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 1916: Lewis Terman's Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test and Eugenics

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 1916: Lewis Terman's Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test and Eugenics

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Lewis Terman, was the eugenicist who introduced the Stanford-Binet Intelligence test in schools. Intelligence tests were used by eugenicists to discriminate against minority groups and deem them "intellectually inferior". This was important to the history of assessment of MLs because it demonstrates the potential for assessments to be biased, and the impact bias has had on the underrepresentation of MLs, in educational programming and opportunity.

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 1960s-1970s: Increased Concern for Test Fairness

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 1960s-1970s: Increased Concern for Test Fairness

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The 1960s-80s was a time of shifting awareness towards test fairness. This led to changes in testing standards in the U.S. Changes were made to the Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing starting in 1966 and ending in 2014. Each set of changes reflected the increasing concern about fair assessment practices for MLs. This time demonstrates a shift in assessment to focusing on addressing test fairness. It established the framework for developing more equitable assessment practices for MLs.

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The supreme court case Lau v Nichols established that in order to provide equal opportunity for all students, language programs must be available. This decision was important because it recognized need for educational institutions to recognize the individual needs of MLs. this decision has had a lasting impact on the assessment and programming available to MLs.

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The NCLB brought about a time of educational change, specifically in the areas of standardized testing and accountability. The assessment landscape from MLs shifted from no accountability for ML assessments, to forcing students who don't know English to take English exams. This raised concerns about the validity of testing, and sparked a debate over the balance of accountability and validity in ML assessment.

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2015: The Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA)

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2015: The Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA)

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In 2015, the ESSA replaced the NCLB in an attempt to give more authority to state and local governments and reduce federal involvement in education. The ESSA still heavily focuses on the accountability portion of assessment, and requires all MLs to take state tests, however, it differs in its recognition of unrealistic expectations and reliance on standardized measures as the only measure of achievement. States were ultimately given more control over the validity of their assessments.