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Pain can be assigned to a score using a recognised pain scoring system, however these can be subjective. They should take into account both behavioural and physiological signs.

Behaviour can vary between species, for example if they are prey or predator.

Pain normally results from stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system.

Stress and drug administration can alter physiological parameters.

Physiological Pain Indicators:

•Tachycardia

•Hypertension

•Tachypnoea

•Pyrexia

•Panting

•Salivation

•Pupillary dilation

•Shaking and shivering

•Changes in respiratory pattern – rapid, shallow breathing caused by thoracic pain.

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1. pyrexia, glucose, high BP, tachycardia, puss, redness, smell, narcotic, diarrhoea, inapitance, diet

2. aggression, lethargic,

3. yes, guinea pigs and rabbits cant vomit.

4. barrier nursing, notify the vet, PPE, provide comfort, control temperature.

5. Barrier nursing PPE, signs, 3 day clean.

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Physiological indicators:

Increase heart rate

increased blood pressure

muscle tension

excess stomach problems

difficulty sleeping

Rapid breathing

Increased temperature

Eye or nose discharge

Swelling

Behavioural indicators:

Changes in eating habits

Loss of interest in daily activities

Become withdrawn and possibly aggressive

Change in sleeping patterns

Hiding or isolating

Variation between species:

Similar in other species could not find many differences

What nursing care interventions:

Address patient needs and improve outcomes

Medication administration

Client education

Barrier nursing (infection control)

promote recovery and healing

MRSA

Highly contagious

Zoonotic

Barrier nursing and isolation to reduce spread

Deep cleaning after

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What physiological indicators might you see?

-panting

-whites of eyes

-increased heart rate

-increases blood pressure

-increased temperature

-increased glucose levels in cats

-hypersalivating

-increased cortisol levels

What behavioural indicators might you see?

-panting

-aggression

-lip licking

-urinating

-unusual behaviour

-ears down

-tail tucked underneath

-rabbits grind teeth

-vocalisation

Are there any variations between species?

rabbits thump

cats are harder to read eg. muzzle positions

cats purr

rabbits die

What nursing care interventions can be applied to help correct these?

pheromone remedies/sprays

classical music for cats

quiet environment

identify if less is more

send home with gaba or/and traz

What are the negative impacts of stress on a patient, both physically and psychologically?

rabbits die

hunger strike

lose weight

blocked bladder

unable to assess

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What Physiological indicators might you see?

shallow breathing

pale gums

weak or rapid pulse

heart arrhythmia

difficulty breathing

dilated pupils

decreased body temperature

What behavioural indicators might you see?

obtunded

dull mental state

lethargic

agression

defecation and urination

Variation between species?

Vital numbers will differ between species.

Nursing care interventions:

fluid therapy