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1501 - Discovery of the Isthmus of Panama – Rodrigo de Bastida

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1501 - Discovery of the Isthmus of Panama – Rodrigo de Bastida

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Rodrigo de Bastidas 1501 expedition is often linked to the exploration of the Isthmus of Panama, but he did not discover it. Instead, in 1513, Vasco Núñez de Balboa successfully crossed the isthmus, marking the pivotal moment in the exploration of this significant geographical feature.

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1502 - Arrival at the Panamanian Caribbean Coast – Cristobal Colón

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1502 - Arrival at the Panamanian Caribbean Coast – Cristobal Colón

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The arrival of Christopher Columbus to the Panamanian Caribbean Coast in 1502 was part of his fourth and last voyage to America. Columbus explored the Caribbean region, specifically the coast of what is now Panama, in search of a route to the Indian Ocean.

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1519 - Foundation of Panama La Vieja – Pedrarias Dávila

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1519 - Foundation of Panama La Vieja – Pedrarias Dávila

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Pedrarias Dávila founded Panama La Vieja in 1519, being the first Spanish city on the Pacific coast of America. The strategic choice of the site facilitated expeditions to Peru, marking a milestone in Spanish exploration and conquest in the region.

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1821 - Independence of Panama from Spain. General José de Fábrega

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1821 - Independence of Panama from Spain. General José de Fábrega

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Panama became independent from Spain on November 28, 1821, as part of the general process of emancipation of the American colonies. In this event, the Captain General of Panama joined the movement led by Simón Bolívar, contributing to the formation of Gran Colombia.

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1881 - Arrival of the French for the construction of the Interoceanic Canal.

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1881 - Arrival of the French for the construction of the Interoceanic Canal.

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In 1881, the French, led by Ferdinand de Lesseps, began the attempt to build the Interoceanic Canal in Panama to link the Atlantic and the Pacific. However, they faced technical challenges and high mortality rates due to tropical diseases, leading to the project's abandonment in 1889.

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1903 - Separation of Panama from Colombia – Provisional Government Board (José Agustín Arango, Federico Arias.

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1903 - Separation of Panama from Colombia – Provisional Government Board (José Agustín Arango, Federico Arias.

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In 1903, Panama declared its independence from Colombia, marking the Separation of Panama from Colombia. This event was caused by political and economic tensions between the Panamanian region and the Colombian central government. The separation paved the way for American construction and control of the Panama Canal.

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1964 - Patriotic Deed Against the US Military Presence in Panama.

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1964 - Patriotic Deed Against the US Military Presence in Panama.

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On January 9, 1964, Panamanian students performed the Patriotic Gesture, protesting against the US military presence in the Panama Canal Zone, controlled by the US under the Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty.

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1977- Signing of the Torrijos-Carter-Treaties, Omar Torrijos H. and James Carter.

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1977- Signing of the Torrijos-Carter-Treaties, Omar Torrijos H. and James Carter.

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On September 7, 1977, Panamanian leaders, led by Omar Torrijos H., and US President Jimmy Carter, signed the Torrijos-Carter Treaties. These agreements, also called Panama Canal Treaties.

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1999 - Transfers of administration and Panamanian Territory.

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1999 - Transfers of administration and Panamanian Territory.

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December 31, 1999 was a historic milestone for Panama with the full transfer of the administration and territory of the Panama Canal from the United States to Panama. This event marked the end of more than 85 years of US control over the interoceanic waterway, which had begun with its opening in 1914.

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2016 - The Referendum on the expansion of the Panama Canal.

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2016 - The Referendum on the expansion of the Panama Canal.

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In 2016, Panama held a referendum on October 22 to decide on expanding the Panama Canal by building a fourth set of locks. Citizens voted to support or reject the expansion project known as the Panama Canal.