# data[].attributes.body
1. Investigated the methods and limitations of science.

2. Examined the steps and processes of the Scientific Method.

3. Identified and distinguished between a controlled, dependent and independent variable in an experiment.

4. Compared and contrasted qualitative and quantitative statements.

5. Identified how scientists use the terms “theory” and “law”.

6. Constructed a well-written hypothesis statement.

7. Investigated proper laboratory procedures for safety with equipment, chemicals, and materials in a laboratory setting.

8. Defined and distinguished between an atomic number and mass number.

9. Analyzed and calculated the number of protons, electrons, and neutrons in a given element using a periodic table.

10. Differentiated between a molecule and a compound.

11. Identified and defined an isotope.

12. Identified and described the chemical and physical properties of macromolecules found in living things.

13. Investigated chemical reagents used to verify the presence of macromolecules.

# data[].attributes.body
Science is used to help make sense of the world, and to explain to humans on how nature's laws govern life. Science has helped humanity with advancements on technology, health, and overall standard of living.

# data[].attributes.body
When it comes to working in a lab environment there are certain rules you should follow for safety.

Attire: 1) Your arms, legs, hands, toes, and eyes should be fully covered at all times, especially when working with hazardous material. 2) Long hair should tied up or back. 3) Your work and safety should be your priority, no distractions such as cell phones should be used unless for the experiment itself.

Lab Equipment Procedures: 1) No food or drink in the lab and near equipment 2) Keep working area clean and clear at all times. 3) Make sure all containers are closed tightly. 4) Use equipment properly and make sure it's stored away right. 5) Be wary of all lab safety equipment like fire extinguishers, eye wash stations and etc. and know their location. 6) Dispose of chemicals in the proper storage bins. 7) When chemicals are spilled or glass is broken you should inform those around you, then clean and dispose of the matter properly.

# data[].attributes.body
The scientific method is a series of steps that scientist use in order to properly conduct an experiment in order to establish a fact or bring validity to a theory.

# data[].attributes.body
1. Make an observation
2. Gather research
3. Form a hypothesis
4. Conduct an experiment
5. Analyze Data
6. Draw a conclusion

# data[].attributes.body
Qualitative Statement: A statement that isn't too specific with details, and easily understandable that everyone gets the gist of it. Example: The Box is very heavy.

Quantitative Statement: A statement that gives you all the data and only contains relative details in order to be thorough. Example: The box weighs three tons.

# data[].attributes.body
Although science can explain many of things, there are limitations to its power. Science needs to have controlled experiments in order to conduct research or explain something. Like religion and there being "proof of A god", is something science cannot prove or disprove due to no experiments being able to be conducted. Also, physical limitations are a problem for science. The whole depth of space cannot be explored due to its wide-reaching span and the lack of proper equipment in order to do so.

# data[].attributes.body
While both theories and laws are hypothesis that can be predictions & updated at anytime. A law is the explanation of a natural force or forces that tells people what it is that happens when it comes to that occurrence. While a theory is the explanation of why something happens and works the way it does.

# data[].attributes.headline
Controlled, Dependent, and Independent Variable

# data[].attributes.subject
Controlled, Dependent, and Independent Variable

# data[].attributes.body
Controlled Variable: The variable in a experiment that is untouched and kept the same.
Dependent Variable: The variable in a experiment that is changed in accordance to changes of a independent variable.
Independent Variable: The Variable in a experiment that is controlled, manipulated, and changed.

# data[].attributes.body
A hypothesis is an educated guess that can be tested. Example: Adults perform better in day to day activity after having 7-8 hours of sleep.

# data[].attributes.body
The number of protons found in the nucleus of an chemical element is called the atomic number. The Mass number of a chemical element is the sum of protons and neutrons in the nucleus.

# data[].attributes.headline
Protons, Electrons, and Neutrons Calculation.

# data[].attributes.subject
Protons, Electrons, and Neutrons Calculation.

# data[].attributes.body
If you look on the periodic table you can find elements grouped in metals, non-metals, and metalloids. More are grouped in alkali metals, halogens, and noble gases.
If you look at the top number of an element you will find the atomic number of the element. The atomic number will tell you how many protons and electrons an element has. For example the element Boron has 5 protons & 5 electrons so you will find the number 5 in it's upper left corner. To find the number of neutrons in a element, you will take the atomic mass number and subtract the atomic number from it. For example if you round the atomic mass of Boron you'll get an atomic mass of 11 and atomic number of 5. Then you will take 11-5 which will give you 6. Therefore Boron has 6 neutrons in it's nucleus.

# data[].attributes.body
The composition is what separates a molecule vs a compound. A molecule is the chemical bonding of two or more atoms, while a compound is comprised of two or more different atoms.

# data[].attributes.body
A Isotope is two or more species of atoms of a element with the same atomic number and position in the periodic table. The contain identical chemical behavior have physical characteristics and atomic masses

# data[].attributes.body
Macromolecules are molecules that are made up of several monomers (small molecule that reacts with a similar molecule to form a larger molecule) that are chemically bonded. Macromolecules are important in the fact that they provide the four sources of biological structures make up living matter such as carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

You can test for the presence for macromolecules by using a different solution on different items. To test for simple carbohydrates you will use Benedict's solution, and if present then the color of the solution will change to a orange color, if not present then it will be orange.

To test for complex carbohydrates you will use Iodine solution, and if present then the color of the solution will change to a black color, if not present then it will be dark red.

To test for proteins you will use Biuret's solution, and if present then the color of the solution will change to a violet/black, if not present then it will be blue.

To test for Lipids you will use Sudan IV, and if present then the color of the solution will change to a reddish orange color, if not present then it will be dark red.

# data[].attributes.body
1. Explained why cells are the basic units of life and the tenets of the cell theory.

2. Examined the evolutionary relatedness of prokaryotes, eukaryotes, and archaeans.

3. Identified and described the fundamental components of a bacterial cell.

4. Identified and described the fundamental components of a eukaryotic cell.

5. Applied the endosymbiotic theory to eukaryotic cell structure.

6. Compared and contrasted the organelles in plant and animal cells.

7. Distinguished between the different structural components of membranes and the types of particles that can pass through the cell membrane.

8. Compared and contrasted diffusion and osmosis across a membrane.

9. Differentiated between hypotonic, isotonic, and hypertonic solutions for animal and plant cells.

10. Explained how active transport moves substances across a membrane.

11. Compared the energy requirements of passive and active transport.

12. Contrasted the active transport of large and small substances into a cell.

13. Explained the role of modifications to the surface of cells.

# data[].attributes.headline
What makes the cell the "basic unit of life"

# data[].attributes.subject
What makes the cell the "basic unit of life"

# data[].attributes.body
The reason the cell is regarded as the basic unit of life, is because it is found in ALL LIVING ORGANISMS! Not only that but, no matter how broken down it is, it's able to continue to perform  many activities. Activities such as multiplying, mutating, and forming new molecules. Which is what cell theory is about.

# data[].attributes.headline
Prokaryotes/Eukaryotes/Achaeans - How they are related

# data[].attributes.subject
Prokaryotes/Eukaryotes/Achaeans - How they are related

# data[].attributes.body
Everything living on Earth is divided into three domains (categories) and each with there different rank in a system called the tree of life.
Prokaryotes were considered to be the first cells on Earth
and achaeans/(bacteria) were thought to be closely related because they had the same size and shape. But however it was found out that archaeans are more closely related to eukaryotes. Eukaryotes are gained from prokaryotes.

# data[].attributes.body
The basic components of bacterial cells are:-

Cell Wall - Casing that keeps the structure and protects the cell's contents from corruption.

Plasma membrane - Basically a 2nd wall that keeps the contents of the cell inside.

Cytoplasm - Sticky fluid  within the cell made of primarily of water.

Chromosome - Genetic material that contains all hereditary information.

Ribosome - Structure made of ribosomal RNA & other complex proteins

# data[].attributes.body
Endosymbiotic theory states that some of the organelles in today's eukaryotic cells were once prokaryotic microbes. It is said that the first eukaryotic cell was most likely an amoeba-like cell that got nutrients by phagocytosis and formed a nucleus, when a piece of the cytoplasmic membrane took off some chromosomes.

# data[].attributes.headline
The structural components and the particles that can pass through a cell membrane.

# data[].attributes.subject
The structural components and the particles that can pass through a cell membrane.

# data[].attributes.body
The Cell membrane protects the contents of a cell. These are the components and the functions of the cell membrane.

Phospholipids | Main fabric of the membrane
Cholesterol | Tucked between the hydrophobic tails of the membrane phospholipids
Integral proteins | Embedded in the phospholipid bilayer; may or may not extend through both layers
Peripheral proteins | On the inner or outer surface of the phospholipid bilayer, but not embedded in its hydrophobic core
Carbohydrates | Attached to proteins or lipids on the extracellular side of the membrane (forming glycoproteins and glycolipids)
https://youtu.be/UxvFdW9aO0s

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Cell Membrane Structure, Function, and The Fluid Mosaic Model

# data[].attributes.body
Osmosis: Osmosis is the movement of solvent particles across a semipermeable membrane from a dilute solution into a concentrated solution. The solvent moves to dilute the concentrated solution and equalize the concentration on both sides of the membrane.

Diffusion: Diffusion is the movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration. The overall effect is to equalize concentration throughout the medium.

Both diffusion and osmosis are passive transport processes. Which means they do not require any input of extra energy to occur, also they both have particles move from an area of higher concentration to one of lower concentration.

# data[].attributes.headline
Hypertonic vs Hypotonic vs Isotonic tonicity

# data[].attributes.subject
Hypertonic vs Hypotonic vs Isotonic tonicity

# data[].attributes.body
Hypertonic Solution - Has a high solute concentration which can cause water to leave the cell and shrink.

Hypotonic Solution - Has a low solute concentration. This causes water to go into the cell and grow in size.

Isotonic Solution - Has no net charge so the cell remains the same.

# data[].attributes.body
Active transport - The movement of molecules in/out of a cell through the cell membrane. It's different from passive transport (Moves molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. Requires no energy.) because it moves from of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration and requires ATP (Energy). The active transport moves small molecules by way of transport proteins that are found in the membrane. Larger molecules are moved across the cell membrane by processes called endocytosis and exocytosis.

# data[].attributes.body
Cell surface modifications allow cells to stick together or allow passage of small molecules.