale, Eric

Galich, Albin

Gallagher, Patricia

Gallagher, Seamus

Ganim, Robert

Gann, Carol

Garber, Jesus

Garcia, Ralph

Gardener, Margerita

Gardener, Stu

Garnett, Ronald

Garrard, Glenn

Garrett, James "Jimmy"

Garrett, Deborah "Siedah"

Garrett, Hattie

Garrett, Lee

Garrett, William

Garriss, R.C.

Gasperada, Roy

Gaston, Gloria E.

Gaudio, Bob

Gavin, Robert

Gay, Council

Gaye, Frankie

Gaye, Marvin

Gayten, Paul

Gentile, Mickey

Ghant, Candice "Candi"

Gibbs, Jane

Gibson, Andrew

Gibson, Jack

Gibson, Raymond

Gilbert, Monica

Giles, Barbara

Gilford, Jimmy

Gill, Larry

Gill-Arbor, Mildred "Millie"

Gill-Street, Carolyn "Cal"

Gilreath, Eddie

Gilson, Patti

Gittens, James

Glascock, Brian

Glascock, John

Glasser, Art

Glenn, Leila

Glover, John

Glover, Terry

Goga, Jack

Gold, Judie

Goldberg, Janet

Goldstein, Wynn

Golema, Doug

Gomes, James

Gonzales, Gabriela

Gooch, Donald

Gooch, Edward

Gooch, Mae

Gooch, Sandra

Gooch, Etta

Good, Tommy

Gooden, Geraldine

Gooding, Sr., Cuba

Goosley, Ronnie

Gordon, Billy

Gordon, Marcia

Gordon, Roger

Gordy, Bertha

Gordy, Fuller

Gordy, George

Gordy, Thomas

Gordy, Desiree

Gordy, Hazel

Gordy, Kerry

Gordy, Kennedy "Rockwell"

Gordy, Rodney

Gordy, Roxanna

Gordy, Roy

Gordy, Sharon

Gordy, Terry James

Gordy Bristol, Iris

Gordy Bristol, Karla

Gordy Edwards, Esther

Gordy Fuqua, Gwen

Gordy Gaye, Anna

Gordy-Wakefield, Louyce

Gordy, IV, Berry

Gordy, Jr., Robert Louis

Gordy, Jr., Berry

Gordy, Sr., Berry

Gordy, Sr., Robert

Gore, Lesley

Gorfaine, Mike

Gorman, Freddie

Gorney, Debra

Gould, Theresa

Grace, Michael

Grady, Joan

Grant, Cornelius

Grant, Reginald

Grantling, Eddie

Gratts, Robert

Graves, James

Gray, Ardelle

Gray, Gwendolyn

Graziano, Charles

Grear, Thelma

Greb, Ronnie

Greb, Rick

Greco, Chris

Green, Adolph

Green, Gerald "Jerry"

Green, James

Green, Willie

Greenberg, Bruce

Greene, Ed

Greene, Holly

Greene, Sandra

Greene, Susaye

Greene, Tony

Greer, Paula

Gregg, Joe

Gregory, Miles

Gregory, Virginia

Grey, Albert

Griffin, Junius

Griffin, Billy

Griffin, Carl

Griffin, Herman

Griffin, Lindsay

Griffin, Lisa

Griffith, Johnny

Griffiths, Marcia

Griner, Linda

Grosscup, Wendy

Grubbs, Adele

Guest, William

Guinn, Bonnie

Guinn, Earl

Guinn, Elgin "Skip"

Guinn, Margie

Guinn, Michael

Guinn, Randy

Gunther, Junior

Guzman, Ed

Hager, Peggy

Haines, Connie

Hale, Fay

Hall, Bobbye

Hall, C. Gerald

Hamer, Jack

Hamilton, Bettye

Hamilton, Dave

Hamilton, George

Hammer, Jack

Hammond, Johnny

Hampton, Slide

Hampton, Willa

Haney, Jack

Hardaway, Lula Mae

Hardaway, Calvin

Hardin, Tim

Hardman, Perry

Hargreaves, George

Harnell, Joe

Harrell, Vivian

Harris, Bobby

Harris, Calvin

Harris, Charles Warren

Harris, Damon

Harris, Sam

Harris, Joe

Harris, John

Harris, Phoebe

Harris, Warren Paul

Harris, Jr., Teddy

Harrison, Arthur

Harrison, David

Harrison, Edward

Harritate, Elvie

Hart, Lillian "Lillie"

Hart, Barbara

Hartfield, Pete

Hartwick, Dayna

Harville, Ronald

Haskins, Betty Jo "Bettye LaVette"

Hathcock, Barbara

Hausch, Jeanne

Hayes, Otis "Little Otis"

Hayes, William

Heard, Oma

Heard, Patricia

Heard Maclin, Fran

Henderson, William "Billy"

Henderson, Barrington "Bo"

Henderson, Debbie

Henderson, Jolene

Henderson, Michael

Henderson, Ray

Henderson, Wayne

Henderson, Wes

Hendin, James "Jim"

Henley, Eula

Henry, Virgil

Henslee, Gene

Hensley, Ken

Herkert, Richard

Hernandez, Danny

Hernandez, E.

Hernandez, Ron

Herndon, Joe

Herrera, Lee

Hersey, Brad

Hester, Denese

Hetherington, John

Hicks, Jacqueline "Jackie"

Hicks, Lois

HIggins, Judy

Higgs, Claude

Hill, Cheryl

Hill, Dollie

Hill, Eddie

Hill, Laura

Hill, Marzell

Hill, Theron "T Man"

Hinton, Joe

Hirsch, Ken

Hitfield, James

Hix, Bruce

Hochberg, Jerry

Hodge, Karen

Hodge, ILona

Hoey, Pam

Hoggs, Billy

Holland, Doris

Holland, Lincoln

Holland, Brian

Holland, Carole

Holland, Chris

Holland, Edward "Eddie"

Holliday, Nehda

Holloway, Patrice

Holloway, Brenda

Holmes, Robert

Hood, Robert

Hooper, Nesbert "Stix"

Hoorelbeke, Pete "Rivera"

Horn, James "Jim"

Horn, Lawrence

Horne, Cleveland

Horner, Billy

Horsley, Billy

Horton, Gladys

Hosendove, Pauline

Hostetter, Paul

Householder, J.

Houston, Michael

Houston, Tate

Houston, Thelma

Howard, Carolyn

Howard, Eloise

Howard, Jean

Howard, Linda

Howell, Reuben

Howell, Adrienne

Hrabinsky, Harry

Hubbard, Freddie

Hubbard, Deborah

Hubbard, Lewis

Hubbard, Janet

Hudgins, Gilbert

Hudnut, Bill

Hudson Afable, Mina

Hughes, Langston

Hughes, Kimberly

Hull, Ted

Humphreys, Paul

Hunt, Bobby

Hunter, Joe

Hunter, Tyrone "Ty"

Hunter, Donald

Hunter, Ivy Jo

Hurdle, Les

Hutch, Willie

Hutchinson, James

Hutchinson, Dorothy

Ikeda, Suzee

Ingram, Phillip

Isabell, Clarence

Isgro, Joseph

Isley, Ronald

Isley, Rudolph "Rudy"

Isley, Jr., O'Kelly

Ismail, Muhammad

Ivy, Helen

Jack, Stephan

Jackson, Michael

Jackson, Pervis

Jackson, Chuck

Jackson, Clarence

Jackson, Connie

Jackson-Sanders, Debra

Jackson, Felicia

Jackson, Jackie

Jackson, James

Jackson, Jeana

Jackson, Jermaine

Jackson, Marlon

Jackson, McKinley

Jackson, Patricia

Jackson, Tito

Jackson-Gordy, Sherry

Jamerson, James

James, Rick

James, Bob

James, Debbie

James, Joe

James, Keef

James, Kenny

Jameson, Max

Jamison, Marlene

Jamison, Mildred

Jasper, Chris

Jefferson, Ernie

Jefferson, Katie

Jenkins, Bobby

Jenkins, Pamela

Jenkins, Milton

Jenkins, Yvonne

Jennings, Jr., Nathaniel "Nate"

Jeresek, Greg

Jerome, Patti "P.J."

Jerrick, Andrew

Jiles-Davidson, Rebecca

Jobim, Antonio Carlos

John, Mable

John Pedrick, Jr., Robert

Johnson, Floyd

Johnson, Hubert

Johnson, Marv

Johnson, Alan

Johnson, Bill

Johnson, Brenda

Johnson, Curtis

Johnson, Edward

Johnson, Evelyn

Johnson, Gloria

Johnson, Harold

Johnson, James

Johnson, James T.

Johnson, John

Johnson, Larry

Johnson, Lula J. "Leila"

Johnson, Marjorie

Johnson, Michael

Johnson, Stacie

Johnson, Terry "Buzzie"

Johnson, William

Johnson, Yvonne

Johnston, Ardena

Jones, Phil

Jones, Uriel

Jones, Anthony

Jones, Bill

Jones, Bob

Jones, Donna

Jones, Doris

Jones, Eddie

Jones, Floyd

Jones, Floyd A.

Jones, Geraldine

Jones, Gloria

Jones, Jonah

Jones, Letha

Jones, Lovell

Jones, Joyce

Jones, Regina

Jones, Robert

Jones, Ronnie

Jones, Rose

Jones, Royce

Jones, Wriston

Jones, Geraldine

Jones, Stanley

Jones, Tamiko

Jones, Sr., Carroll

Jordan, Glen

Jorge, Edwin

Joseph, Vivian

Joseph " Abdullah", McLean

Jupiter, Duke

Jurishica, Augie

Karkenny, Sonia

Karoub, Carl

Kasell, Kristen

Kawashima, Dale

Kayli, Bob

Kee, Gene

Kee, William

Kelley, Betty

Kelley, Ernest

Kelly, Irene

Kelly, Mary

Kendall, Alan

Kendrick, Clarence

Kendrick, Kevin

Kendrick, Willie

Kendricks, Eddie "Cornbread"

Kent, Al

Keppen, Kathleen

Kerr, George

Kerry, Dorothy

Kerslake, Lee

Kessler, Larry

Key, Veronica

Keys, Gene

Kim, Nami

Kimbrough, Carolyn

King, Maurice

King, Robbie

King, Alonzo

King, Atiba

King, Barbara

King, Clydie

King, Earl

King, Gregory

King, Jo

King, Leonard

King, Renay

King, Tyrone

King, William

King, Jr., Martin Luther

Kirkpatrick, Art

Klassen, David

Klassen, John

Klein, Al

Klimas, Larry

Klouwer, Theo

Knechtel, Larry

Knight, Gladys

Knight, Merald "Bubba"

Knight Brown, Winifred

Koffman, Mark

Kornfield, Artie

Kosinski, Richard

Kosloski, Leonard

Kubert, Joseph

Kubinec, David "Kubie"

Kuczera, Joseph

La Font, Karen

La Roche, Marjorie

La Roche, Marjorie

Lammi, Eleanor

Lance, Major

Landis, Karl

Lands, Liz

Langford, Edward

Lanier, Patrick

Lantion, Lourdes

LaPread, Ronald

Lark, Edythe

Lasker, Jay

Lasky, Emanuel

Last Name, First Name

Lattisaw, Stacey

Laurence, Lynda

Lavigni, John

Law, Fred

Laws, Hubert

Lawson, Alfred

Lawson, Floyd

Leatherwood, Phyllis

Leben, Vicki

Lebo, Myra

Lee, Darlene

Lee, Johnny

Lee, "Swing"

Legrand, Michael

Leighton, Lewis

Leitner, Evelyn

Leiviska, Ken

Leiviska, Nancy

Leiviska, Sandy

Lena, Chris

Lennox, Gloria

Leonard, Ellen

Leonard, Glenn

Lessner, Michael

Lett, Carolyn

Lettick, Jan

Leverett, Charles "Chico"

Leverett, Thelma

Levington, Archie

Lewis, Helen

Lewis, John

Lewis, Kay

Lewis, Lisa "Little Lisa"

Lewis, Orson

Lewis, Ted

Light, Jerry

Lindsay, Theresa

Linton, Heather

Lippman, Linda

Littles, Hattie

LiVigni, John

Lizzio, Michael

Lloyd, Curtis

Lloyd, George "Lucky"

Lloyd, Tyrone

Logan, Michael Ann

Logan, Mildred

Logan, Ronald

Lomax, Gail

Lombardi, Ron

Londin, Larry

Londin, Lonnie

London, Jr., Miller

Long, Frederick "Shorty"

Long, Jeannie

Long, Jerry

Long, Joe

Longley, Karen

Lorenz, Jack

Lorenz, John

Lorick, Marian

Louis, John J.

Louis, Robert

Lovesmith, Michael

Lovett, Rob

Lovett, Jr., Leroy

Lowe, Dorothy

Lowery, Ruth

Lowy, Jay

Lucas, Theodore "Ted"

Lucas, Frances

Luck, Chuck A.

Lumpkin, Henry

Lupper, Kenny

Lushka, Michael "Mike"

Lussier, Dennis

Lyman, Steve

Lynch, Ronald

Mabin, Ann

Mack, Clifford

Mack, James

Mack, Sammy

Mackie, Eino

Madison, Tina

Maerov, Lauri

Mafia, Kasuku

Mallett-Edwards, Saundra

Man, Reverend Columbus

Manning, Carol

Manns, Lena

Maples, Clarence

Maples, Mitchell

Marcellino, Jerry

Marcus, Wade

Marine, Yvette "Corvette"

Markum, David (Dewey) "Pigmeat"

Marr, Hank

Marshall, Denise

Marshall, John

Marshall, Richard

Martin, Diane

Martin, Brenda Kim

Martin, Michael

Martin, Michelle

Martin, Roger

Martin, Sonny "Skip"

Martin, Tony

Martin, Winifred

Martin-Richardson, Barbara

Martin, Jr., Tony

Martine, John

Martinez, A. Michael

Martino, Walter

Marzett, Brenda

Masekela, Hugh

Mason, Petural

Mason, Rickman

Masser, Michael

Massey, Doris

Massi, Nick

Mathieson, Greg

Matousek, John

Matthews, Denise "Vanity"

Matthews, Joe

Matthews, Rick

Matthews, Sherlie Mae

Matlock, Ronn

Maxwell, Larry

Maxwell, Clarice

May, Phil

Mayeron, Candace

Mays, Jr., Carl

Mbulu, Letta

McAdam, Ed

Mcallister, Jim

McArthur, Sy

McCalpin, Michael

McCarty, Jim

McCaskill, Glynettie

McCaskill, Mary

McClary, Thomas

McClean, Norbert

McClinton, Eric

McClish (Keith), Adrian

McClure, Ike

McClure, Sandra

McCord, Kathy

McCoy, Stephanie

McCoy, Van

McCullers, Mickey

McDonald, Clarence

McDougal, Weldon

McDowell, Carrie

McDuffie, Denise

McDuffie, Joanne "JoJo"

McFadden, Terry

McFarland, Gerald

McField, Anne

McFrazier, J.

McGilberry, Harry

McGloiry, Michael

McGlown-Travis, Bettie Jean

McGrier, Allen

McGregor, George

McKalpain, Nathan

McKalpain, Wayne

McKayle, Donald

McKenzie, Don

McLean, Michael

McLeod, Marilyn

McMahan, Jennifer

McMillan, Annete

McMullen, Stanley

McMurray, Clay

McNair, Barbara

McNair, Curtis

McNeir, Ronnie

McPhie, Jerry

Medina, Benny

Meeks, Marx

Mejia, Victor

Melvin, Gary

Melvin, Sylvester

Merchant, Donna

Merritt, Michael

Messina, Joe

Meyers, Carla

Meyers, Dave

Meyers, Ed

Meyers, Frances

Michaels, Tony

Michalski, Bob

Michels, Hank

Michler, Ron

Milburn, Steve

Miles, Lawrence

Millburn, Amos

Millburn, Steve

Miller, Cleotha "Duke"

Miller, Ronald

Miller, Alvin "Skip"

Miller, Lester

Miller, Joan

Miller-Bedikian, Rhonda

Miller, Ron

Mills, Barbara

Mills, Stephanie

Miner, Raynard

Mitchell, Bill

Mitchell, Barbara

Mitchell, Blue

Mitchell, E.

Mitchell, James

Mitchell, Johnny

Mitchell, Petrey

Mitchell, Richard

Mitchell, Vernessa

Mitchum, Louis

Mixon, Nancy

Mizell, Alfonso "Fonce"

Moizel, Peggy

Moloci, Nicholas

Monette, Ray

Monks, Margaret

Montgomery, Gary

Montgomery, Monk

Moore, Eugene "BeBe"

Moore, Warren "Pete"

Moore, Clifford

Moore, Lee Henry

Moore, Mary Joe

Moore, Sally

Moore, William "Wild Bill"

Moran, Liz

Morant, Karen

Moress, Rikki

Morgan, Cassandra

Morgan, Leo

Morgan, Michael

Morgan, Mike

Morgan, Scott

Morris, Joseph

Morris, Richard

Morton, Cindy

Moss, Earl

Mosses, Larry

Mouzon, Yolanda

Mowers, Patrick

Moy, Sylvia

Moy, Melvin

Muhammad, Idris

Muhren, Arnold

Mullings, Sylvia

Mullins, Dee

Munoz, Leonora

Murden, Orlando

Murphy, Marshall

Murphy, Shaun "Stoney"

Murray, Bill

Murray, Kitty

Mycroft, Tim

Myers, John

Nance, Jim Bob

Narcus, Nancy

Needleman, Peggy

Nero, Frances

Newman, Joel

Newman, Ron

Newsome, Ernest

Newsome, Nate

Newton, Antonio "Tony"

Newton, Irma

Nicholas, Emmanuel

Nichols, Allan

Nicks, Billy "Stix"

Nielsen, Shirley

Noel, Reuben

Nolan, Tess

Nolen, Curtis

Noonan, Thomas E.

Norris, Joseph B.

Northrup, Ken

Novak, Harold

Novak, Sidney

Nozero, Larry

Nucilli, Edward

Nyx, James

O'Connell, Michael

O'Den, John

O'Guinn, Ron

O'Leary, Joe

O'Neil, Barry

Ocha, Bette

Oddis, Ray

Odmark, Ronald

Okrent, Brendan

Olgenicoff, Igor

Olhsson, Robert

Oliner, Charles

Oliver, John

Olsen, Mark

Ondercin, Mike

Orange, Walter "Clyde"

Ossman, Mike

Ostrowiecki, Frank

Oswald, Alex

Otis, Johnny

Outcault, James "Chips"

Owens, Ricky

Pacheco, Janet

Pack, Michael

Pagan, Bruni

Page, Gene

Pallante, Virginia "Ginny"

Palmer, Bruce

Palmer, Earl

Pangborn, Robert

Parker, Eddie

Parker, Lillie

Parker, Jr., Ray

Parks, Gino

Parks, Weldon

Patrick, Contrella

Patrick, Robert

Patten, Edward

Patterson, Edward

Patterson, Worthy

Patterson (Malia), Norris (Kasuka)

Paul, Clarence

Paul, Bunny

Payne, Ernie

Payne, Patricia

Payne, Scherrie

Payton, Lawrence

Peacock, Bernie

Peake, Donald

Pearson, Jewell

Pelka, Henry

Pello, Gene

Pendleton, Denise

Pendleton, Wilfield J.

Penn, Lynda

Penzabene, Roger

Peoples, Theo

Periano, Joe

Perren, Freddie

Perrin, Sue

Perrone, Vincent

Perry, Dorothy

Perry, Otto

Persh, John

Perskson, Tommy "Shaky"

Peterback, Jr., George Wesley

Peters, Lewis

Peterson, Lester

Peterson, Paul

Peterson, Tyrone

Pettus, Kenny

Phillips, Alphonza

Phillips, Esther

Pickett, Wilson

Pierce, Dorothy

Pierson, Gail

Pike, Kay Mead

Pilchik, Felice

Pillot, Leo

Pinto, Denise

Pitchford, Jim

Pitman, Bill

Planko, Paulette

Plant, Pamela

Podgajski, Jerome

Podorski, Joseph

Pointer, Anita

Pointer, Bonnie

Pointer, June

Pointer, Ruth

Pollack, Edward

Pondiccehello, Harry

Ponican, Carol

Porcelli, Paul

Porter, Joe

Postles, Doryce

Potts, Sylvester

Potts, James

Povey, John

Powell, Maxine

Powell, Ennis

Powell, Patricia

Powell, Rick

Powers, Bill

Powers, Johnny

Prado, Sal

Prather Harris, Sonya

Pree, Dawn

Preston, Billy

Price, Louis

Price, Rhonda

Price, Vaughn

Price, Woody

Prince, Gordon

Prince, Carolyn

Prince, Dave

Probber, Jamian

Proctor, Billy

Proctor, Jay

Pruitt, Joseph

Pruitt, Pamela

Pruitt, Ralph

Pryor, John

Pryor, Richard

Przano, Anthony

Purdie, Bernard "Pretty"

Pylott, Leo

Quackenbush, Gary

Quackenbush, Glenn

Quatro, Michael

Quiroga, Gloria

Raetz, Carl

Ragin, Melvin "Wah Wah Watson"

Raines, Danny

Rajewski, Richard

Ramos, Wanda

Ramsey, John

Ramsey, Babara

Randi, John

Randolph, Barbara

Randolph, Jimmy

Randolph, R.

Randon, Ruthie

Ranelin, Phil

Ravencraft, Bill

Rawal, Pramod

Raye, Anthony

Reasor, Maggie

Redd, Edward

Reddy, John

Redmond, Ella

Reeves, Joan

Reeves, Lois

Reeves, Martha

Regan, Russ

Regen, Scotty

Remus, Eugene

Renet, Sean

Revels, Donald

Reyes, Marlene

Rice, Sir Mack

Richards, Deke

Richards, Emil

Richards, Rod

Richardson, Gloria

Richardson, John Scott

Richie, Lionel

Rick, Tommy

Rickert, Ralf

Riggs, Daniel

Riguez, Rod

Rios, Guillermo

Riperton, Minnie

Riser, Sr., Paul

Ritter (Miller), Gail

Rivera, Peter

Rivera, Rebecca

Rivers, Sylvester

Roach, Jimmy

Robbins, Randall

Roberson, Judith

Robertson, Bill "Tiger"

Robinson, Archie

Robinson, Beverly

Robinson, Claudette

Robinson, Curtis

Robinson, Danny

Robinson, Mitchell

Robinson, William "Smokey"

Robison, Roberta

Robitaille, Robert

Rochon, Bob

Rochon, Larry

Rodd, Julia

Rodgers, Ernest "Ernie"

Rodgers, Rosa

Rodriguez, Ruben

Rogan, Thomas

Rogers, LaTasha "MC Trouble"

Rogers, Robert "Bobby"

Rogers, Lee

Rogers, Wanda

Ronayne, Margaret

Rooks, Gwendolyn

Rose, Dennis

Rose, Ronald

Rosen, Lewis

Rosen, Steven

Rosenblatt, G.

Rosene, Robert

Roshkind, Michael

Ross, Arthur "T-Boy"

Ross, Diana

Ross, Jerry

Ross, Yvette

Ross, Jr., Fred

Roumell, Tony

Roundtree, George

Rowley, Michael

Royster, Juana

Rubini, Mike

Rucker, Bruce

Rudolph, Lorrie

Rudy, Carolyn

Ruffin, David

Ruffin, Jimmy

Rush, Otis "Little Otis"

Russel, Karen

Russell, Lois

Ryan, Irene

Ryder, Mitch

Sabadash, Gary

Sabb, Annette

Salaam, Abdul "Chiefy"

Salah, Charles

Salke, Alan

Sample, Joe

Samuelson, L.

Sanders, Angelia

Sanders, William "Sonny"

Sandhu, Gurdev

Sandridge, Debbie

Sands, Ken

Santolla, Pauline

Santos, Gaudie

Saunders, Anita

Saunders, Maurice

Sawyer, Pam

Saxton, Mary

Schaffner, Joe

Schieffer, Mike

Schiffer, George

Schifrin, Lalo

Schilder, Jaap

Schlatter, George

Schlesinger, Tommy

Schwartz, Harvey

Schwartz, Mark

Scott, Barbara G.

Scott Studebaker, Deborah

Scott, Lisa

Scott, Raymond

Scott, Renaulta

Scott, Richard

Scott, Terry

Scurti, Gene

Sebastian, Joel

Sekulidis, Donna

Seltzer, Ralph

Sembello, Mike

Shann, Michelle

Sharon, Ralph

Sharp, Curtis

Sheats, Ben

Sheely, Ted

Sheffield, Simone

Shelby, Oliver

Sheldon, Rita

Shelton, Betty

Shelton, Eugene

Shelton, Louie

Shensky, Vincent

Sheppard, Bunky

Sherlock, Karen

Shorter, Willie

Shuler, Lauren

Siciliano, Anthony

Sill, Lester

Silva, John

Simmons, Elliott

Simmons, Gerald

Simons, Michael

Simpson, Valerie

Sims, Jody

Singleton, Raynoma

Singleton, Ed

Sion, Leslie

Sirard, Charles "Charlie"

Sissle-Hinds, Cynthia

Slater, Zachery

Slaughter, Alfred

Slaughter, Don

Small, Pam

Smalls, Clifton

Smith, Bobby

Smith, Ocia "O.C."

Smith, Andrew

Smith, Aaron

Smith, Audrey

Smith, Beveline

Smith, Bucky

Smith, Carlin

Smith, Lindsay

Smith, Lonnie

Smith, Pat

Smith, Stephen

Smith, Thelma

Smith, Willie

Smythe, Leila

Snuffer, Jane

Solomon, George

Soumare, A.

Spann, George

Speak, Patricia

Spencer, Crathman "C.P."

Spencer, Carolyn

Spencer, Karen

Spinazola, Joseph

Spreadburry, Karen

Springer, Marion

Sraunton, John

Gerard, Judy

James, Phyllis

Stafford, Tracye

Stanton, Cynthia

Staples, Gordon

Stark, Barbara

Stark , Susie

Starkey, Skip

Starr, Edwin

Starr, Martha

Staton, Terry

Staunton, Robert

Staunton, John

Steele, Maureen

Steele, Shirley

Steiman, Stanley

Steinholtz, Jerry

Stephens, Charlie

Stephens, Larry

Stephens, Tennyson

Sterling-Helton, Annette

Stevenson, William "Mickey"

Stevenson, Barbara

Stevenson, Rosalind

Stewart, Arthur

Stewart, Joe

Stirling, Peter "Ben Case"

Stitt, Sonny

Stokes, Charles

Stokes, Sandra

Stone-Banks, Rose

Stonehouse, Maureen

Stoner, Dennis

Story, Allen "Bo"

Stoudmyre, Billie Jean

Stover, Elsie

Stover, Kenneth

Stratton, Laura

Strawbridge, Billy

Street, Richard

Strenk, Vince

Strick, Daniel

Stricklen, Arteria

Stringfellow, Valerie

Strong, Barrett

Stuart, Murray

Stubblefield, Clyde

Stubbs, Joe

Stubbs, Jr., Levi

Suazo, Jomac

Sudberry, Harold

Sudduth, Pamela

Suglia, Tony

Sullivan, Obie

Summer, Ken

Summers, Joesph

Summers, Linda

Supman, Milton "Soupy Sales"

Sutton, Brenda

Sutton, Marvin

Sutton, Mike

Swaggerty, Kellick

Swanson, Eric

Sweet, Rebecca

Swift, Joe

Szabo, Lorraine

Tabb, Michelle

Talbert, Gary

Tann, Joseph

Tarlton, Paddy

Tarplin, Marvin

Taylor, Bobby

Taylor, John

Taylor, Baby

Taylor, Dick

Taylor, Doris

Taylor, Gaylord

Taylor, Harold

Taylor, Marie

Taylor, Jeff

Taylor, Phillip

Taylor, R. Dean

Taylor, Ross

Taylor, Samuel

Taylor, Tom

Tedesco, Thomas

Tener, Renee

Tenryck, Richard

Terrana, Ralph

Terrana, Russ

Terrell, Tammi

Terrell, Jean

Terry, Andrew "Mike"

Terry-Ross, Patricia

Teschner, Gloria

Tex, Joe

Tharp, Evelyn

Theus, Gerald

Thomas, Anthony

Thomas, Edythe

Thomas, Harold

Thomas, Leon

Thomas, Lynn

Thomas, Vic

Thompson, Al

Thompson, Guy

Thompson, Joseph

Thompson, Linda

Thompson, Patricia

Thompson, Ralph

Thorton, Johnny

Thrasher, Eric

Tilley-Miese, Sandra

Tillman, Georgeanna

Tillman, Eric

Tilmon, Abrim

Tilmon, Ivory

Timi, Ray Jr.

Tipton, Kaye

Tollin, Larry

Tominaro, Camille

Townsend, Ed

Townsend, Ron

Tracey, Wreg

Travis, Betty

Travis, Mike

Trice, Jamal

Trotter, Patricia

Trudeau, John

Trudell, John

Tucker, Carol Ann

Tucker, Lynette

Turner, Al

Turner, Dan

Turner, Leon

Turner, Iola

Turner, Sammy

Turner, Shirley

Turner, Spider

Turner, Thurman "Tee"

Turrentine, Stanley

Tuytens, Muriel

Tyler, Willie

Tyson, Mary

Tyson, Ron

Tyson, Rusty

Uggams, Leslie

Ung, Norman

Upchurch, Phil

Upton, Ronald

Valente, Al

Valli, Frankie

Valvano, Mike

Van DePitte, David "Dave"

Van Dyke, Earl

Van Dyke, Connie

Vanda, Harry

Varley, Jim

Vaughn, Janis

Veeder, Larry

Veerman, Cees

Veerman, Piet

Vega, Carmen Rosa "Tata Vega"

Vernee Allen, Yvonne

Verneen, Ben

Verona, Phillip

Vertucci, Judy

Vigoda, Johanon

Villalobos, Bobby

Villasenor, Willie

Vita, Larry

Wade, Marcus

Wade, Roger

Waggoner, Larry

Wagner, Byron David

Wagner, John

Waites, Frederick "Freddie"

Wakefield, Ronald

Walden, Roy

Walker, Junior

Walker, Arenita

Walker, David T.

Walker, Joyce

Walker, Patricia

Walker, Robert

Wallace, Calvin

Waller, Anne-Marie

Walsh, Jon

Walter, David

Walton, Dorothy

Ward, Georgia

Ward, Robert

Ward, "Singin" Sammy

Ware, Carol

Ware, Leon

Warfield, Stevie

Warmack, James

Warner, Maxine

Warner, Norman "Bobby Lewis"

Warren, Dale

Warren, Paul

Washington, Earl

Washington, Gladys

Washington, Maurice

Washington, Tony

Washington, Jr., Grover

Washinton, Margaret

Waters, Joan

Watkins, Eddie

Watkins, Glenn

Watkins, Felicie

Watkins, Maurice

Watts, David

Weatherspoon, William

Weaver, Nate

Webb, Jimmy

Webb, Joyce

Webb, Myrna

Webb, Spider

Webber, Harry

Weber, Dennis

Weeks, Terry

Weems, Barbara

Wegener, Deborah

Weiner, Miles

Weiner, Mort

Weisbarth, Michael

Weiseger, Arthur

Weisenfeld, Sue

Weiskopf, Walt

Welch, Robert

Weldon, Gregory

Wells, Mary

Wells, Bryan

Wells, Richard

Welsh, Beverly

Werts, Elbert

Wekser, Marty

West, Albert R.

West, Forest L.

West, Frank

Weston, Kim

Weyer, Marvin

White, Don

White, Robert

White, Ronald "Ronnie"

White, James

White, Jim

White, Walter

Whited, Donald

Whitehead-Evans, Joan

Whitehouse, Dave

Whitfield, Norman

Whitfield, James

Whitlow, Jerome

Whittaker, Willie

Widdicombe, John

Wiggins, Reginald

Wilder, Amos

Wilder, Lee

Wilder, Willie Mae

Wiley, Michael

Wiley, Jr., Isaac "Ike"

Wilkins, Ernie

Wilkins, Jimmy

Willensky, Elliot

Williams, Milan

Williams, Paul

Williams, Andre "Bacon Fat"

Williams, Annette

Williams, Billy Dee

Williams, Sondra "Blinky"

Williams, Bob

Williams, Buster

Williams, Derrence

Williams, Gerald "Jerry"

Williams, Gloria

Williams, Herbie

Williams, Gregory

Williams, James

Williams, Joe

Williams, Juanita

Williams, Kathy

Williams, Larry

Williams, Michael

Williams, Otis

Williams, Percy

Williams, Rita

Williams, Roscoe

Williams, Ross

Williams, Ruth

Williams, Jr., Dessie

Williamson, Bruce

Willis, Eddie "Chank"

Willis, Bruce

Wilmot, Al

Wilson, Frank

Wilson, Jackie

Wilson, Betty

Wilson, Jon "Little John"

Wilson, Mary

Wilson, Nadine

Wilson, Timothy

Winfield, Mildred L.

Wingate, Ed

Winter, Barbara

Wise, Norman

Wisniewski, Leonard

Wolfrum, Edward

Wonder, Stevie

Wooden, Marjorie

Woods, Lillian

Woods, Willie

Woods, Mickey

Woodson, Ali "Ollie"

Woodward, Debbie

Woodward, Gail

Wooldridge, Philip

Wright, Syreeta

Wright, Arthur

Wright, Barni

Wright, Dougie

Wright, Greg

Wright, Melvin

Wright, Richard

Wright, Sally

Wright, Steven

Wright, Yvonne

Wuletich, Kim

Wylie, Richard "Popcorn"

Wylie, Hank

Wynn, Janet

Yazzie, Chili

Yeszin, Bernard

Young, Chuck

Young, George

Young, Joseph

Young, Joyce

Young, Neil

Young, Val

Young, Jr., Hosea

Young, Jr., Leonidas

Young, Sr., Lee

Zachary, Michael

Zaslov, Vic

Zesses, Nick

Revised 05/17/2022

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Motown Alumni | Motown Museum | Home of Hitsville U.S.A.

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We strive to include and acknowledge as many people who played a part in making the magic of Motown as possible.

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Tips when singing pop/rock (as an actor)

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Tips when singing pop/rock (as an actor)

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- not intended to be acted :/
- hard to tell a story in the verse/chorus/verse/chorus/bridge/chorus structure.
- same amount of research as traditional MT--just different research: the research is the pop culture of the time!
- you are playing yourself in the world of the pop/rock song. What would you be like if you lived in this style/time/world?
- (unless you are auditioning/playing a jukebox musical character.)
- listen listen listen. this is how you fully embody the styles.
- Jenna suggests having a simple, emotionally-connected riff per song.
- find the groove. don't be afraid to move in your body.
- for the performance days: dress like an authentic human who lives in the world you're auditioning for.
- if you want to accompany yourself or use recorded tracks for class, feel free!
- audition cuts: leave them wanting more. tell a simple story. have a beginning, middle, end.
- piano accompaniment: may be weird.

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Notes on industry that don't really apply to historical notes required for this padlet but I want to remember:

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Notes on industry that don't really apply to historical notes required for this padlet but I want to remember:

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- doesn't really matter if the song is from the period, just matters if your aud song SOUNDS like the show you're auditioning for.
-

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- public was watching COLOR TV!
- people of color were finally appearing on primetime TV and in family sitcoms
- after school specials were tackling teen issues
- game shows started becoming popular (which eventually turned into reality shows lol)
- SNL debut
- variety tv shows very popular
- michael jackson's album Off the Wall took over the music charts
- 8 track tape players = the beginning of having individual music players! https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fspencertified.com%2Fproducts%2Fpanasonic-rs-810s-8-track-solid-state-stereo-cartridge-player-deck-vintage-wood-panels&psig=AOvVaw33guBIzNi1t4QajMhzsxlw&ust=1676051644541000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CA8QjRxqFwoTCIiHz4mBif0CFQAAAAAdAAAAABAE

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Talking to the accompanist: (different w pop/rock)

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Talking to the accompanist: (different w pop/rock)

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- don't whisper lol. greet them!
- give the feeling, not the tempo. show the groove in your body. LOOK at them.
- start with the hook (the part everyone knows, the catchy part)
- intro the song: "Rehab" by Amy Winehouse (or say the version you are singing)
- if the sheet music has the melody, tell them not to play the melody.
- if you plan on back phrasing: tell them!