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Pg 70-72

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First Boston high school that offers classical study (Latin, greek, philosophy) and practical study (geometry and astronomy)

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a) Overall, the expansion of the middle class meant that science education began to cater to them too -- which I think is kind of a win!
b) Schools became more practical to cater to middle class who was preparing to enter workforce, and it also began to prepare "new" Americans (immigrants).
c) Lots of science subjects were taught, and changed throughout -- physiology, botany, zoology, physics, chemistry, astronomy, physical geography, and geology.
d) As said in b, schools became more practical due to industrialization.
e) 19th century education reformers, including Herbert Spencer

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Pg 72-74 & 76

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A) i was not surprised since there was a similar overhauling of higher education in the early 1900s as well.
B) workers are educated so as to be cogs in the industrial machine.
C) Sammy says biology bc; of Darwinism become ink a more mainstream opinion along with the combination of many life sciences into biology. whereas serhat argues that it would be physics due to all the innovation in electronics at the time.

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Committee of 10
(made up of presidents of major universities ex. Standford, Vassar, Johns Hopkins)
decided the High School curriculums

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pg 74-75 & 77

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Cardinal Principles of Secondary Education decreed that all subjects should serve:
1) Health
2) Command of fundamental processes,

3) Worthy home-membership
4) Vocation
5) Citizenship
6) Worthy use of leisure
7) Ethical character

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The CRSE (Commission for Reorganizing Secondary Education) was formed out of concern that students were no staying in secondary schools until graduation. Often leaving to begin work.

Secondary schools needed to better balance  students' desires for going off to college or those on more of a vocational "track."

Science was revamped to better bridge the gap between intellectual & everyday applications. Science focused on introducing new technologies--in the context of life or the workplace.

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Schools were focused on having students be prepared for college. Schools were either using same textbooks from colleges or taking methods straight from universities.

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Teachers salaries were cut and because of unemployment, high school students stayed in school but schools couldn't stay open. There was less enrollment to higher education because it wasn't afforadable

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pg 78-80

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1) Surprised that the focus of science education wasn't really for students to learn science, but focused towards political agenda.

2) The fear of soviet union taking over the United States in terms of power and science knowledge.

3) Biology, Chemistry, and Physics. They were equally important, the focus was for high schoolers to become scientists.

4) There was a stronger focus in the science education.

5) Researchers and NSF

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Sputnik 1 (Russia) was the first satellite to successfully launch. This grew fear in the US who thought that they would be the first

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National Defense Education Act (NDEA) donated millions of dollars to the National Science Foundation to pay for low student loans, research, teacher training, and new curriculum, especially science, mathematics, and foreign languages. These efforts put 7.5 million students in university by 1970

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Group 5: 1980s- 1990s Scientific Literacy

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Group 5: 1980s- 1990s Scientific Literacy

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Pg 80-82

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a) —
b) Nation At Risk — “Rising Tide of Mediocrity”. There was a social fear that the US would fall behind as a nation.
c) narrowed down to primary Biology, Chemistry and Physics
d) The taught education of scientific inquiry, scientific literacy, phenomena based learning, eventually became NGSS many many years later.
e) NSTA, NSF, NSES
f) Difference between standards and the goal of teachers to have scientifically literate students

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“the educational foundations of our society are presently being eroded by a rising tide of mediocrity that threatens our very future as a Nation and a people”

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The first science cartoon show funded by the NSF that had a diverse cast and encouraged kids to explore science in fun, creative ways