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Finney's beliefs centered around the idea that men were morally free "agents".  He had no problem attracting people of higher social classes.

Finney used his "revivals" to influence people to attend church.  These emotional sermons were more so to convert rather than just indoctrinate.

Pushed for religious diversity.
Finney had trouble with skilled laborers. Poorer people also ignored his revivals, as did the Irish. However, Finney's evangelical message was promoted throughout the United States in things like newspapers and magazines.

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The Second Great Awakening was another "religious revival" that caused people to unite once again. It pushed for people to be morally free and act with free will.

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Women's Rights Activists holding up a banner 

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Women's Rights Activists holding up a banner 

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Education Advancements and Prison Reform

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Education Advancements and Prison Reform

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Advancements in Education and Prisons were cultivated by women. It introduced women into public spaces and gave women public status.

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Troubled at home, Dorothy Dix grew up to be a successful and independent young woman.  She built charity schools.  She also advocated for the separation of the mentally ill, such that they had their own asylums and care.

Horace Mann dedicated her life to improving education through increasing the quality of instruction. As an indirect result, an influx of women were hired as teachers due to the lower salaries given and belief that women were better suited to teach than men. This was a huge milestone for women's public status.

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Instead of challenging the institution head on, women's right activists sought to strengthen the current rights of married women.

Stanton and Mott organized what would come to be the Seneca Falls Convention, where they discussed the implementation of women into the republican ideology and into the Declaration of Independence.

The Declaration of Sentiments called for the lined to be changed in the Declaration of Independence to "All men and women are created equal".

Many men and women took the message with a grain of salt, but the women's rights movement continued to get stronger and bigger throughout the 1850's.

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Even without suffrage, women were active in legal and religious reform movements. Their activism led to questions about family and how women fit in society.

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New Yorkers began to notice how drastically different their lives were with the immigration of foreign people.  They pushed their nativist movement which called for a stop to immigration.

These nativists assaulted Irish immigrants, denied them employment and tried stopping consumption of German beer (temperance).

German and Irish immigrants counted for a large portion of the population.  The Irish dominated the American Catholic Church and the Germans' influence could be seen in food and drinking habits.

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The Nativism was a response to Immigrants pouring in from Europe. This resentment towards foreigners would lead to nativist parties, such as the American Know Nothing Party.

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The most developed areas of the United States were undergoing even more transformation. New values concerning sex and entertainment conflicted with older beliefs.

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It stemmed from the ex-rural migrants and foreign immigrants that poured into the urban areas of the United States.  The population of cities, as a result, ballooned.

It was hard to find a job, and even harder as a women.  Many turned to commercialized sex, or prostitution, in order to make a bare living.  Prostitution was extremely popular, as many considered illicit sex a right.

Minstrelsy was a form of entertainment developed during this era of urban reform.  It entertained people through its social critiques and racial travesty.

The temperance movement pushed for the instilling of peace and purity within the United States.  To achieve this, the temperance movement denounced alcohol.

The sexual pride and freedom was attacked by the Female Moral Reform Society. This group focused on legal reform as well as temperance.

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Brigham Young, Smith's leading disciple, led around 6500 Mormons in fleeing the U.S.  These Mormon pioneers quickly spread their agricultural innovation and were able to practice Mormonism without persecution.  Those who rejected polygamy remained in the urban parts of America.  This was the Mormon Trail.

Unhappy with federal laws, the Salt Lake Mormons began resisting them.  President Buchanan sent an army to resolve these issues in what ending up being the Mormon War.

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Joseph Smith Jr. led the Mormons toward individual success in a world "filled with sin".  The strict practices allowed Mormon leaders to implement communal disciplines and sustain patriarchy.

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Summary: The revolutionary ideas and advancements would only lead to talks of abolitionism. The fight over slavery and sectional tensions continued to the plague the US throughout the 1800's.

By 1830, calls for the abolition of slavery grew tenfold.  The Anti-American Slavery

The Gag Rule of 1836 prohibited officials from touching on the possible emancipation of slaves.  Until the end of the Civil War, abolitionism pushed all other reform movements aside.

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Many, not content with the evolution of industry in the Americas, relocated to rural areas with the intent of creating "utopias".
While this happened, many rural residents and immigrants poured into urban areas.  There was a switch-off, in a sense.

The Shakers were the "first successful communal movement."  The isolation these Shakers had access to contributed to a "cult-like" following.  After Mother Ann's death, the Shakers honored her as a "Second Coming Of Christ".

Fourierist socialism was aimed at capitalist corporate and hired labor.  Members, in phalanxs, worked cooperatively to operate society (stores, banks, etc...)

Oneida and Noyes cultivated societies based on the failures of Fourierists and the success of the Shakers. Noyes attracted people with their perfectionism, where their beliefs were in line with those of the Shakers.

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These utopian visions stemmed from questioning of current sexual, marital, and capitalist values. The societies stood as counter-revolutionary and counter-cultural blueprints of more developed social and economic order.

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Emerson challenged Christian beliefs; the Unitarians believed there was a single God rather than a Holy Trinity. He rejected all organized religions and abstained from traditional institutions and customs.

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Transcendentalists sought to question society's controlling constraints and break free from them.

Individualism and emotional practices were pushed and reason and rationale were downplayed.

Emerson's pantheistic and optimistic view appealed to the masses; he inspired many religious preachers across the United States.

Thoreau saw the current state of man as gloomy and doomed; he also advocated for Emerson's beliefs

Transcendentalism found the support of poet Walt Whitman, who wrote The Leaves of Grass which talked about expanding pass "invisible boundaries"

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This movement greatly influenced art and literature by embracing nature and being anti-materialistic.  The sentimental and emotional daily practices were making their way back to the heart of America.