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Charles I, King of Great Britain and Ireland from 1625 to 1649), was the son of James I, he acquired from his father a belief in the divine right of kings, and his earliest surviving letters reveal a distrust of the House of Commons. He became king in 1625. He came into conflict with his first Parliament because of religious issues, his war against Spain, and the general distrust of his adviser the 1st duke of Buckingham. After dissolving several successive Parliaments, Charles ruled his kingdom for 11 years without calling a Parliament. Among the measures he took to be independent of parliamentary grants was the levying of ship money. In 1639 he went to war against Scotland, and the need to raise money prompted him to summon what came to be known as the Short Parliament and the Long Parliament. Eventually his authoritarian rule and quarrels with Parliament provoked the English Civil Wars.

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During the Civil War there were the supporters of the king. They were called “Cavaliers” and included lords, gentry (piccoli proprietari terrieri) and members of the Church. There were also the supporters of Parliament: they were called “roundheads” because of their short hair and included artisans, small landowners, new gentry, puritans and so on. The supporters of the king were initially better equipped because they had cavalry but in three years time they improved their situation and better organized their army and navy. In fact they were also able to block the foreign support to the king. Moreover the Catholic Irish people refused to support the king and the Scots betrayed him and consigned him to Parliament. The King was condemned and executed in 1649. His son Charles was exiled to France.
England, Scotland and Ireland became a republic called Commonwealth and  Oliver Cromwell, in 1653, became the Lord Protector.

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The Puritans were members of a religious reform movement known as Puritanism that arose within the Church of England in the late 16th century. They believed the Church of England was too similar to the Roman Catholic Church and should eliminate ceremonies and practices not rooted in the Bible.
Puritans felt that they had a direct covenant with God to enact these reforms. Under siege from Church and crown, certain groups of Puritans migrated to Northern English colonies in the New World in the 1620s and 1630s, laying the foundation for the religious, intellectual and social order of New England.
Aspects of Puritanism heritage have reverberated throughout American life ever since.

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The Scientific Revolution denotes a series of events that took place in Europe during the 17th century and marked advances in the natural sciences. Scientists also developed the scientific method, used to study and analyze natural phenomena, during this period. These developments had profound effects on society, encouraging the educated to believe in their ability to understand and manipulate the natural world. Some of the most recognizable names (in America and Europe) in science today made their discoveries during the Scientific Revolution like Galileo Galilei, Nicolas Copernicus and Isaac Newton.

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Metaphysical poetry is a type of poetry marked by the use of elaborate figurative languages, original conceits, paradoxes, and philosophical topics. Metaphysical poetry was at its peak during the seventeenth century in England and continental Europe. The movement explored everything from irony to philosophy and conceits. It is for its complex and original conceits that most metaphysical poems are noted. During this period, poets relaxed their previously strict use of meter and explored new ideas. John Donne is the best-known of the metaphysical poets.

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At the start, the metaphysical poets were unpopular and were criticized for their style. Their reputation rise in 20th century as literary schools began to appreciate their contributions to poetry.

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English literature written after the Restoration of the monarchy in England in 1660 following the period of the Commonwealth.
Many typical literary forms of the modern world—including the novel, biography, history, travel writing, and journalism—gained confidence during the Restoration period, when new scientific discoveries and philosophical concepts as well as new social and economic conditions came into play. he Restoration period was, above all, a great age of theatre. Heroic plays, influenced by principles of French Neoclassicism, enjoyed a vogue, but the age is chiefly remembered for its glittering, critical comedies by such playwrights

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The Hanoverians came to power in difficult circumstances that looked set to undermine the stability of British society. The first of their Kings, George I, was only 52nd in line to the throne, but the nearest Protestant according to the Act of Settlement. Two descendants of James II, the deposed Stuart King, threatened to take the throne in 1715 and 1745, and were supported by a number of 'Jacobites' throughout the realm. The term Jacobite is derived from 'Jacobus', the Latin form of 'James'. For all that, the Hanoverian period was remarkably stable, not least because of the longevity of its kings. From 1714 through to 1901, there were only six monarchs, one of whom, George III, remains the longest reigning king in British History. Queen Victoria then surpassed her grandfather in both age and length of reign.
The period was also one of political stability, and the development of constitutional monarchy. For vast tracts of the eighteenth century, great Whig families dominated politics, while the early nineteenth century saw Tory domination. Britain's first 'Prime' Minister, Robert Walpole, dates from this period, and income tax was introduced. Towards the end of the Hanoverian period, the Great Reform Act was passed, which amongst other things widened the electorate. It was also in this period that Britain came to acquire much of her overseas empire, despite the loss of the American colonies, largely through foreign conquest in the various wars of the century. By the end of the Hanoverian period, the British Empire covered a third of the globe.