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Pencil

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My Report on the Pencil

Hi, I chose to write about the pencil because it's something I use every day at school but never really thought about where it came from.

Sources I Used

I found information from two different places to check the facts. First, Wikipedia which has the full history of pencils. Second, an article  about how pencils were invented.

Timeline of Important Facts

- In ancient times, people used metal sticks called styluses to write on papyrus or wax tablets.
- In the 1500s, big graphite deposits were found in England, and people cut them into sticks wrapped in string or sheepskin.
- Around 1560 in Italy, graphite was put inside a wooden stick made from juniper wood – early wooden pencils!
- In 1795, French scientist Nicolas-Jacques Conte mixed graphite with clay, baked it, and put it in wood. This is how modern pencils were invented.
- In the 1800s and 1900s, factories made pencils cheaper with different hardness levels (like HB or 2B), and they spread all over the world.

The Report

Introduction

Pencils look super simple, but they have a long history full of cool inventions.

Body (Using the Timeline)

Long ago, writing was done with styluses that scratched marks on papyrus or wax. Then, in the 16th century, pure graphite was discovered in England, and it was shaped into writing sticks wrapped in string so hands wouldn't get dirty.

Around 1560, an Italian carpenter idea was used – graphite sticks were inserted into hollowed-out juniper wood. Pencils like this were great for marking straight lines on wood.

During the 1700s, France couldn't get graphite from England because of war, so in 1795 Nicolas-Jacques Conté invented the modern way: graphite powder mixed with clay was baked into rods and encased in wood. This method is still used today with different clay amounts for soft or hard leads.

By the 19th century, pencil factories popped up everywhere, making them cheap for schools and artists.

Lots of passive voice here like "graphite was discovered," "rods were baked," and "pencils were made."

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The umbrella-

*Introduction*

The umbrella is a simple everyday object, but its history is longer and more interesting than many people think. It was first used for protection from the sun and later became an important tool for staying dry in the rain. This report will show how the umbrella was invented and how it developed into the useful object we use today.

*History with timeline*

-The story of the umbrella goes back thousands of years. Around 3000, umbrellas were used in Ancient Egypt to protect people from the sun. They were simple and made from natural materials.

-By 1100, the first folding umbrellas were created in China. They were made of bamboo and paper, and some were even waterproofed with oils.

-In the 1600s, umbrellas arrived in Europe and became popular, mostly among women. Later, in 1750, Jonas Hanway helped make umbrellas common for men in England.

-A major improvement came in the 1800s, when waterproof materials were developed. This made umbrellas much more useful in the rain. In 1928, the first pocket-sized folding umbrella was invented in Germany.

-By the 1900s, lightweight metal frames and synthetic fabrics were introduced, leading to the modern umbrella we use today.

*closing*

useful object that people use everywhere. After many years of improvements, it became strong, light, and easy to carry. Even though it changed over time, it still serves the same purpose, protecting us from the weather.

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Pencil

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The History of the Pencil
The pencil is a simple but very useful invention. It is a basic and practical tool. Students, teachers, and workers use it every day. The pencil looks ordinary, but it is very important. In this report, the pencil’s history will be told in order.
In 1564, graphite was found in England. At first, people apparently thought it was lead. Because of this, it was partly ignored. In the 1600s, sticks of graphite were used for writing. But they broke very easily.
In the 1700s, graphite was put inside pieces of wood to create a stronger pencil. The first wooden pencils were made this way.
In the 1800s, graphite and clay were mixed together. Stronger and more unique pencils were made. Later, an eraser was added to the top. Some pencils were even decorated to impress people.
In conclusion, the pencil was made step by step over many years. Today, this ordinary object is very practical and one of the most useful inventions.

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Report: The Surprising History of the Fork

Introduction

The fork is an ordinary object that is found in every kitchen today. Most people use it daily without thinking about its origins. However, for many centuries, it was not a common tool. The development of the fork shows how our eating habits have changed over time

The Timeline of the Fork

Ancient Times: Large bronze forks were used by the Greeks and Romans, but only for lifting heavy meat out of pots. They were not seen on the dining table.

7th Century: Smaller hand forks were introduced in the royal courts of the Middle East.

11th Century: A Byzantine princess brought gold forks to Venice when she married a local leader. However, the use of forks was criticized by the church. They believed that food should only be touched by the fingers God gave us.

They believed that food should only be touched by the fingers God gave us.

16th Century: Forks were made popular in France by Catherine de' Medici. During this time, using a fork was considered a sign of wealth and high social status.

18th Century: The modern fork with four curved tines was designed in Germany. This is the version we use today.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the fork traveled a long way from being a simple kitchen tool to a global necessity. Although it was rejected by many people at first, it eventually became a symbol of modern manners. Today, it is impossible to imagine a meal without one.

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The Evolution of Television

Television is one of the most important inventions of the 20th century. It changed the way people get information and entertainment. Before television, families listened to the radio or read newspapers, but TV made it possible to see news, movies, and shows at home.

The development of television happened in several main stages. First, the first electronic television was invented in the 1920s and 1930s. The early televisions were black and white and had very small screens. Only a few families could afford them.

Second, in the 1950s, color television was introduced. This was a big improvement because programs became more exciting and realistic. Television quickly became popular, and more families bought TV sets.

Third, in the 1980s and 1990s, cable and satellite television were developed. People could watch many different channels from all over the world. This gave viewers more choices than ever before.

Fourth, flat-screen TVs were introduced in the 2000s. These televisions were thinner, bigger, and had better picture quality. Technology continued to improve, and HD and smart TVs became common.

Finally, today many people watch television through the internet using streaming services. Smart TVs allow people to watch shows and movies anytime they want.

In conclusion, television has changed greatly over the years. From black-and-white screens to smart TVs, it continues to develop and improve our daily lives.

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Report: The Origins of the Telephone (Smartphone)

Introduction

The smartphone is one of the most common objects in everyday life. It is used for communication, entertainment, and learning. However, the modern phone was developed over many years, starting from simple inventions.

Timeline and Development

In 1876, the first telephone was invented, and voice communication over long distances was made possible.

In the 1970s, the first mobile phones were created, but they were large and expensive. They were mainly used by businesses.

In the 1990s, smaller mobile phones were produced, and texting was introduced. Phones became more popular among the public.

In 2007, the first modern smartphone was released, and touchscreens were widely used. Internet access and apps were added.

Today, smartphones are constantly improved. New features such as better cameras and faster processors are included.

Conclusion

The smartphone has changed the way people communicate and live. It was developed through many innovations over time, and it continues to evolve as technology advances.

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The Origins of the Basketball

​Introduction

​The basketball is one of the most recognizable sports objects in the world. Today, millions of people play with it, but the ball we use now is very different from the one used in the past. This report will describe how the basketball was developed over time.

​The History and Timeline

​The story of the basketball began in 1891. The game was invented by Dr. James Naismith. Surprisingly, a soccer ball was used for the first games, and it was thrown into peach baskets.

​By 1894, the first actual basketball was created. It was made of leather and had laces to hold it together. Because these balls were hand-made, they were often not perfectly round, which made dribbling very difficult.

​In the 1940s, a major change occurred. A new version of the ball was designed with a hidden lace system. This improved the shape of the ball significantly. Later, in the 1950s, the orange color was introduced by Tony Hinkle. Before this, balls were usually brown and hard to see for both players and fans.

​Finally, in the 1970s and 1980s, synthetic materials were developed. These materials allowed the ball to be used both indoors and outdoors without getting damaged easily.

​Closing

​In conclusion, the basketball has evolved from a simple soccer ball to a high-tech sports tool. It was improved by many people over the last century to become the orange ball we know and love today.

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The eraser is an ordinary object that is used every day in schools, offices, and homes. It is used to remove pencil marks from paper and to correct mistakes. Although it seems simple, the eraser has an interesting history. Over time the eraser was improved through a long process of discovery and invention.

Before 1770 Before erasers, mistakes were removed using bread crumbs and cloth. No special erasing material had been discovered.

In 1770, natural rubber was discovered as a useful erasing material. Pencil marks were rubbed away from paper, and rubber was introduced as a new invention for cleaning writing.

In 1839, rubber was developed through a special process that made it stronger and more durable. Because of this, better quality erasers were produced.

Today, many types of erasers are produced, such as rubber erasers, plastic erasers, and soft erasers for art. They are used for different purposes in schools and workplaces.

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The timeline of the phone -Itay David Dayan

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The timeline of the phone -Itay David Dayan

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1876: The original invention by Alexander Graham Bell.

Late 19th century: The era of manual switchboards.

Mid-20th century: The rotary dial home phone – the transition to automation.

1973: The first cellular phone (the heavy "brick").

2007: The smartphone era (the first iPhone).

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Air Conditioner

We use air conditioners on hot days to stay cool. They are important in homes and schools.

The first modern air conditioner was invented in 1902. Today, air conditioners are hi-tech and save energy. Cool air makes hot days much better!

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Air Conditioner Timeline
1902 – First modern air conditioner invented.
1950s – Air conditioners become popular in homes.
2000s–Today – Smart and energy-saving air conditioners are developed.

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The pencil is a common object that is used by many people every day. It looks simple, but it has an interesting history.

In 1564, graphite was discovered in England. At first, it was used to mark sheep. Later, the graphite was wrapped in string so it could be held easily.

In the 17th century, graphite sticks were placed inside wooden cases. This made the pencil cleaner and easier to use.

In 1795, a new method was invented in France. Graphite was mixed with clay, and pencils of different hardness were created.

Today, pencils are produced in factories and are used all over the world. Even with computers, the pencil is still important

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The Evolution of the Telephone

The telephone is an ordinary object that we use every day, but its history is extraordinary. It is one of the most important inventions in modern history because it completely changed how humans communicate across long distances. Before this invention, sending messages was slow and difficult, but today, communication is instant.

The development of the telephone happened in five main stages. First, the original telephone was invented by Alexander Graham Bell in 1876. On March 10th of that year, the first successful sentence was spoken by Bell to his assistant, Thomas Watson. At first, the technology was simple, but it grew quickly.

Second, in the late 19th century, calls were connected manually. During this period, human operators sat at large switchboards and plugged wires into different sockets to link people together. However, as technology advanced, the system needed to be faster.

Third, in the early 20th century, the automatic rotary dial phone was introduced. This was a major improvement because operators were no longer needed for local calls, and numbers could be dialed directly from people's homes.

Fourth, a wireless revolution occurred in 1973. The first handheld mobile phone was demonstrated by Martin Cooper of Motorola. Although these early mobile phones were heavy and expensive, the technology was developed rapidly to become smaller and cheaper for everyone.

Finally, the modern era began in 2007 when the first iPhone was released. This changed the telephone from a device just for talking into a "smartphone" that connects to the internet.

Today, the telephone is very different from Bell's original machine. It acts as a powerful portable computer. Smartphones are used by billions of people not only for calls but for work, games, and social media. It is hard to imagine our lives without this amazing technology.