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Approximately 700-800 BC until around 400 BC

Athens was the most notably democratic of the Greek city-states, deemed "rule by the people"
The voting on issues was direct and their council that would be comparable to our Speaker of the House was randomly selected and those random people would also take upon the daily governmental tasks.
Athens had excelled in arts and literature, however they had eventually failed militarily in several wars which had smothered the democratic city-state.

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This government began around 509 BC and lasted about 400 years

Rome, during this time period, was divided into two social classes, patricians - the rich, and plebeians - the common and the poor.
The center of the government was the Senate, made up of 300 members, who also elected two consuls.  The senators were elected by the Roman people, and the consuls controlled the state.

The representative process of the people electing members of a council who make the larger decisions, like electing leaders, was an important part of history, as it had introduced a framework that would be used by numerous nations that adopt the republican style of government.

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Feudalism lasted from about the fifth to sixteenth century AD.

Feudalistic governments are organized in a tiered/chain system in which all people in the state are participants, although not all in politics.  The big lords divided their land among lesser lords and so on. The people who ended up receiving the land did so under the condition that they give the higher-ups a share of crop yields, and in exchange they receive safety and protections in times of war..

The harsh treatment undergone by the common-people was problematic and most died at fairly young ages.

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Spans from about 33 AD to present

It provided a baseline for Feudalistic forms of government and it had given means for a theocracy in catholic states, putting the church in highest power, to the lords and so on.
The governments were based on the Ten Commandments under the book of Exodus.

There were many issues and disputes between the different feudalistic classes

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Began around the 1400s

The leader, the monarch, of most states had absolute, or near-absolute power and did not need groups below them to hold any significant power.  Armies had become made up of primarily common people as opposed to the higher ranking persons.  Due to being only one person in charge, an assembly of higher powers were not necessary and decisions could be made quicker.

The monarch had a few people who were close in power, but he had absolute power over all within the state. The army had moved from partial-nobility to the common people, giving larger army populations. Many countries had used this form of government for a long time.

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Began around the early 1500s

Colonialism is the European practice of attempting to gain control of lands far away from the mainland of a state, primarily under a monarchy.  In these colonies that they would bring about, they would also integrate their people, laws, and religion in the nation that the colony had taken root.

This was beneficial and very profitable to the mother country, but detrimental to the nations invaded, as the cultures and populations were often permanently altered or eradicated.

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Began around the early 1500s

The European colonialist nations had explored into the Americas which gave more trade opportunities overseas.  Numerous companies were created to capitalize and monopolize on the newfound regions.

This had led to new opportunities for colonial expansion and developments for governments.

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Primarily around the 1600s to 1800s

The ideas were introduced that governments should be to the benefit of the people and not simply for the leading groups and parties.  The ideas of the natural rights were also introduced, being life liberty and property.

This era in the development of government had led to the creation of modern democracies and republics, many of these philosophers being referenced to in states' constitutions.

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1689 - present

The monarchy of the United Kingdom is constitutional, having numerous restrictions on the king/queen's powers, making them more a piece of decoration than a political power.

The King is the primary representative of the state, and attends meetings with the prime minister. The king dissolves a government before an election, hold a speech regarding the governmental plans with Parliament at the beginning of each year, and can approve of legislation.

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1932 - present

The king of Saudi Arabia, unlike the UK, is a political and governmental figure and has legitimate powers within the state.  The king is the head of the legal system.  He is the "supreme court."  He is not the sole man in charge, as he has 22 members of the cabinet to be his advisors.

The King holds significant political power within the Saudi Arabian government, however he does not hold absolute power, as a constitution was constructed in 1992, as well as more political bodies that hold power over the state.