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Original:

What is your substance, whereof are you made,

That millions of strange shadows on you tend?

Since everyone hath, everyone, one shade,

And you, but one, can every shadow lend.

Complete version:

What is your substance, whereof are you made,

That millions of strange shadows on you tend?

Since every one hath, every one, one shade,

And you but one, can every shadow lend.

Describe Adonis, and the counterfeit

Is poorly imitated after you;

On Helen's cheek all art of beauty set,

And you in Grecian tires are painted new:

Speak of the spring, and foison of the year,

The one doth shadow of your beauty show,

The other as your bounty doth appear;

And you in every blessed shape we know.

In all external grace you have some part,

But you like none, none you, for constant heart.

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In this sonnet, the speaker talks to the young man by asking what is his substance and what  he is made of. The speaker wonders how it is possible that he has only one shadow whereas the rest has a million of them. Then, the description of the young man by comparing his beauty with Adonis and Helena.

This sonnet of Shakespeare, which is addressed to himself, has these themes: the sublime beauty of the beloved. As in Sonnet 20, the beloved's beauty is compared to both a man's (Adonis) and a woman's (Helen).

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Each line ends with a word that rhymes with another word in the same lyric or in the final duet. The rhyme scheme is abab cdcd efef gg, which means that the first and third lines rhyme with each other (a), the second and fourth lines rhyme with each other (b), and so on. The final two lines form a rhyming pair (g), For example, the first line can be read as:

What is your sub stance, where of are you made,

The sonnet is also composed in a type of poetic rhythm called “iambic pentameter", which means that each line has five pairs of syllables. Iambic pentameter creates a musical effect in the poem, because it sounds like a heartbeat or a ticking clock. It also emphasizes certain words and meanings, because the stressed syllables are more noticeable and important.

The rhythm creates a musical effect and emphasizes certain words and meanings.

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The characters in this sonnet are:

The speaker: He is an adult man of lower social rank who writes poetry for the Fair Youth. He is deeply in love with him and praises his beauty in extravagant terms

The Fair Youth: He is the main subject and addressee of the sonnet. He is a rich, young man who has a perfect and constant beauty that surpasses everything else in the world. He is more beautiful than Adonis, Helen, the spring and the fall

Adonis: He is a figure from Greek mythology who was the most handsome mortal ever born. He was loved by Aphrodite, the goddess of love and beauty. He is used as a symbol of male beauty in literature

Helen: She is another figure from Greek mythology who was the most beautiful woman in the world. She was the wife of Menelaus, the king of Sparta, but she eloped with Paris, the prince of Troy, which caused the Trojan War. She is used as a symbol of female beauty in literature

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Other examples which show the variety of theatrical metaphors to

be found in the Sonnets might include Nos. 53, 113, 128, and 144. Here, the image of the lover is in flux, constantly changing within a complex refraction of perspectives and possibilities that fall naturally upon him/her.

Shadows and shades were interchangeable terms for actors and the effects of acting for Shakespeare. As in Sonnet 98, Shakespeare is playing with the varying effects of shadow, entranced by the shades of light which commune with and re-create his lover’s image, as he/she plays at being Adonis and Helen (Sonnet 53, ll. 5 and 7). If read biographically, this sonnet might even refer to a boy actor whom Shakespeare had seen playing both young men and women. In Sonnet 113, the lover becomes omnipresent in what seems like a performance of Nature. The poet’s sensory experience reinvents images of the lover in every changing scene.

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The author of Sonnet 53 is William Shakespeare, who was a renowned English poet, playwright, and actor. He was born in 1564 in Stratford-upon-Avon, England, and died in 1616. He is widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world’s pre-eminent dramatist. He is often called England’s national poet and the “Bard of Avon” (or simply “the Bard”).

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Shakespeare wrote Sonnet 53 as part of a sequence of 154 sonnets that are addressed to a young and beautiful man, known as the Fair Youth, and a dark-haired woman, known as the Dark Lady. The sonnets explore themes such as love, beauty, time, mortality, and poetry. Sonnet 53 belongs to the Fair Youth sequence, which comprises sonnets 1 to 126. In this sonnet, Shakespeare praises the beauty and constancy of the Fair Youth by comparing him to various classical and natural images.