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SZA, Grammy-winning R&B artist, has an official merchandise website that addresses multiple questions, one being the "impact of SZA merch on fans." This addressment can be proven or further researched using social media as concert-goers and super fans review these products.

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Why we feel so close: The science behind parasocial relationships with musicians

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Why we feel so close: The science behind parasocial relationships with musicians

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This is a great reference as it mentions social media as a prominent factor in parasocial relationships, and surrounds technology use. I like that this source mentions music lyrics as a connection as that is interesting to me and will help develop the musical aspect of the paper. Additionally, this magazine mentions the downsides to parasocial relationships and provides specific examples with specific musicians.

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// MELODIC Magazine » Melodic Magazine keeps you up to date on your favorite musicians with interviews, tour dates, live photos, and live show reviews.

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Why we feel so close: The science behind parasocial relationships with musicians

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At this point, you might be wondering – are parasocial relationships with artists good or bad? Just like any type of relationship, there are pros and cons.

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In a Celebrity-Obsessed World, Have We Reached Peak Parasocial?

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In a Celebrity-Obsessed World, Have We Reached Peak Parasocial?

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In this Vogue article, the writer touches on celebrity interactions and their effect on fans. The article includes a study that reveals Americans are heavily engaged in parasocial relationships. The most helpful part about this article is that it introduces social media as a contributing factor.

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So in 2024, it's right to ask: Are we capable of healthy fandom anymore? Have we reached peak parasocial?

What is a parasocial relationship?

Essentially, a parasocial relationship is typically defined as a one-sided emotional connection people form with celebrities, media personalities, famous athletes, or influencers. It could even be with a fictional character. A 2022 study found that more Americans are engaged in parasocial relationships than they care to admit (51% chose to confess).

The same study reflected that 20% of Americans have experienced genuine bereavement after a celebrity's death. More people (26%) have been actively upset when a fictional character on TV or film has died, with a further 10% reporting negative mental health effects from celebrity deaths. Seven percent of the study's participants say they have "mentally suffered" when a celebrity didn't respond to them on social media. A parasocial relationship is a broad descriptor, and it has layers.

The internet has created an illusion of a two-way interaction. When someone speaks to the camera, full eye contact, it can feel intimate. And studies show the human brain struggles to regulate any difference between emotions they see onscreen and IRL. "Social media platforms allow users to like, comment, and even directly message celebrities," says Pamela Rutledge, director at the Media Psychology Research Center and professor emerita in media psychology at the Fielding Graduate University.

Fans who comment on celebrity posts feel more engaged in the relationship than passive viewers, says Dr. Rutledge. Even though direct responses from celebrities are rare, the possibility of interaction can "create the impression of a two-way relationship heighten feelings of closeness."

Is a parasocial relationship always bad?

As human beings, we're innately social creatures. Finding something to relate to in a celebrity is really quite normal, especially when celebrities use their platforms to share their very human struggles, insecurities, and anxieties.

But, as Dr. Rutledge explains, online communities can normalize boundary-crossing behaviors. "Fans can justify stalking, harassment, or unsolicited contact by convincing themselves or others that it's harmless or supportive or that contact is a badge of honor," she says.

In 2002 psychologists Lynn McCutcheon, Rense Lange, and James Houran devised the Celebrity Attitude Scale, which evaluates a person's level of interest (or worship or obsession) with celebrities on three levels: entertainment-social, intense-personal, and borderline-pathological. The highest level is when people aren't able to control their actions or fantasies involving their favorite celebrity. But that's a small minority of people; they consider around 3 to 5% of people with parasocial relationships actually meet this criteria. Still, they've seen scores on the scale begin to increase year on year.

The pitfalls of parasociality

The evolving digital space has accelerated the development and intensity of parasocial relationships, and social media promotes the expectation of 24/7 access. "When artists don't respond quickly, post regularly, or keep fans in the loop of their lives, fans and followers can feel entitled to demand explanations," explains Dr. Rutlege.

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In a Celebrity-Obsessed World, Have We Reached Peak Parasocial?

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So-called fans, fixated on Selena Gomez's engagement and Sabrina Carpenter's break-up, take their connection to stars to sinister extremes. Fandom as a healthy pastime is in flux.

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The Billie Eilish Effect: Redefining Pop Music and Youth Culture

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The Billie Eilish Effect: Redefining Pop Music and Youth Culture

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In the vast and ever-evolving landscape of popular music, few artists have managed to captivate the world's attention quite like Billie Eilish. Born Billie Eilish Pirate Baird O'Connell on December 18, 2001, in Los Angeles, California, this remarkably talented and unconventional artist has taken the music industry by storm, leaving a lasting impact on both the sonic and cultural realms. With a distinct sound, unique fashion sense, and a willingness to explore dark and emotionally charged themes, Billie Eilish has reshaped the way we think about pop music and what it means to be a young, influential artist in today's world. This article explores the phenomenon known as " The Billie Eilish Effect. "

A Fresh Sound in Pop Music

Billie Eilish burst onto the music scene in 2015 with her debut single "Ocean Eyes," and the world couldn't ignore the ethereal voice and haunting lyrics she brought to the table. Her unique blend of pop, electronica, and dark indie has redefined the pop music landscape. In an industry often saturated with formulaic and predictable hits, Eilish's approach is nothing short of revolutionary. Her music doesn't conform to established genre norms, and she's unafraid to experiment with different styles, sounds, and moods.

Eilish's production is characterized by minimalist and atmospheric beats, often filled with eerie, distorted sounds that perfectly complement her dreamy vocals. Her brother, Finneas O'Connell, has played a significant role in shaping her sound, producing most of her tracks. This sibling collaboration has given her music a distinct authenticity and personal touch that fans find incredibly relatable.

The juxtaposition of her angelic voice and dark, introspective lyrics creates a unique listening experience. Songs like "Bury a Friend" and "Bad Guy" delve into themes of anxiety, depression, and the darker aspects of human nature. Eilish's willingness to address these difficult subjects has resonated with a generation grappling with its own set of challenges.

Billie Eilish Effect: A Style Icon

Billie Eilish's impact extends far beyond her music. Her fashion sense is as unique and boundary-pushing as her sound. She's unapologetically herself, often seen sporting oversized clothing, vibrant hair colors, and an array of eclectic accessories. Eilish's choice of wardrobe defies traditional gender norms and the often shallow beauty standards of the entertainment industry. Her message is clear: be yourself, and embrace your individuality.

Her fashion choices have also sparked important discussions about body image and self-acceptance. Eilish has been candid about her struggles with body image and has used her platform to advocate for body positivity and mental health awareness. She reminds her fans that one's worth is not determined by their appearance but by their talent and character.

The impact of Billie Eilish's fashion extends to her role as a fashion icon. Many young people have found inspiration in her fearless approach to style, giving them the courage to express themselves in a world that often pressures them to conform. Her influence can be seen in the resurgence of '90s-style baggy clothing and the embrace of alternative aesthetics in mainstream culture.

A Voice for Youth

Billie Eilish is more than just a singer; she is a voice for the youth. Her lyrics touch on subjects like mental health, anxiety, and existential questioning, providing a sense of solace to her young audience. In a world where social media pressures, academic stress, and the existential weight of the future bear down on many young people, Eilish's music offers a refuge.

The open and honest way she discusses her own struggles with mental health has made her an advocate for destigmatizing these issues. Her message is clear: it's okay not to be okay, and it's essential to seek help and support when needed. Her transparency resonates with her fans, reassuring them that they are not alone in their struggles.

Moreover, Billie Eilish has used her platform to address pressing social and environmental issues. She is an advocate for climate action, and she has used her global influence to raise awareness about the urgency of addressing climate change. Eilish's commitment to making the world a better place showcases her sense of social responsibility and her dedication to being a positive role model for her fans.

The Digital Age Superstar

In a digital age where the internet and social media have transformed the way artists connect with their audiences, Billie Eilish's rise to fame is a testament to the power of online platforms. Her early success can be largely attributed to the internet, where "Ocean Eyes" went viral on SoundCloud. This was a time when traditional gatekeepers of the music industry were no longer the sole arbiters of success.

Eilish's use of platforms like YouTube, Instagram, and TikTok has allowed her to maintain a close and authentic relationship with her fans. She shares personal moments, updates, and insights into her life, creating a sense of connection that transcends the stage. This level of interaction and transparency has endeared her to her audience and contributed to her meteoric rise.

The Billie Eilish Effect also highlights the democratization of music creation and distribution in the digital age. Eilish and her brother Finneas produced their early songs in their bedroom, using affordable equipment and software. This DIY approach to music production has inspired countless young artists to create their own music without the need for a traditional studio or label backing.

The Cultural Impact

Billie Eilish's influence extends far beyond music and fashion; she has significantly impacted youth culture in the 21st century. Her authenticity, vulnerability, and outspokenness have set her apart as a cultural icon. In an era when many celebrities maintain a carefully curated public image, Eilish's transparency and willingness to discuss personal struggles have resonated with fans.

One aspect of the Billie Eilish Effect is the way it has shattered preconceived notions of what it means to be a teenage pop star. Historically, the music industry has often portrayed young artists as purely commercial products, prioritizing marketability over authenticity. Eilish's success demonstrates that today's youth are hungry for artists who reflect their reality and challenges, and they are less willing to accept manufactured personas.

Furthermore, Eilish's impact can be seen in the way young people view mental health and body image. She has sparked conversations about the importance of seeking help when needed and embracing one's unique qualities. Her messages of self-acceptance and resilience resonate with a generation grappling with the complexities of modern life.

A Legacy in the Making

Just a few years into her career, it's clear that Billie Eilish has already left an indelible mark on the music and cultural landscape. Moreover, the Billie Eilish Effect is not just a fleeting trend; it's a testament to the enduring power of authentic artistry, self-expression, and the courage to be unapologetically oneself. She has paved the way for future artists to embrace their individuality, prioritize mental health, and use their platform for social and environmental change.

As Eilish's career continues to evolve, it's fascinating to imagine what lies ahead for this young icon. Her willingness to experiment, evolve, and confront difficult themes in her music suggests that she will continue to challenge the status quo and push the boundaries of pop music. The Billie Eilish Effect is more than just a phenomenon; it's a cultural shift that reminds us of the transformative power of music and the enduring impact of genuine self-expression.

The Billie Eilish Effect is a multifaceted phenomenon that encompasses Billie Eilish's groundbreaking music, unique fashion sense, and her role as a voice for today's youth. Beyond the charts, Eilish's impact goes into the hearts and minds of her fans, leaving a lasting legacy that reshapes the cultural and social landscape. As she continues to break boundaries and inspire countless others, Billie Eilish remains a force to be reckoned with in the world of pop music and beyond.

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The Billie Eilish Effect: Redefining Pop Music and Youth Culture

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In the vast and ever-evolving landscape of popular music, few artists have managed to captivate the world's attention quite like Billie Eilish.

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The development of the artist-fan engagement model

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The development of the artist-fan engagement model

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This journal aims to explain the relationship between musical artists and their fans. I love that this journal contains multiple theories and studies to investigate thee effects of music and consumerism. This paper introduces variables that include: identification, affinity, emotional, imaginal, and sensorial responses, similarity, and imitation.

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Fandom in the Digital Age: Examining Parasocial Relationships Between Fans and Music Artists on Instagram

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Fandom in the Digital Age: Examining Parasocial Relationships Between Fans and Music Artists on Instagram

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This paper analyzes parasocial relationships solely on Instagram, which introduces a specific platform that can be used as evidence. Different from other sources, this study focuses on how the artist uses Instagram to build strong relationships and build communities around music and provide good content.

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Fandom in the Digital Age: Examining Parasocial Relationships Between Fans and Music Artists on Instagram

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With the rise of social media as a cultural staple in entertainment industries such as music, Instagram changes the landscape of the artist-fan connection and muddles the boundaries of parasocial relationships in a digital space. While a wealth of research exists on how fans perceive mediated relationships, the perspective of the artist and how they navigate this connectivity is missing from the discourse. This study builds on the current literature surrounding mediated artist-fan interactions and examines how music artists use Instagram to build strong, loyal relationships with fans through the lens of parasocial relationships. Through interviews with up-and-coming artists and music industry professionals, this study concluded that in using Instagram to build valuable fan connections, artists view online interactions as mutually beneficial for fans and themselves, and build a community around their music through self-disclosure and providing more valuable content to followers. While these parasocial relationships crafted through Instagram may not grant fans full access to their favorite artists, the opportunity for artists to engage with their fans can still blur the boundaries of a true parasocial relationship.

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The effect of fan-themed apparel products’ signal explicitness on fans’ perceptions: the moderating effect of fanship

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The effect of fan-themed apparel products’ signal explicitness on fans’ perceptions: the moderating effect of fanship

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This study investigated how various intensities of fans perceive less detailed merchandise versus heavily detailed merchandise. This study reveals the emotion and intensity behind certain articles of merchandise and further assists my essay as it surrounds the emotion behind merchandise. What I found interesting was that more obsessive fans prefer subtle designs in order to separate themselves from "average" fans.

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The effect of fan-themed apparel products’ signal explicitness on fans’ perceptions: the moderating effect of fanship - Fashion and Textiles

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This study investigated how film franchise fans with varying levels of fanship perceive subtle versus explicit signals featured on fan-themed apparel products. A between-subjects experimental design was conducted with two fan-themed t-shirt designs (explicit vs. subtle) × fanship (low vs. high). In this study, the joint effect between subtle vs. explicit designs and fanship was examined to address perceived differentiation, social connection, and purchase intention. For perceived differentiation and social connection, fans with high fanship perceived the subtle design to be more effective than explicit designs. While fans with low fanship perceived the subtle design to be more effective for differentiation, they perceived that the explicit design facilitated social connection more than the subtle design. When fans perceived that signals featured on fan-themed apparel products differentiated themselves from others and facilitated social connection, their purchase intentions increased. The study yielded several theoretical and practical implications. First, the study contributed to the literature on signaling theory, extending the definition of subtle signals to include a more diverse range of design details, such as the content of graphics rather than the visibility and size of brand logos. The study also extended the use of signaling theory and optimal distinctiveness theory to new research areas of fan-themed products. Second, practical implications for producers, marketers, and retailers of fan-themed apparel included the consideration of developing fan-themed apparel with subtle signals, co-creating products with fans, and targeting female fans through more inclusive merchandising practices.

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Have fans gone too far? — artists and parasocial relationships

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Have fans gone too far? — artists and parasocial relationships

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This article is a great source for relevant and up-to-date interactions with various artists. I like that this article uses specific artists and their interactions to form the central idea that too much obsession can lead to horrible outcomes. The approach that these relationships can be very bad is essential to my essay as it brings in another perspective that challenges the idea that these interactions can be good.

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Have fans gone too far? — artists and parasocial relationships

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John Lennon Strawberry Field in Central Park Celebrities have grown inseparable from contemporary life. One can no longer spend a day without hearing about a recent celebrity scandal or an iconic p…

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Observations:

All Virginia Tech x Metallica merch sold the fastest, the poster within minutes.

Grungy, Metal demographic - Mostly older males, others VT students

Virginia Tech gear everywhere

First ever concert at the Lane Stadium

The entire crowd erupting for "Enter Sandman"

Noticed some fans spending $500+

1.5 million in overall sales

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Musicians Who Have Opened Up About Their Mental Health Struggles

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Musicians Who Have Opened Up About Their Mental Health Struggles

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Musicians Who Have Opened Up About Their Mental Health Struggles

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Stars who have spoken about their mental health and try to destigmatize mental health struggles include Lizzo, Lady Gaga, Adele, Kid Cudi and more.

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What kind of items tend to sell best? Is it more about functionality or emotional connection?

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What kind of items tend to sell best? Is it more about functionality or emotional connection?

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"In my experience, items that sell the best consist of a balance of functionality and emotional connection. But, when a product tells a story, or even connects to a trend, that encourages purchase."

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Does the artist’s style rub off on their fan-base clothing styles or preferences? 

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Does the artist’s style rub off on their fan-base clothing styles or preferences? 

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"Absolutely, style plays a huge role in shaping their supporters' clothing preferences. If an artist is known for bold patterns or vintage vibes, their merchandise tends to reflect that, and fans gravitate toward those styles instead."

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Can you share a memorable fan reaction or experience tied to a merch item?

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Can you share a memorable fan reaction or experience tied to a merch item?

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"At one show, a fan purchasing from the merch booth told us that wearing the hoodie made them feel connected to the artist during a really tough time in their life."

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How do you think music merch culture has changed in the last 5 to 10 years?

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How do you think music merch culture has changed in the last 5 to 10 years?

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"It has shifted from being mostly a secondary revenue stream or simple tour souvenirs to becoming a major part of an artist’s brand and creative expression, especially for the fans."