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Scientific writing requires grammatical and stylistic approaches that differ from those preferred in other academic disciplines. Lab reports, literature reviews, and theses will be most successful when they are consistent with these conventions of the field.

Tone

Scientific writing is straightforward, specific, and concise. Balance jargon and discipline-specific vocabulary with simple, precise word choices. Readers will draw conclusions based on the strength of the data, not the beauty of the writing.

Clarity is more important than poetry. Observations should be reported using concrete adjectives rather than figures of speech: for example, the colour of a mixture should be described “bright green,” not “the shade of new spring leaves.” A writing style that is direct and uncluttered willreduce the chance that readers will misunderstand or become confused.

Passive Voice

In active voice, the subject of the sentence is active: the subject performs the action expressed by the verb.

Examples:

My lab partner and I diluted each sample with 100 mL of water.

We diluted the samples, causing them to change from bright green to pale green.

Active voice emphasizes the people who are doing the experiment, rather than the procedures or results themselves. Science, however, is universal—anyone should be able to do a particular experiment and get the same results. In scientific writing, therefore, the emphasis should be on facts and data, not the researcher. This requires use of passive voice.

In passive voice, the subject is inactive, receiving the action expressed by the verb. In other words, the subject is acted upon by an unseen party.

Examples:

Samples were diluted with 100 mL of water.

Diluting samples caused them to change from bright green to pale green.

In addition to changing the emphasis of the sentence, passive voice removes unnecessary detail, making the sentence more concise.

Using the Literature

It is extremely rare to include a direct quotation in a scientific paper; in most cases, the facts are more important than the specific wording previous authors used to state them. In general, quotes are only appropriate if the original wording is so powerful and precise that it is impossible to improve.

Information paraphrased from research sources must be cited.

Examples:

A new method for developing fingerprints on spent cartridge casings was discovered in 2009 (Bond and Heidel).

Bond and Heidel (2009) discovered a new method for developing fingerprints on spent cartridges.

A new method for developing fingerprints on cartridge casings takes advantage of corrosion reactions between skin oils and brass (Bond and Heidel 2009).

All sources that appear in the text of the paper must also appear in the reference list.

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https://docs.google.com/document/d/1xyu-ph9l2lJzFAaWmDzL6W1xNm1bcLhnumDkk5ZUGTg/edit#heading=h.ozfneribem8

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https://padlet.com/erden_017/qtirm5whbcn8zxcv

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https://padlet.com/nureke25071989/d60vyhgslykxm8s

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https://padlet.com/bture1/p5cbblnpxpu2g8vc

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Task: Watch and take 10 notes from "Introduction to science writing". 

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Task: Watch and take 10 notes from "Introduction to science writing". 

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nF4L05tv2f8&t=82s

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Task: read "18 Tips to Improve Your Science Writing". agree or disagree? write comments on.

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Task: read "18 Tips to Improve Your Science Writing". agree or disagree? write comments on.

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Task: Google for Scientific publications. Attach in comments in your Padlet

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Task: Google for Scientific publications. Attach in comments in your Padlet

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The scientific apparatus of research. Read and learn. Write the scientific apparatus on your thesis (not online!!!). Info can be confidential.

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The scientific apparatus of research. Read and learn. Write the scientific apparatus on your thesis (not online!!!). Info can be confidential.

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https://docs.google.com/document/d/1U-vzUMpDMA8uNdw2JQc_SmgQ78ZZ8bipPouFFKYwe1Y/edit

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Watch and learn new info. "How to write a Master’s Thesis - Academic writing tips and advice for writing a dissertation".  Take notes

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Watch and learn new info. "How to write a Master’s Thesis - Academic writing tips and advice for writing a dissertation".  Take notes

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XDgXzdl9bCw

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How to write a Master’s Thesis  - Academic writing tips and advice for writing a dissertation

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How to Write a Research Paper Introduction

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How to Write a Research Paper Introduction

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How to Write a Research Paper Introduction

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https://slideplayer.com/slide/4517595/15/images/2/What+is+a+Thesaurus.jpg

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https://thesaurus.plus/img/synonyms/150/scientific.png

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https://www.slideshare.net/acw1217/3rd-thesaurus

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https://www.thesaurus.com/

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Thesaurus.com - The world’s favorite online thesaurus!

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Thesaurus.com is the world’s largest and most trusted online thesaurus for 25+ years. Join millions of people and grow your mastery of the English language.

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=egKXv50uZ8k

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https://bemoacademicconsulting.com/blog/thesis-defense-questions

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What to Expect in a Thesis Defense?

A thesis defense is your chance to demonstrate your in-depth knowledge and expertise in the topic of your research thesis. While you will be able to take charge of the narrative and present your research to those on your thesis committee, the professors will prod you to test how well you know and understand your topic. The questions are mostly open-ended and give you the chance to showcase your knowledge and understanding, as well as any future plans you may have regarding your research topic.

A thesis defense usually lasts between one and two hours, depending on the area of your research. It starts with you giving a presentation of your interest, findings, and conclusions. After you have finished, the committee members will ask you questions based not only on your presentation, but also on your written thesis as they will have read it before your presentation. Lastly, the committee might approve your thesis or suggest changes to your paper.

How to Prepare for Thesis Defense Questions

Preparing thesis defense questions requires you to start well in advance. While the duration of your thesis defense might vary as per your institution's requirements, the major idea is to defend your research. Thus, you should go about preparing for your thesis defense questions by taking the following steps.
Interested in a quick overview of the section below? Check out this infographic:
Re-read your thesis for clarity

Your thesis defense questions will be based on what you have written in your research paper. Hence, it is a good idea to re-read your paper. You should be clear on the concepts and understand your research well. It might have been some time since you would have submitted your paper, so a revision should be the starting point of your preparation.

Have an answer strategy and structure

Plan a strategy to answer the panel's questions. Keep your answers direct, but elaborate on the research details wherever necessary. If you do not know the answer to a question, that is alright. The key is to be able to formulate an answer even if you do not possess enough knowledge to answer at that point in time. For instance, if a question is about the content of your research, you can say something like "I am not certain my research touches on the question you are asking, but my research has led me to Dr. X. Based his evidence, I would have to conclude that..." Having a strategy for answering even the most unexpected questions can be a life saver in these situations!

Predict the obvious questions and prepare for them

Most of the thesis defense questions can be easily predicted based on your research. You can prepare a list of possible questions when you are going through your paper. Getting to know the committee can help you in preparing better. Their areas of expertise can help you in determining what they might ask. Once you have a list of questions, you can start brainstorming how you might answer them.

Prepare your slides in advance

If you require visual aids such as slides, it is a good idea to prepare them beforehand. You can double-check the slides and make sure that your presentation will run smoothly on the day of your thesis defense. Make sure your slides are arranged in the correct order.

Attend a thesis defense of other candidates if it is an open event

If your institution allows it, you can visit a thesis defense of other candidates. This will give you an excellent idea of what you can expect in your meeting. If it is not possible to attend the event, you can speak to your peers to find out how their meeting went and what questions were asked.

Dress appropriately for your meeting

The thesis defense meeting is a formal event, and hence you should be dressed in formal clothes. While there are no strict dressing rules, you should consider it something equivalent to a job interview. Don't just wear your T-shirt and appear in front of the committee. Your formal suit is a better option for the occasion.

Practice speaking for your meeting

Take your preparation to the next level by practicing your presentation. This activity will give you the confidence for the actual meeting and presentation. You can request your academic peers to help you out in the practice task. Based on their feedback in the mock session, you can improve for the actual session. Make sure to prepare well for the mock session as if you are preparing for the actual session. You can also practice your speech and body language in the mock session. If you used thesis writing services , these professionals would also be the ideal people to test you in a mock thesis defense - don't hesitate to reach out to them again!

Sample Thesis Defense Questions and Answers

1. What is your research study all about?

In your answer, you should summarize your research in a few sentences. The question is simple but requires technical expertise for a better explanation of concepts. For instance, if you completed a thesis in an attempt to explain the constituents of dark matter in the universe and particle accelerators, you could frame your answer like this:
In this research, the different aspects of dark matter and its detection models have been investigated. The cosmic ray positron excess observed by the PAMELA detector has been discussed and explained through the construction of models of decaying dark matter. The cosmic-ray electron and positron spectra were studied assuming a general Dirac structure for the four fermion contact interactions of interest. A supersymmetric leptophilic Higgs model was constructed to explain the possible excess of gamma rays in the galactic center. Finally, by the use of Razor analysis, an improvement on the dark matter collider searches is considered.
2. Why did you choose this study?

This question requires you to answer what motivated you to pursue the study in the first place. Your answers could touch on your interests in the area of the study. For example, if you conducted a study called "Media Combat: The Great War and the Transformation of American Culture" then you can shape your answer like this:
The First World War (1914-1918) has always been a topic of fascination for me, and my prime interest lies in exploring the state of society at that time. I wanted to analyze the formation of a nationalized, wartime cultural apparatus during the United States' involvement in the war and how theatre and music transformed the relationship between the government and American citizens.
3. Why did you choose this particular title for your research?

The title of your thesis captures the main point of your research, which is why it is so important to use an appropriate title. Your committee will want to know how you came to the final decision of naming your work. For example,
I chose the title "Dark matter in the heavens and at colliders: Models and constraints" for my research thesis because my research attempts to explain the constituency of dark matter as it occurs in the universe. "The heavens" is another word for the universe. Dark matter can also be created in particle accelerators such as the CERN collider. I have attempted to provide an explanation for both of the cases through the use of models, along with describing the constraints which exist in the current times due to certain scientific limitations.
4. What is the scope of your study?

In your answer, you have to define the boundaries of your project and define exactly what you are studying. There can be several elements involved but you have to define the parameters that you have chosen to study. For example,
My study is on the efficacy of equity stocks in the US market. For my study, I have chosen 50 companies listed on the NASDAQ. You can review the names of these companies on page 5 of my thesis.
5. What phenomenon were you trying to understand with this research?

Describe the focus concept of your thesis in the answer. For example,
In our study "Motivation to volunteer", we were looking to study the Theory of Planned Behavior by analyzing the behavioral and normative beliefs that influence attitudes and subjective norms. Want increase your productivity and mainain a healthy work life balance to help get you through your thesis project? Here are some tips straight from our CEO:
6. Who will be most interested in your research?

You can talk about who may be affected by your research and the parties who can potentially benefit from the research. Take a look at this example:
My sociology thesis on "Impact of social media on youngsters" can be of interest to sociology academics, social media companies, education experts, and parents of youngsters in general.
7. Did your research questions evolve during the process? If so, how?

Often, qualitative research questions change over time with respect to the responses that you might get from your focus group. Or you might just change your question as you do lab research or general text research. You can describe the change to the evaluating committee. For example,

We started our study to understand the impact of the new public policy change on recycling of vinyl waste through installation of garbage bins specifically for vinyl products. However, after interviewing some of the respondents in the target community, we found that the rule is actually irrelevant to their behavior and thoughts because the percentage of vinyl waste in that specific locality was very low and it didn't need the installation of dedicated bins for the purpose. Going by their frustrations with the current economic insecurity, our study evolved into the impact of costs incurred by public policy changes.

8. What gaps did you intend to bridge with your research?

Your research thesis must eliminate the present gaps in the concepts related to your subject topic.
The relationship between hard water and its effect on the size of the kidney stone is not clear yet, so we analyzed the mineral composition of hard water to determine its impact on the size of the kidney stone.
9. Why is your research significant?

The answer to this research question should outline the impact of your research on your field of study. You may talk about the new insights contributed by your research and its impact on society.
Through my study on "The effect of chamomile in reducing stress and promoting better sleep," patients with insomnia and anxiety will be able to find alternative treatments without the use of medicinal drugs. The medical abilities of chamomile will promote the usage of ingredients in nature and will encourage the community to plant more herbs and trees.
10. What did you find in your research?

You may describe your research in a few sentences in this answer. For instance,
In our study on "Impact of artificial fluoride in water on the human body," we found that excessive exposure to high quantities of Fluoride can result in tooth discoloration and bone issues in humans since it has neurotoxic qualities.
11. What research findings surprised you?

When you conduct research, you come across findings that you were not expecting earlier. If you had such an experience, you might describe the same to the evaluation committee when you answer this question. For example,
I was expecting that business promotion through social media would not be a good idea for rural enterprises in developing countries in my comparative analysis of the usage of traditional and contemporary marketing methods. But I was surprised to learn that 68% of rural textile businesses in Nigeria promote their products on Instagram.
12. What is the validity of your findings?

You have to talk about the conditions in which your research findings would be valid.
In my research, I have considered test anxiety to be involving both nervous system activation and negative thoughts. Thus, my measure of test anxiety has included the elements of both nervous feelings and negative thoughts, the conditions in which my findings are valid.
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13. Why did you choose this research methodology?

For example,
For studying the differential protein expression, its localization, and distribution at different levels, we used the method of immunostaining in our research.
14. What sources did you use for data collection?

You would have used several sources to search for data for your topic. You may elaborate on those sources. You might have referred to databases, content on the web, or even conducted primary research by interviewing prospects. Thus, you can talk about these sources. Refer to the following answer:
To understand the impact of the current tax regime on skilled workers, we interviewed 150 subjects in 5 months. Additionally, we referred to databases and scholarly works available by authors who had previously conducted such studies for previous tax laws and rates.
15. How can your research be put into practice?

This question talks about the practical implications of your research. You should talk about how your research is beneficial for society and how it can help in eliminating current issues.
In our research titled "Effectiveness of Meditation on Reducing the Anxiety Levels of College Students in the US," we discovered that students who practiced meditation at least thrice a week were two times more likely to score better in their exams, owing to the positive impact of meditation. So, this research finding can help in the reduction of mental health issues among students. A suitable course of action would be to hold meditating sessions a couple of times a week.
16. How will your findings contribute to the related area of knowledge?

For example,
Our study on medicinal analysis of herbs conveys information about various medicinal benefits of chamomile in treating depression and contributes to the area of medicinal botany.
17. Did you experience any limitations in your research?

For example,
Our research on "Impact of smoking on β-cell function and risk for type 2 diabetes in US citizens" finds that smoking increases the risk of diabetes among smokers. However, smokers might be affected by some genetic conditions which can protect them from diabetes.
18. What sampling techniques did you use?

When conducting research, it is practically not possible to study the entire number of elements. So, you would be using a method to select a sample population.
In our study "Impact of consumption of soda on the health of teenagers in Corpus Christi", we used area sampling to divide the city into several areas and then selected some clusters for our sample group.
19. What are the dependent and independent variables in your research?

In research, several variable factors impact your study. You can describe these variables. Independent variables have values which are not affected by other variables in your study. On the other hand, the dependent variables have values that change with changes in the independent variable. For example,
In our study on "Impact of online tutoring on test scores", the independent variable is the nature of the classes i.e., online and the participants' test score is the dependent variable.
20. What areas do you suggest for further research?

As a researcher, you should be able to describe what further areas are open for research with the addition of your research to the field. This can act as a starting point for future researchers. For example,
In my research on "Effectiveness of Acetaminophen in treating sports induced injuries", I discovered that administering Acetaminophen is not very effective for treating joint pains such as the knee. This further suggests measures for the regulation of Acetaminophen in the production of painkillers for body pain and the search for alternative compounds.
Practice Questions

After taking a look at the sample answers, now try answering these questions by yourself:

FAQs

3. How to find a topic research thesis?

Your research thesis should be on a topic of your interest. Scan your course syllabus to find something that makes you curious. Or, you can even refer to your grad school career goals statement to review what got you interested in grad school in the first place. Shortlist a few topics and zero down to the one that excites you the most.

6. What are the other services that I can use to get help with writing my thesis and preparing for a defense?

You can get help from a grad school essay tutor for your research thesis writing. They can help you in developing writing skills and reviewing your work. They can proofread your work and provide recommendations on areas of improvement.

7. Can I include my research on my CV?

You can include your research thesis on your grad school CV to show your practical knowledge and skills. You can add the details of the study in a separate section for research experience.

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A thesis defense is your chance to demonstrate your in-depth knowledge and expertise in the topic of your research thesis. While you will be able to take charge of the narrative and present your research to those on your thesis committee, the professors will prod you to test how well you know and understand your topic.

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Commonly asked Questions in research defense with answers| Oral Defense Questions |

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Commonly asked Questions in research defense with answers| Oral Defense Questions |

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oNl3TxpWAM4

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Commonly asked Questions in research defense with answers| Oral Defense Questions |

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List Of 20 Common Thesis DefenseQuestions You Should Be Prepared For

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List Of 20 Common Thesis DefenseQuestions You Should Be Prepared For

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https://eniec.cug.edu.cn/__local/1/3E/9A/A7E858A7F3FD8F945800D6342D0_64C91CE4_30AD7.pdf

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How do you analyze a content?How to conduct content analysis

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How do you analyze a content?How to conduct content analysis

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How do you analyze a content?

How to conduct content analysis

1. Select the content you will analyze. Based on your research question, choose the texts that you will analyze. ...

2. Define the units and categories of analysis. ...

3. Develop a set of rules for coding. ...

4. Code the text according to the rules. ...

5. Analyze the results and draw conclusions.

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What are the 7 basic stages of content analysis?

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What are the 7 basic stages of content analysis?

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The Clinical-qualitative Content Analysis technique comprises seven steps: 1) Editing material for analysis; 2) Floating reading; 3) Construction of the units of analysis; 4) Construction of codes of meaning; 5) General refining of the codes and the Construction of categories; 6) Discussion; 7) Validity.

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What are the five steps in content analysis?

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What are the five steps in content analysis?

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1. Identify data sources based on researchable question(s)

2. Develop and refine categories. This step often takes a while, and is arguably the most important step in content analysis. ...

3. Code the data. The third step is to actually code the data. ...

4. Assess Reliability. ...

5. Summarize/analyze results.

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Using content analysis, researchers can quantify and analyze the presence, meanings, and relationships of such certain words, themes, or concepts. As an example, researchers can evaluate language used within a news article to search for bias or partiality.

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 learn how to conduct content analysis: research method

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How do you write a content analysis in research?

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How do you write a content analysis in research?

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_rqGCAgIzX4&t=495s

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learn how to conduct content analysis: research method

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6d8DB2_XSDY&feature=emb_logo

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Applying Content Analysis toWeb-based Content

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Applying Content Analysis toWeb-based Content

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https://hrcak.srce.hr/file/95853

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https://www.universityofgalway.ie/media/graduatestudies/files/writingascientificstylethesis/writing_a_scientific_thesis.pdf

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https://studio.smu.ca/ac-resources/scientific-style

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Scientific writing requires grammatical and stylistic approaches that differ from those preferred in other academic disciplines. Lab reports, literature reviews, and theses will be most successful when they are consistent with these conventions of the field.

Tone

Scientific writing is straightforward, specific, and concise. Balance jargon and discipline-specific vocabulary with simple, precise word choices. Readers will draw conclusions based on the strength of the data, not the beauty of the writing.

Clarity is more important than poetry. Observations should be reported using concrete adjectives rather than figures of speech: for example, the colour of a mixture should be described "bright green," not "the shade of new spring leaves." A writing style that is direct and uncluttered willreduce the chance that readers will misunderstand or become confused.

Passive Voice

In active voice, the subject of the sentence is active: the subject performs the action expressed by the verb.

Examples:

My lab partner and I diluted each sample with 100 mL of water.

We diluted the samples, causing them to change from bright green to pale green.

Active voice emphasizes the people who are doing the experiment, rather than the procedures or results themselves. Science, however, is universal-anyone should be able to do a particular experiment and get the same results. In scientific writing, therefore, the emphasis should be on facts and data, not the researcher. This requires use of passive voice.

In passive voice, the subject is inactive, receiving the action expressed by the verb. In other words, the subject is acted upon by an unseen party.

Examples:

Samples were diluted with 100 mL of water.

Diluting samples caused them to change from bright green to pale green.

In addition to changing the emphasis of the sentence, passive voice removes unnecessary detail, making the sentence more concise.

Using the Literature

It is extremely rare to include a direct quotation in a scientific paper; in most cases, the facts are more important than the specific wording previous authors used to state them. In general, quotes are only appropriate if the original wording is so powerful and precise that it is impossible to improve.

Information paraphrased from research sources must be cited.

Examples:

A new method for developing fingerprints on spent cartridge casings was discovered in 2009 (Bond and Heidel).

Bond and Heidel (2009) discovered a new method for developing fingerprints on spent cartridges.

A new method for developing fingerprints on cartridge casings takes advantage of corrosion reactions between skin oils and brass (Bond and Heidel 2009).

All sources that appear in the text of the paper must also appear in the reference list.

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Writing Centre & Academic Communications

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Scientific Style - Studio for Teaching & Learning

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Scientific writing requires grammatical and stylistic approaches that differ from those preferred in other academic disciplines.

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https://quizlet.com/588955400/learn

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https://quizlet.com/588955400/match

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https://quizlet.com/tr/643868773/thesis-flash-cards/

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https://quizlet.com/643868773/learn

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https://quizlet.com/ru/721189598/masters-degree-course-flash-cards/

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Before going to bed, the woman hid her shoe in the safe. why?

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Tom spends his free time on the subway, even though he doesn't have to go anywhere. why.

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A man woke up, lit a match, and saw something that died of fright. What happened?

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A man was sentenced to a very long prison term and was in prison. He paid a man in charge of burying people who had died in prison to help him escape. The plan was that when someone died in prison, the prisoner would hide in a coffin next to the deceased. When the coffin was buried outside the prison walls, the funeral organizer would dig it up and free the person.

Upon learning that someone had died in prison, the prisoner put his plan into action. Under cover of night he snuck into the coffin and lay down next to the deceased. There he fell asleep. He awoke when the coffin was buried. He lit a match and saw the dead man's face - it was the same man who was supposed to dig up the coffin.

Among the episodes of The Hitchcock Hour (1962 - 1965) was the episode "The Last Escape," in which this is exactly what happened!

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https://e-science.space/en/services/?gclid=Cj0KCQjwqoibBhDUARIsAH2OpWjTLfTHiof9lpiPhduQy37zpTH2r0_T_XvVz1srOK0OZu_qQ4utV7caArDjEALw_wcB

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Preparation This is an analysis of the scientific material for its compliance with the established requirements regarding the structure, scope, correctness and completeness of literature sources design , the percentage of uniqueness, etc. Preliminary evaluation Checking uniqueness Academic translation and proofreading Editing and correction Targeted journal selection Publication process support Publication To publish your article [...]

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https://www.wikihow.com/Write-Articles

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Download Article

Download Article

There are a multitude of different types of articles, including news stories, features, profiles, instructional articles, and so on. While each has specific qualities that are unique to its type, all articles share some common characteristics. From forming and researching your idea to writing and editing your work, writing articles can give you a chance to share compelling and important information with readers.

Add New Question

How do I start writing an article?

Janet Peischel is a Writer and Digital Media Expert and the Owner of Top of Mind Marketing. With more than 15 years of consulting experience, she develops content strategies and builds online brands for her clients. Prior to consulting, Janet spent over 15 years in the marketing industry, in positions such as the Vice President of Marketing Communications for the Bank of America. Janet holds a BA and MA from the University of Washington.

Brainstorm a list of potential topics that you want to write about and narrow it down to a single subject.

Can words like "you" be used in articles?

Yes. However, there are some articles that may be more professional; in that case, it would not be appropriate to use the second person.

How many sentences should an article have?

It depends on what sort of article you are writing. Magazine cover features tend to be about 3,000 words, but shorter pieces could be just a paragraph or two.

See more answers

Make sure to give yourself plenty of time to write the article. If you don't, you'll be rushing at the last minute to create something that isn't representative of what you can truly do.

To find out more about using primary research tools and databases, consult the Investigative Reporters and Editors website or get a copy of The Investigative Reporter's Handbook: A Guide to Documents, Databases and Techniques, Fifth Edition. Authors: Brant Houston and Investigative Reporters and Editors Inc. (New York: Bedford/St. Martin's 2009).

Determine whether you actually have an interest in writing. Try writing 2 paragraphs with as much creativity as possible.

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When writing for a newspaper or magazine, do not do so free. Ask what the freelance fee is beforehand. Your pay will usually be calculated on a per-word basis or per-article basis. Your work is valuable. Writing for free makes making a living more difficult for those who depend on freelance fees to pay the bills. If you're just starting out, volunteering to do some articles for smaller community papers, student publications and trade magazines is a great way to build your portfolio.

This article was co-authored by Janet Peischel. Janet Peischel is a Writer and Digital Media Expert and the Owner of Top of Mind Marketing. With more than 15 years of consulting experience, she develops content strategies and builds online brands for her clients. Prior to consulting, Janet spent over 15 years in the marketing industry, in positions such as the Vice President of Marketing Communications for the Bank of America. Janet holds a BA and MA from the University of Washington. This article has been viewed 3,256,803 times.

To write an article, use both primary and secondary sources to gather information about your topic. Primary sources include photos, government records, and personal interviews, while secondary sources include books, abstracts, scholarly journals, other articles, and reference books. When you're writing, use facts, quotes, and statistics from your sources to support your point, and explain your topic as if the reader has never heard of it before. To learn the different types of articles, including news, features, and editorials, read on!

Thanks to all authors for creating a page that has been read 3,256,803 times.

Aamir Mustafa

"The clarity with which all the steps have been elaborated attracted my attention and led me to the very end of these tips. These are destined to stand every reader in good stead if he acts upon the simple pieces of advice given by the writer of these tips." ..." more

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How to Write Articles (with Pictures) - wikiHow

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There are a multitude of different types of articles, including news stories, features, profiles, instructional articles, and so on. While each has specific qualities that are unique to its type, all articles share some common...

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https://www.editage.com/insights/how-can-i-judge-the-novelty-of-my-study

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https://www.editage.com/insights/how-to-emphasize-our-novelty-in-work

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https://quizlet.com/684266275/flashcards

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https://quizlet.com/684265268/unit-1-research-supervision-flash-cards/

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https://quizlet.com/684264871/participation-in-a-scientific-conference-objectives-types-of-participation-flash-cards/

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Participation in a scientific conference. Objectives, types of participation

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Participation in a scientific conference. Objectives, types of participation Learn with flashcards, games and more — for free.

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https://quizlet.com/684264802/participation-in-scientific-conferences-and-events-flash-cards/

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PARTICIPATION IN SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCES AND EVENTS

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Study with Quizlet and memorise flashcards containing terms like conference, to participate in, attendee and others.

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https://quizlet.com/634254872/themes-introductions-thesis-and-body-paragraphs-oh-my-flash-cards/

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Themes, Introductions, Thesis, and Body Paragraphs (Oh My)

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Study with Quizlet and memorise flashcards containing terms like What is a Theme?, Identifying Themes, What is an Introduction? and others.

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https://wordsift.org/

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Toolsuite for visualizing and exploring passages of text.

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Scientific Methodology - Details - Kahoot!

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AP Psychology Unit 2: Research and Methodology

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AP Psychology Unit 2: Research and Methodology

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https://create.kahoot.it/details/f2b61276-2ceb-4c99-9d47-58f7cc293a89

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Программа для генерации газетной статьи

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Программа для генерации газетной статьи

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https://www.homemade-gifts-made-easy.com/newspaper-generator.html

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Funny Newspaper Generator with Your Own Picture | Fake News Generator

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Use this free newspaper generator to create your own spoof newspaper articles. Just upload a photo and add your own text, or choose from one of our pre-written silly articles.

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Transnational organized crime encompasses virtually all serious
profit-generating criminal activities of an international nature, involving
several countries. There are many activities that can be characterized as
transnational organized crime, including drug trafficking, smuggling of
including drug trafficking, smuggling of migrants, trafficking in persons, money-laundering, trafficking in firearms,
counterfeit goods, cultural property and even
some forms of cybercrime. Transnational organized crime poses a threat to
to peace and human security, leads to violations of human rights, and undermines economic
social, cultural, political and social development of societies around the world.
Organized crime takes countless lives every year.

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Social networks as a tool of legal intelligence.

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Social networks as a tool of legal intelligence.

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https://www.cia.gov/careers/jobs/?keywords=&careerOpp=language&page=1

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All applicants must be:

U.S. citizens (dual U.S. citizens also eligible)

At least 18 years of age

Willing to move to the Washington, DC area

Able to complete security and medical evaluations

Note: Our hiring process can be lengthy, apply for up to four jobs at once using our Saved Jobs feature.

The following section contains 4 filter regions to help identify careers of interest. These are the Career Opportunities, Student Opportunities, Job Type, and Minimum Degrees. Press the TAB key to begin.

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All applicants must be: U.S. citizens (dual U.S. citizens also eligible) At least 18 years of age Willing to move to the Washington, DC area Able to complete security and medical evaluations Note: Our hiring process can be lengthy, apply for up to four jobs at once using our Saved Jobs feature.

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вакансии аналитиков ЦРУ

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должностя Бакыт и Влад

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должностя Бакыт и Влад

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должностя Бакыт и Влад

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https://www.ciaagentedu.org/language-officer/

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How to Become a CIA Agent | CIA Agent Education

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CIA Language Officer Jobs, Degree and Training Requirements

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ЦРУ требует кандидат

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ЦРУ требует кандидатов на должности языковых офицеров, которые владеют иностранным языком на родном или близком к родному.

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Должностная инструкция офицера ЦРУ по языкуОфицеры-лингвисты ЦРУ обеспечивают высококачественный письменный и устный перевод и языковую поддержку, используя свое знание иностранного языка, а также предоставляют глубокие культурные знания о регионе или стране, на язык которой они переводят. На самом деле, опыт и знания языковых офицеров в отношении иностранных культур, обычаев, моделей поведения, традиций и верований часто являются очень важным компонентом их работы.

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Должностная инструкция офицера ЦРУ по языкуОфицеры-лингвисты ЦРУ обеспечивают высококачественный письменный и устный перевод и языковую поддержку, используя свое знание иностранного языка, а также предоставляют глубокие культурные знания о регионе или стране, на язык которой они переводят. На самом деле, опыт и знания языковых офицеров в отношении иностранных культур, обычаев, моделей поведения, традиций и верований часто являются очень важным компонентом их работы.

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В дополнение к базов

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В дополнение к базовому окладу в диапазоне от 52 146 до 95 785 долларов ЦРУ предоставляет многим языковым офицерам ряд программ поощрения за знание языка, включая «значительные» бонусы при приеме на работу и выплаты за использование языка.

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19 направлений (157 должнойстей)

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19 направлений (157 должнойстей)

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лингвист отдельное направление (8-10)

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вопросы по языкам по цру

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вопросы по языкам по цру

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https://www.google.com/search?q=languages+in+cia&oq=languages+in+cia&aqs=chrome..69i57j0i15i22i30j0i22i30l2.10399j0j7&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8

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What languages does the CIA value?

The current mission-essential or critical languages in no particular order are Korean, Russian, Chinese, Mandarin, Indonesian Dari/Pashto, Persian/Farsi, Kurdish, Turkish, and Arabic. To what extent are American citizens really being scrutinized by the CIA?

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Foreign language skills are critical to much of the work we do across the CIA. Our Foreign Language Incentive Program provides monetary bonuses to new and current employees with excellent foreign language skills who meet proficiency requirements.

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What language is most in-demand by the CIA?

Listed as “mission critical” by the CIA. Spanish speakers are in high demand across the job market. It has many dialects and is the native language of 30 countries. It's estimated that more than 399 million people speak some form of Spanish with 32.4 million in the United States.29 мар. 2019 г.

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How do CIA agents learn languages?

The Defense Language Institute (Where CIA Spies Study Languages) The Defense Language Institute (“DLI”), located in Monterey, California, is where the CIA, members of the U.S. armed forces and various other government agencies go to learn foreign languages.

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How do CIA agents learn languages?

The Defense Language Institute (Where CIA Spies Study Languages) The Defense Language Institute (“DLI”), located in Monterey, California, is where the CIA, members of the U.S. armed forces and various other government agencies go to learn foreign languages.

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https://www.fluentin3months.com/challenge/?src=post-other-2

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Here's a glimpse into the new way of thinking about languages you'll discover inside the Challenge. These hacks - and many others too - will become part of who you are and your mindset towards learning.

HACK 1

Break Out of "One-Size-Fits-All" Learning

Most language courses tell you what to learn and how to learn it. They take a one-size-fits-all approach. It's little wonder that many people leave school feeling "languages aren't for me!" If you feel like that, it simply means the method of language teaching used at your school didn't fit your learning style.

The truth is, we all learn differently. Depending on your learning style, different tools will work for you.

My language hacking approach is an incredibly flexible system. It offers you the opportunity to try out different methods, tools, and techniques to see what works for you. And because you'll be doing this in my private community, you'll get to see how others learn, try out what they're doing, and ask for suggestions that fit in with your lifestyle.

You can be as unconventional as you like. My philosophy is that if it works for you, then do it!

HACK 2

Give Yourself a Time Limit

Research from MIT shows that you work smarter and harder (and get better results) if you have deadlines - especially if you have lots of small deadlines that build up to a bigger deadline.

That's why the Challenge always lasts just 90 days - and you'll be aiming for a 15-minute conversation in your new language at the end of 90 days.

That's a pretty tight deadline, so it will keep you focused on learning.

At the same time, you only have to keep up your learning for 90 days. So when the going gets tough, you'll know that it won't always be that way. After day 90, you can slack off as much as you want!

But you can slack off with a satisfying 15 minute conversation in your pocket.

You can be as unconventional as you like. My philosophy is that if it works for you, then do it!

HACK 3

Embrace "Optimal Arousal"

At times when you're learning a new language you'll feel uncomfortable. It's perfectly normal to feel that way when you're meeting new people to chat with in a language you're still learning.

So, as you speak your new language, you'll be stepping outside your comfort zone.

Stepping outside your comfort zone - and feeling a little anxious - is good for learning. A small amount of anxiety helps you feel more focused, and perform better as you learn.

If you're too relaxed, you'll struggle to learn because you won't have enough focus. The same is true if you're too anxious. You're aiming for what's called "optimal arousal".

In other words, it's a good thing to take small steps outside your comfort zone. When you push yourself to feel a little anxious, you move up the arousal curve, and your performance improves.

Inside the Challenge I guide you through this process of taking small steps beyond what feels comfortable, all the way to having real conversations with native speakers.

HACK 4

Speak!

We learn languages to connect with others, right? At least I do.

That's why I always say the best way to learn a language is to speak from day one. The sooner you start speaking, the sooner you'll start connecting with others.

Plus you'll be practicing the skill you actually want to learn.

The Challenge is all about speaking a language. Sure, you can do listening, reading and writing as part of the challenge. But the goal is speaking.

I'll show you what it takes to find the confidence to speak a new language -- and have comfortable conversations with native speakers. You'll unlock your love of languages and find the confidence to finally connect.

HACK 5

It's Not About Your Grandma

You've got to be here because you want to be here. Not because your grandma wants you to, your mom wants you to, or because you vaguely believe it's a good idea to speak another language. If that's you, then step away. The Challenge is only for people who are hungry to learn a language.

When you're learning because you want to learn, you'll perform better.

Wanting to be there is also called intrinsic motivation. And research shows that if you have this, you're better at learning.

Yes - I want to have a 15 minute conversation in 90 days

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Here's a glimpse into the new way of thinking about languages you'll discover inside the Challenge. These hacks - and many others too - will become part of who you are and your mindset towards learning. HACK 1 Most language courses tell you what to learn and how to learn it.

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Заведите 15-минутный

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Заведите 15-минутный разговор на новом языке через 90 дней.

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ЦРУ ошибается: чтобы

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ЦРУ ошибается: чтобы выучить язык, не нужно 1000 часов

Действительно ли изучение языка занимает до 4400 часов? По данным Института дипломатической службы Госдепартамента США, именно столько времени это должно занять. Учитесь по 20 часов в неделю, и это более четырех лет! Сократите это до пяти часов в неделю — более реалистичное количество для большинства из нас — и вы преодолеете два десятилетия. Псих!

Не поймите меня неправильно. Изучение языка требует самоотверженности, сосредоточенности и приверженности делу. Какой бы метод вы ни выбрали для изучения языка, вам потребуются сотни часов, чтобы заговорить свободно.

Но беглость речи не обязательно должна быть такой душераздирающей, как 20 лет…

В любом случае, я уже говорил ранее, что сосредоточение внимания на количестве часов, которые вы изучаете, является гораздо более важным показателем, чем количество лет, в течение которых вы изучаете язык .

Но сколько часов на самом деле нужно, чтобы выучить язык?

Прежде чем мы углубимся в цифры из «официальных» источников (в том числе из колледжа, куда проходят языковую подготовку стажеры ЦРУ), давайте подробнее рассмотрим, что на самом деле означает свободное владение языком.

Примечание от команды «Свободно за 3 месяца» перед тем, как мы начнем: вы можете общаться с носителем языка не менее 15 минут с помощью метода «Свободно за 3 месяца». Все, что нужно, это 90 дней. Нажмите на эту ссылку, чтобы узнать больше.

Что на самом деле означает беглость?

Когда я изучаю новый язык, я стремлюсь достичь уровня, на котором я буду уверенно и комфортно говорить на этом языке. Я называю это «социальной эквивалентностью». Для меня это беглость .

Обычно я не пытаюсь пройти определенный тест. На мой взгляд, изучение языка — это не академическое занятие; это практично. Я стремлюсь эффективно использовать язык в повседневном общении.

Если вы посмотрите на мои цели с точки зрения заранее установленных уровней, то по шкале Общеевропейских компетенций владения иностранным языком (CEFR) моя цель будет примерно на уровне B2. Это означает, что я «могу общаться с такой степенью беглости и спонтанности, что делает возможным регулярное общение с носителями языка без напряжения для обеих сторон».

Имея это в качестве моей цели, то, как я изучаю языки, полностью отличается от систем, используемых многими «официальными» организациями по изучению языков.

По сути, моя цель — общение. Их цель — помочь вам пройти тест.

Итак, сколько часов, по их словам, вам нужно пройти языковой тест?

«Официальное» количество часов, необходимое для изучения языка

Я собираюсь взглянуть на несколько различных официальных источников, связанных с изучением языков. У каждого своя оценка того, сколько времени нужно, чтобы выучить язык. Просмотрев несколько источников, мы придем к общему пониманию.

Большинство этих организаций измеряют время, основанное на учебных часах. Но мы не просто учимся в классе — мы должны учиться и самостоятельно. Предлагаемое соотношение составляет 2 часа личного обучения на каждый 1 час занятий в классе. Таким образом, один академический час превращается в три учебных часа.

Для целей этой статьи я ошибусь в консервативную сторону и превращу один учебный час в два учебных часа.

Давайте посмотрим на несколько разных источников.

Общеевропейские рамки владения иностранным языком (CEFR)

CEFR — это система, используемая многими центрами изучения языков в Европе. Они измеряют количество времени, необходимое для изучения языка в «GLH» или «Часах обучения под руководством гида». По сути, это часы в классе.

Если мы посмотрим на типичный языковой курс продолжительностью 2 часа в день, 5 дней в неделю, это будет равно 10 часам в неделю или 20 часам общего учебного времени.

Используя английский язык в качестве базового примера , GLH, необходимый для достижения уровня B2 на Кембриджском экзамене по английскому языку, составляет от 500 до 600 часов, что с учетом личного времени обучения составляет от 1000 до 1200 часов .

Американский совет по преподаванию иностранных языков (ACTFL)

Американский совет по обучению иностранным языкам (ACTFL) недавно разработал рекомендации , помогающие студентам, изучающим иностранные языки, совершенствовать свои знания.

У них есть 5 различных уровней — Новичок, Промежуточный, Продвинутый, Высший и Выдающийся — с первыми 3, каждый из которых имеет 3 подкатегории: низкий, средний и высокий. Эквивалентный уровень того, над чем я работаю в своих языковых миссиях, находится на уровне Advanced-Mid.

Итак, сколько времени, по их словам, требуется, чтобы выучить язык? Ну, судя по ETS Oral Proficiency Testing Manual от Принстонского университета , это зависит от языка. У них есть 4 категории «сложности» для языков, от группы I (испанский, французский, португальский и другие) до группы IV (арабский, китайский, японский и корейский).

Их оценка достижения уровня Advanced-Mid варьируется от 480 часов занятий в классе для группы I до 1320 часов занятий в классе для группы IV. Удвойте это количество, чтобы включить время на личное обучение, и вы получите где-то между 960 и 2640 часами !

Институт оборонного языка (где шпионы ЦРУ изучают языки)

Институт оборонного языка («DLI»), расположенный в Монтерее, штат Калифорния, — это место, куда ЦРУ, военнослужащие вооруженных сил США и различные другие правительственные учреждения изучают иностранные языки. Это главная (и единственная) языковая школа для военных и государственных служащих.

Они предлагают программы изучения языка на дому и даже поощряют полное погружение в среду. Согласно их каталогу курсов , студенты посещают занятия 6 часов в день, 5 дней в неделю. Это 30 часов в неделю, не считая времени на личные занятия.

Студенты DLI готовятся к сдаче DLPT или теста на знание защитного языка . По сути, это правительственный эквивалент ACTFL. Уровень Advanced-Mid в ACTFL соответствует уровню 2 в DLPT, что является требованием для выпускников DLI.

В их каталоге курсов также указано количество часов для прохождения курса. Языки группы I, такие как испанский и французский, студенты изучают в течение 26 недель, а языки группы IV, такие как арабский или китайский, студенты изучают в течение 65 недель.

При 30 часах занятий в неделю это составляет от 780 до 1950 часов на изучение языка. Если учесть время на личное обучение, то оно как минимум в два раза больше: от 1560 до 3900 часов !

Неофициальные оценки того, сколько времени нужно, чтобы выучить язык

До сих пор мы рассматривали «официальные» правительственные оценки того, сколько времени требуется для изучения языка. Неофициальные источники дают еще более широкую картину того, сколько часов требуется, чтобы достичь свободного владения языком.

По словам Хуана Джейпса , заместителя исполнительного директора English UK, торговой организации языковых колледжей, для достижения уровня B1 требуется около 360 часов. Поскольку время, необходимое для перехода от B1 к B2, увеличивается на 25–60 % , вы рассчитываете примерно на 450–720 часов. При личном учебном времени от 900 до 1440 часов .

Между тем, исследование, проведенное в 1999 году Институтом дипломатической службы Государственного департамента США , показало, что взрослым носителям английского языка потребовалось 600 учебных часов, чтобы достичь уровня 3 DLPT (около CEFR C1 или C2) для таких языков, как испанский или французский, и 2200 часов для изучения английского языка. Китайский или арабский. Если учесть время обучения, то у вас будет от 1200 до 4400 часов !

Почему эти цифры вводят в заблуждение

Как видите, между приведенными нами источниками существует значительный разброс оценок. Они варьируются от 900 до 4400 часов .

Если бы вы должны были изучать язык самостоятельно по 4 часа в день, 5 дней в неделю, в общей сложности 20 часов в неделю, эти оценки означают, что вам потребуется от 45 до 220 недель, чтобы достичь уровня B2 вашего языка. язык перевода. То есть от одного до четырех лет!

Итак, как вы относитесь к сотням людей по всему миру (включая меня), которые могут достичь уровня B2 за считанные месяцы? Что ж, есть несколько причин, по которым «официальные» цифры вводят в заблуждение.

Миф 1: Тесты — это то, что действительно имеет значение

Школы и организации, из которых получены эти цифры, сосредоточены на том, чтобы помочь учащимся пройти определенный тест или получить определенный сертификат или степень.

Конечно, нет ничего плохого в тех, кто стремится к академическому пониманию языков. Лично я считаю замечательным, что есть люди, посвятившие себя научным исследованиям теории языка и педагогики.

Моя цель изучения языков совершенно иная. Я редко учусь, чтобы соответствовать требованиям конкретного теста.

Мой тест - это реальная жизнь . Моя цель — использовать язык как можно быстрее, поэтому я сосредоточен на подходе «реального мира». Другими словами, я стремлюсь использовать язык, а не анализировать язык.

Миф 2: Классы — лучшее место для изучения языка

Если вы работаете над тем, чтобы иметь возможность общаться на языке с носителями языка, найдите методы, которые лучше всего подходят для этой конкретной цели.

В большинстве классных комнат один человек стоит перед несколькими другими людьми, распространяя информацию в одном направлении. Является ли это лучшим использованием вашего времени, если вы сосредоточены на том, чтобы как можно больше практиковать язык?

Количество времени, которое вы тратите на разговор на большинстве языковых курсов, довольно мало. В классе с 20 учениками вас могут попросить поговорить с учителем всего 4 или 5 раз, в общей сложности около 5 минут.

Не знаю, как вы, а 5 минут в час — не лучшее использование моего времени.

Миф 3: учебники — лучший способ выучить язык

Я много говорил о том, что разговорная речь — лучший способ практиковать язык . И, конечно же, лучше всего говорить на языке один на один с носителем языка.

За один час с носителем языка все время будет потрачено на активное использование языка. Даже если на вас приходится 50% времени, когда вы можете слушать другого человека, это все равно 30 минут каждый час, когда вы говорите на языке.

Это в 6 раз больше практики, чем в классе. Вместо того, чтобы проводить 6 часов в классе, вы можете получить такое же количество разговорной практики всего за 1 час с носителем языка!

Миф 4: Ваш учитель точно знает, что вам следует изучать

То, что материалы, которые вы изучаете один на один с носителем языка, отличаются от того, что вы изучаете в классе, по одной очень важной причине: это важно для вас!

В классе учитель говорит вам, какие материалы вы должны изучить и слова, которые вам нужно выучить. Например, у вас может быть целая неделя, посвященная различным видам транспорта, тогда как единственный способ, который вы когда-либо использовали в своей жизни, — это велосипед. Вам действительно нужно выучить слово «монорельс» или «товарняк» в первую очередь?

Для сравнения, ваше собственное исследование с носителем языка на 100% актуально для вас и вашей жизни. Слова, которые вы используете во время разговора, связаны с вами, поэтому вы не только можете говорить быстрее с большим количеством полезных слов, но и имеете больше шансов вспомнить слова о себе.

Обучение по методу один на один с носителями языка означает, что вы сможете использовать язык намного быстрее, чем при обучении в классе.

Как разрушить языковые мифы и стать языковым хакером

Большинство учителей иностранных языков сосредоточены на том, чтобы научить вас языку, но они тратят очень мало времени на то, чтобы научить вас его учить . Это означает, что вы застряли в обучении с помощью неэффективных методов, таких как механическое запоминание или тактика «слушай и повторяй».

Выше вы видели, что занятия один на один с носителем языка более эффективны для обучения разговорной речи, но когда вы начинаете применять определенные «лайфхаки» для изучения языка, эффективность повышается еще больше.

Вот несколько самых мощных приемов, которые я использую для повышения эффективности изучения языка:

Техника помидора

Используйте этот метод тайм-хакинга, чтобы увеличить продуктивность спринтов. Чередуя 25-минутные рабочие сессии с 5-минутными перерывами , вы даете своему мозгу немного передышки и можете сосредоточиться на работе. Посмотрите мое видео, где я рассказываю, как использую эту технику .

Почему это работает? Если вы не ограничиваете учебные сессии по времени, чем больше вы учитесь за одну сессию, тем хуже вы становитесь запоминать информацию и оставаться свежими по мере того, как вы углубляетесь в эту сессию. Делайте перерывы, и вы будете намного свежее!

Мнемотехника и системы интервальных повторений

Эти методы улучшения памяти являются краеугольным камнем моих миссий по изучению языка и позволяют мне быстро наращивать запас полезных слов и фраз в рекордно короткие сроки. Вы можете прочитать более подробные инструкции о том, как использовать мнемотехнику и системы интервальных повторений в блоге.

Используйте italki, чтобы найти недорогих онлайн-учителей

Вам не нужно ехать в страну, чтобы погрузиться в язык. Вы можете найти учителей и партнеров по языковому обмену онлайн. Таким образом, вы можете практиковать свой язык, не выходя из собственного дома, даже не покупая билет на самолет. Обязательно ознакомьтесь с моими постами о том, как использовать italki для поиска языкового партнера, а также о том, как использовать Skype для изучения языка .

прекратить изучение языка; Живи Языком!

Постарайтесь внедрить новый язык во все аспекты своей жизни. Слушайте музыку на изучаемом языке. Смотрите фильмы на языке. Играйте в компьютерные игры или пользуйтесь телефоном на языке. Пой на языке . Хек, хоть думай на языке . Это постоянное воздействие улучшит вашу способность говорить на языке и запоминать словарный запас.

Правда о том, сколько часов нужно, чтобы научиться бегло говорить

Итак, сколько времени на самом деле нужно, чтобы выучить язык?

Основываясь на своем опыте, я бы оценил общее количество часов, необходимых для достижения уровня B2 на большинстве языков, примерно от 400 до 600 часов. Теперь, прежде чем я скажу что-либо еще, позвольте мне объяснить несколько ключевых моментов:

Во-первых, на это число повлияет количество языков, которые вы выучили ранее. Если это ваш первый раз, когда вы изучаете язык (а первый раз почти всегда самый трудный ), число будет ближе к 600 часам.

Во-вторых, я использую хаки, о которых упоминал выше, и те, которыми делюсь в Fluent in 3 Months Premium , поэтому моя эффективность выше, чем у большинства людей, которые учатся, используя «традиционные» методы механического запоминания и тактики «слушай-повторяй».

Наконец, помните о цели, о которой я упоминал ранее. Единственный тест, который я пытаюсь пройти, — это общение в реальной жизни. Я не изучаю язык, я живу языком, и я всегда сосредотачиваюсь на том, чтобы говорить с первого дня.

Итак, давайте разобьём часы.

Во-первых, давайте рассмотрим проект интенсивного обучения.

Если вы учитесь 5 часов в день, 7 дней в неделю (примерно то, чем я занимаюсь во время моих миссий по изучению языка) и используете комбинацию индивидуальных занятий один на один с носителем языка и самообучения, вы будет накапливаться 35 часов в неделю. В течение 12 недель (3 месяцев) это составляет около 420 часов. Это соответствует моему прогнозу о том, сколько часов это займет.

Что, если вы не можете быть настолько интенсивными в изучении языка?

Я знаю, что не каждый может уделять 5 часов в день изучению языка. Но любой (включая вас!) может найти 1-2 часа в день, независимо от того, насколько он занят .

Когда у вас меньше времени на учебу, вам нужно наверстать упущенное, потому что у вас будет меньше импульса. Даже учитывая 33% дополнительного учебного времени, вам все равно нужно всего 560 часов.

Но не верьте мне на слово. Давайте посмотрим, что сделали некоторые другие «языковые хакеры».

Русская миссия Лорен

Лорен довольно новичок в изучении языка, в настоящее время работает над своей первой миссией по полному изучению языка с русским языком. В своем отчете за 1 месяц она отметила, что училась по 2 часа в день в течение 30 дней (или всего 60 часов) и достигла примерно высокого уровня A1 или низкого уровня A2.

Опыт изучения языка Маниша

Мой друг Маниш Сетхи способен выучить язык за 90 дней, и если вы посмотрите на его методы и рекомендации , он предлагает заниматься от 4 до 8 часов в день (в среднем 6), 7 дней в неделю. Это составляет 42 часа в неделю, что в течение 12 недель составляет 504 часа. Это как раз в моем диапазоне от 400 до 600 часов.

Если вы вынесете из этой статьи только одну вещь, запомните это

Из всего этого анализа можно извлечь два важных урока.

Во-первых, у традиционного взгляда на овладение языком есть некоторые проблемы, потому что он основан на двух огромных мифах:

Классы - лучшее место, чтобы научиться говорить на языке. (Это не так!)
Цель каждого изучающего язык — пройти тест. (Это не так!)

Количество часов, которое, по утверждению большинства «официальных» организаций, требуется для изучения языка, основано на этих (по крайней мере, в моем случае) неверных предположениях.

Чтобы свободно говорить на языке с упором на общение, лучший способ улучшить свои навыки — это говорить на этом языке. Я говорю об этом так часто, что мне следует просто переименовать веб-сайт в SpeakSpeakSpeak.com.

Когда вашей целью является общение с реальными людьми через новый язык, то приоритетом номер один должен быть поиск наиболее эффективных и действенных способов говорить как можно больше. И в этом весь мой подход.

Если вы хотите выучить язык, чтобы использовать язык, то путь вперед стал намного короче!

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Do spies learn languages?

What is a Category 5 language?

What is the hardest language to learn?

Is CIA hard to get into?

What language do hackers use most?

What major is best for CIA?

Which language has the best security?

Does CIA hire translators?

What is the average age of a CIA agent?

Is the CIA foreign intelligence?

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https://www.languagetesting.com/blog/2015/10/01/using-languages-in-national-security/

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Language Testing International - Certify language skills anytime, anywhere.

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The largest employer for language professionals in this country is the U.S. Department of Defense-a fact that might surprise many people. In fact, national security is a fast-growing and exciting career area for those with strong foreign language skills, offering a wide variety of opportunities that stretch beyond translation and interpretation. The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), and National Security Agency (NSA) all hire hundreds of foreign language professionals each year to work as agents, linguists, and language analysts.

Careers in Government Federal Bureau of Investigation "Studying a foreign language can open up so many doors in the intelligence community and law enforcement field," says Margaret Gulotta, chief of the Language Services Section for the FBI. When hiring special agents, the FBI considers foreign language proficiency a critical skill, just like accounting, computer science, engineering, and intelligence. The FBI hired approximately 175 language analysts and contract linguists last year, many of whom are former language teachers. The agency regularly recruits at the ACTFL Annual Convention. "Becoming a linguist is a wonderful second career. While there is an age cutoff for agents, you can become a linguist at any age. We hire people in their 40s, 50s, 60s, and beyond," says Gulotta. She explains that FBI linguists are not simply translators. "We call them language analysts because they do a significant amount of language and cultural analysis in addition to translation and interpretation.

Our linguists are the foreign language and cultural experts for the Bureau," she says. Linguists are hired through the FBI's field offices and then placed around the country. Every applicant must take a comprehensive language test battery to qualify. Language skills may factor into where a new hire is placed. A linguist's day-to-day work might include interpretation, translation, monitoring and summarizing audio material, analysis and serving as a subject matter expert on cultural issues. Gulotta describes the position as "every kind of foreign language job rolled into one." Linguists develop reports on the material they analyze that are then accessed by agents across the country with the need to know this information. They may also be called upon to do verbatim translations and testify if a case in which they are involved goes to court. The FBI has offices all over the world, so the agency needs proficiency in every major language. "We routinely deal with over 100 languages. Of those, Spanish is always in demand," says Gulotta. "The FBI is probably one of the largest consumers of Spanish in the government." In addition to foreign bureaus in Spanish-speaking countries, the FBI needs Spanish speakers to conduct its regular business in many cities within the United States. "You can't do a thorough investigation in many U.S. cities without speaking Spanish. You can't develop sources, gather evidence, or perform many of an agent's basic tasks," says Gulotta. That holds true for many other areas across the country, and with many other languages such as Chinese, Japanese, and Russian. There is no distinction between agents with foreign language skills and those without, but as with linguists, language skills can determine where an agent is placed, as the case with computer science, accounting and other specialized skills.
Academic Opportunities
Language students interested in national security careers have access to many scholarships and internship programs, such as the NSEP's Boren scholarships and fellowships. Some other options:

* The Air Force offers scholarships of up to $15,000 per academic year plus $900 for books to students of languages such as Arabic, Chinese, Hindi, Japanese, Russian, and Vietnamese.

* The FBI has two internship programs that target Middle Eastern language students. The FBI Middle Eastern Foreign Language Honors Internship Program is open to undergraduates between their junior and senior years and graduate students between their first and second years.

* The CIA has co-op programs for motivated students pursuing undergraduate degrees in a variety of liberal arts degree programs, or graduate students pursuing an area study specialty, international relations, or journalism, to work as open source officers studying foreign media. Undergraduates work on an alternating semester or quarterly basis and are expected to spend a minimum of three semesters or four quarters working at the CIA prior to graduation.

* The National Security Internship Program at George Washington University (GWU) is a joint program between the FBI and Department of Homeland Security for Arabic speakers. In the program, students spend half of each day at GWU studying Arabic and national security and the other half on the job at Homeland Security or the FBI. The goal of both programs is to build Arabic language capability and introduce students to career opportunities in national security.

* NSA offers a Summer Language Program in which undergraduates serve as apprentices to senior NSA language analysts and gain intensive experience exploiting communications for vital intelligence missions. The program also offers a unique opportunity for multidimensional and cross-disciplinary growth in analytical skills. The Summer Language Program is a two-year program that lasts for 12 weeks each summer. Applicants must have taken at least one course per semester in Arabic, Chinese, Russian, Urdu, or Persian Farsi. The program begins the summer after a student's sophomore year and continues the following summer. At the end of the second summer, some students are given conditional job offers to join NSA after graduation.

* The NSA's Intelligence Analysis Summer Program is an intensive 12-week program for students entering their final year of undergraduate studies. Applicants must have at least a 3.0 grade point average and be majoring in political science, international affairs, intelligence/security studies, anthropology, or regional studies. The program consists of formal classroom instruction, workshops, and on- and off-site facilities tours, designed to build knowledge and skills about NSA, the signals intelligence process, and the U.S. intelligence community. This training is combined with an apprenticeship with senior NSA analysts for intensive, in-depth development work on exploiting communications for vital strategic intelligence targets and preparing intelligence reports.

* The NSA's Stokes Educational Scholarship Program covers full tuition and mandatory college fees, textbook reimbursement, a year-round salary, and continued employment with the NSA after graduation. The program is open to college sophomores majoring in Farsi or Russian, mathematics, or intelligence analysis, and to high school seniors planning to major in computer science or computer/electrical engineering. Stokes Scholarship recipients work for 12 weeks each summer at NSA. After graduation, recipients must work 1.5 times the length of study for the NSA (i.e., six years for a four-year degree program).
-The Language Educator Magazine

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Using Languages in National Security - Language Testing International

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The largest employer for language professionals in this country is the U.S. Department of Defense-a fact that might surprise many people. In fact, national security is a fast-growing and exciting career area for those with strong foreign language skills, offering a wide variety of opportunities that stretch beyond translation and interpretation.

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https://www.livescience.com/13144-cia-seeks-speak-2-languages.html

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WASHINGTON, D.C. - Many Americans don't learn a second or a third language from birth, let alone a language that the CIA or U.S. Foreign Service might want. The situation has forced U.S. government agencies to learn how to cultivate the most talented second-language speakers from among college students with little to no other-language expertise.

But experts who help select and train raw talent also see an opportunity in the mass of recruits who start out speaking only English. That's because the U.S. represents a living laboratory for observing how adult brains change over time as they struggle to adapt to the new grammar and vocabulary of a second language.

"In U.S. education, we don't develop early bilinguals," said Catherine Doughty, a language expert at the University of Maryland. "We're dealing with monolinguals or people who have only studied foreign language, so that they don't really have any proficiency."

Doughty spoke as part of a panel on Feb. 19 during the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) conference in Washington, D.C. She and other speakers described the typical U.S. second-language program as being a series of disjointed classes where students often repeated what they had learned before.

"Imagine math [programs] where the middle school says, 'We don't have any idea about what you studied,' so you learn it again. It's the same with high school," said Robert O. Slater, director of the U.S. National Security Education Program.

That situation drove Slater and the government to develop a flagship program for finding the most promising college students and putting them through intensive language learning. Yet researchers have just begun to figure out how to predict the most promising language students, and how to measure their progress.

The CIA has aimed to boost its ranks of foreign language speakers, with a special focus on recruiting speakers of Arabic, Chinese, Dari, Korean, Pashtu, Persian, Russian and Urdu.
One nation under English
American schools currently don't graduate enough people fluent in French and Spanish and other Romance languages, let alone languages such as Chinese, Korean and Russian, which pose greater challenges for native English speakers, Slater said.

"The flagship model is confounded by the reality that very few first years show up with any appreciable language skills," Slater explained. "Most language learning at the undergrad level is not proficiency- based."

Ten years ago, the flagship program recruited post-college graduates with moderate training and put them through intensive language learning in the United States, before sending them abroad for a year. But the flagship program was re-engineered five years ago to focus instead upon motivated undergraduates.

Current estimates suggest that not even 20 percent of Americans speak at least two languages. Among that population, the government must find its multilingual recruits from a much smaller pool of candidates who are willing and able to serve.
Finding the best
Government agencies aren't alone in trying to recruit multilingual speakers; U.S. corporations covet such skills for doing business in the era of globalization. Some companies have asked language research centers, such as the one headed by Doughty, for help in training the most promising employees.

"We try to train up language athletes by selecting those with talent," Doughty said.

Doughty and her colleagues used tests to train up cognitive processes related to language learning, such as the ability to hold information in the brain while using it for learning. They then confirmed that the training's effects left a lasting impression in the brains of candidates even after several months.

Eventually the researchers hope to create a test that can identify those candidates with the greatest language-learning potential. They have begun comparing cognitive factors among promising candidates with those of people who are already fluent multilingual speakers, and are currently tracking the success rates of the first batch of candidates.

"[The battery of aptitude tests] seeks to predict those who can succeed despite everything stacked against them," Doughty said.
Changes in the brain
At least one panel member saw a silver lining to the late language-learning challenge. The United States represents an ideal lab for seeing how the brain changes in response to language learning, because so many Americans start out speaking just one language, said Lee Osterhout, a cognitive neuroscientist at the University of Washington in Seattle, during an interview following the panel session.

"They're like a blank slate," Osterhout told LiveScience.

Osterhout's lab has used electrodes placed on the scalp to measure the electrical activity created by the signals of brain cells. That allows the researchers to see differences in the brain patterns among language learners and fluent speakers - and to find some surprising results.

Repeated studies of French language students showed that their brains responded differently to real French words compared with fake words after just two weeks of classes, even if the students themselves could not tell such words apart.

"After 32 weeks of instruction, [the brain patterns] are almost indistinguishable from native French speakers even though you would not confuse them with native French speakers," Osterhout said during the panel session.

Another surprise came from studies of Spanish-speaking immigrants, because neither age nor language proficiency seemed to predict how quickly the immigrants picked up English. Instead, the fastest learners showed both the greatest motivation to learn and a willingness to use English at every opportunity despite being bad at it (at first).
Learning to speak the lingo
Osterhout hopes to tease out the importance of motivation in language learning in future research. But he also wants to get a better sense of what separates the proficient language speakers from the truly fluent ones.

"From knowing nothing to a little bit, [there are] huge changes in the brain," Osterhout pointed out."[From] knowing a little to knowing a lot, [it is] much more subtle."

As for U.S government agencies and corporations, grooming the most talented language speakers may prove the quickest solution for now. But Slater suggested that the government should look into a real "paradigm shift" that would "build pipelines" for developing second language talents earlier and funneling them to higher levels of education.

"We want to see flagship with thousands of students so it becomes more meaningful as a statistical analysis," Slater said. "We want to see research on language applied in the real-world classroom environment."

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CIA Seeks Anyone, Anyone Who Can Speak 2 Languages

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WASHINGTON, D.C. - Many Americans don't learn a second or a third language from birth, let alone a language that the CIA or U.S. Foreign Service might want. The situation has forced U.S. government agencies to learn how to cultivate the most talented second-language speakers from among college students with little to no other-language expertise.

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HOW THE CIA TEACHES SPIES LANGUAGES IN 6 MONTHS (THE HIDDEN PATTERN METHOD)